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Two-dimensional
One-dimensional
straight curve plane curve
(predominantly) plate, concrete
beam continuous arch lamina, dome
bending slab
(predominant)
rope Catenary shell
tensile stress
(predominant)
pier, column Load-bearing wall
compression
A masonry arch
• 1. Keystone 2. Voussoir 3. Extrados 4. Impost
5. Intrados 6. Rise 7. Clear span 8. Abutment
Burj Khalifa, in Dubai, the world's tallest building
Earthquake-proof and massive
pyramid El Castillo, Chichen Itza
Sydney Opera House, designed by Ove
Arup & Partners
Millennium Dome in London, UK
Truss Bridge
Shell Structure
The 630 foot (192 m) high, stainless-clad (type 304)
Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri
Common structural materials:
• Iron:
• Wrought iron
• Cast iron
• Steel
• Stainless steel
• Concrete:
• Reinforced concrete
• Prestressed concrete
• Aluminium
• Composites
• Alloy
• Masonry
• Timber
• Other structural materials:
• Adobe
• Bamboo
• Carbon fibre
• Fiber reinforced plastic
• Mudbrick
• Roofing materials
Thank you