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3. Mechanisms responsible for compaction and reservoir. In most cases, they cannot be altered or
subsidence changed. However in certain reservoir rock
compressibility can vary by three orders of magnitude so
Fluid extraction (water, gas or oil) from a petroleum
it´s one of the most difficult parameters to measure
reservoir results in reduction of pore pressure and
especially at the reservoir scale (Nagel, 2001)
consequently increase of effective stress in a porous
rock.
In reservoir engineering the reservoir compaction along
The pore pressure decrease leads to changes in the stress the vertical direction is generally characterized by the
state at the reservoir level that not only induce uniaxial compaction coefficient, cm:
compaction and subsidence, but can also lead to changes
in fluid flow performance. The permeability may be The total compaction of the reservoir for a given
changed as well as the directions of preferential paths of time depends on the pressure change, from the
fluid within the reservoir. production beginning as well as the reservoir height, :
(3)
Excluding purely thermal effects or chemical effect, such 4. Experimental tests used to assess compaction
as dissolving, compressing a reservoir is governed by
Among several experimental tests that determine the
three primary parameters:
pore compressibility, the hydrostatic test and the
- Δσ´v change in the vertical effective stress; oedometer test are the most used.
- cb Reservoir compressibility; The hydrostatic test is often performed due its simplicity,
speed and low cost. The test consists in obtaining the
- H Reservoir thickness. pore compressibility through the pore pressure change,
or by change the confining pressure. However, this test is
The reservoir thicknesses as well as the compressibility conducted under the same tension on all directions
of the reservoir rock are intrinsic characteristics of the (hydrostatic stress) which does not represent the state of
2
stress in the reservoir or the effective stress change Δh – Change in thickness specimen;
during production. So pedometer tests are more accepted
(FJÆR, et al., 2008). h0 – Initial thickness of the specimen.
The oedometer test measures the pore pressure change Thus, it´s possible to plot the test results graphically and
per increment of axial stress where sides of the sample obtain the trajectories being obtained by calculating the
are prevent its lateral expansion. change in the void ratio from vertical displacement, since
the volumetric strain corresponds to the vertical
It´s necessary to specify the method used to determine deflection as previously demonstrated.
the rock compression. The pore elasticity theory shows
that these two compressibility’s can be related to each The graph shown in Figure 3.7, allows to represents the
other: variation of void ratio during loading applied in
oedometer test.
(4)
5. Oedometer test
The oedometer test proposed by Terzaghi consists of the
application of increasing tension to a laterally confined
specimen subjected to an axial load, in order to evaluate
the settlements over time. Having regard to the lateral Figure 9 Void ratio with effective vertical stress.
confinement, the lateral deformations ( Δε lateral) are zero
and deformation occurs only in the vertical direction (Δε Where,
Vertical) which corresponds to a volumetric strain (Δε Vol=
Δε Vertical).
(7)
The specimen is saturated in order to simulate the
behavior of rock iteration / water and is drained is the stress on specimen in the previous load
conditions (pressure constant pores) in order to represent increment (KPa), is the stress on specimen at the
change of effective stress in reservoir. During the test the load increment to be considered (KPa), mv is expressed
water drains through the porous plates placed on the top in MPa-1.
and bottom of the specimen. According to BS 1733
From oedometer test is also determined the oedometer
standard it is assumed at least 24 hours between each
modulus, Eed (Bhuiyan, et al., 2012) is given by the
tension increase. This waiting period is related to the
relation (isotropic properties):
time that pore pressure takes to be dissipated.
(5) (10)
(6) 6. Methodology
Where σ’z – vertical effective stress; This chapter describes the case study as well as the
methodology followed in order to evaluate the influence
Δσ’ – effective stress increment;
of the effective stress variation during hydrocarbon
Δεz – Vertical strain change; production cycle on reservoir strain. In this study, the
3
strain evaluation of the sample is made based on two
aspects: computational methods and experimental
methods. We intend to compare the results obtained with
both methods.
4
7. Results and discussion
25 1,2
Compaction (10-3)
Subsidence [cm] 20 1,0
y = 0,7559x - 1488,9 0,8
15 R² = 0,9909
0,6
10
0,4
y = 0,0304x - 59,929
5 R² = 0,9816 0,2
0 0,0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Ano
Subsidência
Compactação
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
y = -0,0683x + 1,8678
0,8
R² = 0,9953 1
1,2
5
The uniaxial compression ratio in situ, mv observed in
situ is obtained from the slope of the linear regression 0
-800 1200 3200 5200 7200
from the graph in Figure 5.2 where mv = 6,83x10-5MPa-1. -0,1
Settlements [mm]
-0,2
Oedometer test Figure 10 Axial settlements for each load level (1,88MPa,
We present the results obtained in oedometer test in 3,76MPa, 7,52MPa, 15,40MPa, 30,084MPa)
order to determine the compressibility of the Limestone
from Codaçal. 1E-03
9E-04
In Figure 9 are presented the results of void ration due 8E-04 1,88-3,76 MPa
7E-04
effective stress on logarithmic scale for the samples.
mv [MPa-1] 6E-04
5E-04 3,76-7,52 MPa
0,13 4E-04
0,12 3E-04
7,52-15,40 MPa
Void ratio, e
2E-04
0,11
1E-04
0,10 0E+00 15,4-30,084 MPa
0,09 0 10 20 30
0,07
0,06 Figure 11 Uniaxial compaction coefficient for specimens for
1,000 10,000 100,000 load level.
Effective stress(Mpa)
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Comparison of numerical simulation and oedometer
e01 e02 e03 e04 e05 e06
test results
Figure 9 Void ratio versus effective stress obtained from For of Eed analysis and subsequent comparison with
oedometer test. e0 is the initial void ratio for each sample. same parameter obtained by numerical simulation we
considered the loads from the first load step (1880KPa or
The BS 1377 provides graphic presentation of 752KPa) applied in oedometer test up to the last load
displacement versus time for each load level. Figure 10 step (3080 kPa).
presents the settlements for each load level.
Specimen 1
The parameters selected from Mohr-Coulomb model, for
sample 1 in Table are given by Table 2.
6
Amostra 1 1
Specimen Plaxis 1 Amostra 3 2
Specimen Plaxis 3
40 40
σ´y [Kpa]
σ´y [Kpa]
30 30
20
20
10
10
0
0,0000 0,0010 0,0020 0,0030 0,0040 0,0050 0
0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015
εy εy
Figure 12 Curve Stress/Strain of oedometer test and Plaxis Figure 14 Curve Stress/Strain of oedometer test and Plaxis
simulation – Specimen 1. simulation – Specimen 3.
Specimen 2 Specimen 4
The parameters selected from Mohr-Coulomb model, for The parameters selected from Mohr-Coulomb model, for
sample 2 in Table are given by Table 3. sample 4 in Table are given by Table 5.
Table 3 Mohr-Coulomb Input parameters – Numerical Table 5 Mohr-Coulomb Input parameters – Numerical
simulation of oedometer test - specimen 2. simulation of oedometer test - specimen 4.
Eed
Eed
ν ν
[KN/m2] [KN/m2]
6
7,140x106 0,25 4,546x10 0,25
Amostra 4 4
Specimen Plaxis 4
Amostra 2 3
Specimen Plaxis 2 40
40 30
σ´y [Kpa]
30 20
σ´y [Kpa]
20 10
10 0
0 0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008
0,0000 0,0010 0,0020 0,0030 0,0040 0,0050 εy
εy
Figure 15 Curve Stress/Strain of oedometer test and Plaxis
Figure 13 Curve Stress/Strain of oedometer test and Plaxis simulation – Specimen 4.
simulation – Specimen 2.
Specimen 5
Specimen 3
The parameters selected from Mohr-Coulomb model, for
The parameters selected from Mohr-Coulomb model, for sample 5 in Table are given by Table 6.
sample 2 in Table are given by Table 4.
30
20
10
0
0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010 0,012
εy
7
Figure 19 Curve Stress/Strain of oedometer test and Plaxis It was possible to simulate oedometer test by
simulation – Specimen 5.
numerical simulation in Plaxis 2D, where was
The parameters selected from Mohr-Coulomb model, for the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model is capable to
sample 6 in Table are given by Table 7. reproduce a good adjustment with experimental
results.
Table 7 Mohr-Coulomb Input parameters – Numerical It was not possible to take better conclusions due to
simulation of oedometer test - specimen 6.
Eed the restrict access of petroleum reservoir data.
ν
[KN/m2]
2,58x106 0,25 10. REFERENCES.
Bhuiyan, M. H. et al., 2012. Static and dynamic
Specimen
Amostra 6 6 Plaxis 6
behaviour of compacted sand and clay: Comparison
40 between measurements in Triaxial and Oedometric test
30 systems. European Association of Geoscientits &
σ´y [Kpa]
20 Engineers, December.
10
Doornhof, D. et al., 2006. Compaction and Subsidence.
0
0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010 0,012
pp. 50-68.
εy
Finol, A. S. & Sancevic, Z. A., 1995. Subsidence in
Figure 16 Curve Stress/Strain of oedometer test and Plaxis
Venezuela, Subsidence Due To Fluid Witlidrawl.
simulation – Specimen 6. Elsevier Developments in Petroleum Science, p. 337–
372.
8. Conclusions FJÆR, E. et al., 2008. PETROLEUM RELATED ROCK
The work had as main objective study the suitability the MECHANICS. 2nd EDITION ed. s.l.:s.n.
application of laboratory tests in studies of compaction
and subsidence phenomenon oilfield. Thereby a literature Fredrich, J., Arguello, J., Deitrick, G. & Rouffignac, E.
research was carried out in order to understand what d., 2000. Geomechanical Modeling of Reservoir
limitations the various laboratory tests had when Compaction, Surface Subsidence, and Casing Damage at
extrapolated to a reservoir scale. the Belridge Diatomite Field. SPE Reservoir Eval. &
Eng. 3 (4), August.
Despite the subsidence phenomenon that this is subject
of many studies, the information is very restricted, Geertsma, J., 1973. Land Subsidence Above Compacting
lacking available information data monitored in oil Oil and Gas Reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum
fields. Technology.
In the case study, it was found a good agreement Gomes, I. F., 2009. Implementação em elementos finitos
between cm for reservoir, 6,8x10-5 MPa-1 and the values das equações de pressão e saturação para simulação de
obtained by oedometer from samples 6x10-5 MPa-1. It is fluxo bifásico em reservatórios de petróleo deformáveis.
considered well demonstrated the importance of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE: Centro de
oedometer tests on samples when calculating the Tecnologia e Geociências - CTG.
reservoir uniaxial compaction coefficient.
Ketellar, V. B. H., 2009. Satellite Radar Interferometry -
For the laboratory testing conducted in this study it is Subsidence Monitoring Techniques. s.l.:Springer.
concluded that:
Mayuga, M., 1970. Geology and Development of
The cm obtained are in agreement with the values California's Giant - Wilmington Oil Field. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 158-184.
found in the bibliography;
Nagel, N. B., 2001. Compaction and Subsidence Issues
Within the Petroleum Industry: From Wilmington to
8
Ekofisk and Beyond. Phys. Chem. Earth (A), Vol. 26,
Elsevier Science Ltd, pp. 3-14.