AAB - Example Problems Handout

LRFD Steel Design
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design

Specifications
Example Problems
Created July 2007

This material is copyrighted by
The University of Cincinnati

and
Dr. James A Swanson.
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or stored by any means, electrical or
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consent of The University of Cincinnati and
Dr. James A Swanson.
July 31, 2007

LRFD Steel Design
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification
Example Problems
Case Study: 2-Span Continuous Bridge.......................................................................................1
Case Study: 1-Span Simply-Supported Bridge .........................................................................63
Case Study: 1-Span Truss Bridge...............................................................................................87
Ad-Hoc Tension Member Examples

Tension Member Example #1 ..........................................................................................105
Ad-Hoc Compression Member Examples

Compression Member Example #1 .................................................................................111
Ad-Hoc Flexural Member Examples

Flexure Example #1 ..........................................................................................................127
Flexure Example #2 ..........................................................................................................129
Flexure Example #3 ..........................................................................................................131
Flexure Example #4 ..........................................................................................................134
Flexure Example #5a ........................................................................................................137
Flexure Example #5b ........................................................................................................141
Flexure Example #6a ........................................................................................................147
Flexure Example #6b ........................................................................................................152
Ad-Hoc Shear Strength Examples

Shear Strength Example #1 .............................................................................................159
Shear Strength Example #2 .............................................................................................161
Ad-Hoc Web Strength and Stiffener Examples
Web Strength Example #1 ...............................................................................................165
Web Strength Example #2 ...............................................................................................168
Ad-Hoc Connection and Splice Examples

Connection Example #1....................................................................................................175
Connection Example #6a..................................................................................................187
Connection Example #6b .................................................................................................189
James A Swanson
Associate Professor
University of Cincinnati
Dept of Civil & Env. Engineering
765 Baldwin Hall
Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071
Ph: (513) 556-3774
Fx: (513) 556-2599
James.Swanson@uc.edu
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS:
A two-span continuous composite I-girder bridge has two equal spans of 165’ and a 42’ deck width. The
steel girders have Fy = 50ksi and all concrete has a 28-day compressive strength of
f’c = 4.5ksi. The concrete slab is 91/2” thick. A typical 2¾” haunch was used in the section properties.
Concrete barriers weighing 640plf and an asphalt wearing surface weighing 60psf have also been applied as
a composite dead load.
HL-93 loading was used per AASHTO (2004), including dynamic load allowance.
42' - 0" Out to Out of Deck
39' - 0" Roadway Width
9½” (typ)
23/4" Haunch (typ)
3'-0" 3 spaces @ 12' - 0" = 36' - 0" 3'-0"
References:
Barth, K.E., Hartnagel, B.A., White, D.W., and Barker, M.G., 2004, “Recommended Procedures for
Simplified Inelastic Design of Steel I-Girder Bridges,” ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering, May/June
Vol. 9, No. 3
“Four LRFD Design Examples of Steel Highway Bridges,” Vol. II, Chapter 1A Highway Structures
Design Handbook, Published by American Iron and Steel Institute in cooperation with HDR Engineering,
Inc. Available at http://www.aisc.org/
2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

ODOT LRFD Short Course - Steel Page 1 of 62
-- 1 --
Positive Bending Section (Section 1) Negative Bending Section (Section 2)
2. LOAD CALCULATIONS:
DC dead loads (structural components) include:

• Steel girder self weight (DC1)
• Concrete deck self weight (DC1)
• Haunch self weight (DC1)
• Barrier walls (DC2)
DW dead loads (structural attachments) include:

• Wearing surface (DW)
2.1: Dead Load Calculations
Steel Girder Self-Weight (DC1): (Add 15% for Miscellaneous Steel)
(a) Section 1 (Positive Bending)
A = (15”)(3/4”) + (69”)(9/16”) + (21”)(1”) = 71.06 in2
⎛ ⎞
2 ⎜ 490 pcf ⎟
Wsec tion1 = 71.06 in ⎜ ⎟ (1.15 ) = 278.1 ft
Lb
per girder
( )
2
⎜ 12 inft ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(b) Section 2 (Negative Bending)
A = (21”)(1”) + (69”)(9/16”) + (21”)(2-1/2”) = 112.3 in2
⎛ ⎞
2⎜ 490 pcf ⎟
Wsec tion 2 = 112.3 in ⎜ ⎟ (1.15 ) = 439.5
Lb
per girder
( )
2 ft
⎜ 12 inft ⎟
⎝ ⎠

-- 2 --
Deck Self-Weight (DC1):
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 150 pcf ⎟
Wdeck = (9.5")(144") ⎜ ⎟ = 1, 425 ft per girder
Lb
( )
2
⎜ 12 inft ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Haunch Self-Weight (DC1):
⎛ 21"(66') + 15"(264') ⎞
Average width of flange: ⎜ ⎟ = 16.2"
⎝ 66'+ 264' ⎠
Average width of haunch: ( 1 2 ) ⎡⎣(16.2"+ (2)(9") ) + 16.2"⎤⎦ = 25.2"
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ( 2")( 25.2") ⎟
Whaunch =⎜ ⎟ (150 pcf ) = 52.5 ft per girder
Lb
( )
2
⎜ 12 ft in ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Barrier Walls (DC2):
⎛ (2 each) ( 640 plf ) ⎞

Wbarriers = ⎜ ⎟ = 320.0 Lb ft per girder
⎜ 4 girders ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Wearing Surface (DW):
(39')(60 psf )
W fws = = 585 Lb
ft
per girder
4 girders
The moment effect due to dead loads was found using an FE model composed of four frame elements.
This data was input into Excel to be combined with data from moving live load analyses performed in
SAP 2000. DC1 dead loads were applied to the non-composite section (bare steel). All live loads were
applied to the short-term composite section (1n = 8). DW (barriers) and DC2 (wearing surface) dead
loads were applied to the long-term composite section (3n = 24).

-- 3 --
Unfactored Dead Load Moment Diagrams from SAP
4,000
DC1
3,000
2,000
DW
1,000
0
DC2
Moment (kip-ft)
-1,000
-2,000
-3,000
-4,000
-5,000
-6,000
-7,000
-8,000
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)
Unfactored Dead Load Shear Diagrams from SAP
200
DC1
150
100
DW
50
Shear (kip)
DC2
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)

-- 4 --
The following Dead Load results were obtained from the FE analysis:
• The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 58.7’ and 271.3’
• The maximum negative live-load moments occur over the center support at station 165.0’
Max (+) Moment Max (-) Moment

Stations 58.7’ and 271.3’ Station 165.0’
DC1 - Steel: 475k-ft -1,189k-ft
DC1 - Deck: 2,415k-ft -5,708k-ft
DC1 - Haunch: 89k-ft -210k-ft
DC1 - Total: 2,979k-ft -7,107k-ft
DC2: 553k-ft -1,251k-ft
DW 1,011k-ft -2,286k-ft

-- 5 --
2.2: Live Load Calculations
The following design vehicular live load cases described in AASHTO-LRFD are considered:
1) The effect of a design tandem combined with the effect of the lane loading. The design
tandem consists of two 25kip axles spaced 4.0’ apart. The lane loading consists of a 0.64klf
uniform load on all spans of the bridge. (HL-93M in SAP)
2) The effect of one design truck with variable axle spacing combined with the effect of the
0.64klf lane loading. (HL-93K in SAP)
3) For negative moment between points of contraflexure only: 90% of the effect of a truck-train
combined with 90% of the effect of the lane loading. The truck train consists of two design
trucks (shown below) spaced a minimum of 50’ between the lead axle of one truck and the rear
axle of the other truck. The distance between the two 32kip axles should be taken as 14’ for each
truck. The points of contraflexure were taken as the field splices at 132’ and 198’ from the left
end of the bridge. (HL-93S in SAP)
4) The effect of one design truck with fixed axle spacing used for fatigue loading.
All live load calculations were performed in SAP 2000 using a beam line analysis. The nominal
moment data from SAP was then input into Excel. An Impact Factor of 1.33 was applied to the
truck and tandem loads and an impact factor of 1.15 was applied to the fatigue loads within SAP.

-- 6 --
Unfactored Moving Load Moment Envelopes from SAP
6,000
Single Truck
4,000
Tandem
2,000
Fatigue
Moment (kip-ft)
0
Fatigue
Tandem
-2,000
Contraflexure Point
Contraflexure Point
-4,000
Single Truck
Two Trucks
-6,000
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)
Unfactored Moving Load Shear Envelopes from SAP
200
Single Truck
150
Tandem
100
Fatigue
50
Shear (kip)
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)

-- 7 --
The following Live Load results were obtained from the SAP analysis:
• The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 73.3’ and 256.7’
• The maximum negative live-load moments occur over the center support at station 165.0’
Max (+) Moment Max (-) Moment

Stations 73.3’ and 256’ Station 165’
HL-93M 3,725k-ft -3,737k-ft
HL-93K 4,396k-ft -4,261k-ft
HL-93S N/A -5,317k-ft
Fatigue 2,327k-ft -1,095k-ft
Before proceeding, these live-load moments will be confirmed with an influence line analysis.

-- 8 --
2.2.1: Verify the Maximum Positive Live-Load Moment at Station 73.3’:
25kip 25kip
Tandem:
32kip 32kip
8kip
Single Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
40
Moment (k-ft / kip)
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330
Station (ft)
Tandem: ( 25 ) ( 33.00 ) + ( 25 ) ( 31.11 ) = 1, 603

kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
k-ft
Single Truck: ( 8 ) ( 26.13 ) + ( 32 ) ( 33.00 ) + ( 32 ) ( 26.33 ) = 2,108

kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
k-ft
Lane Load: ( 0.640 ) ( 2, 491 ) = 1,594

kip
ft
k-ft
kip
2 k-ft
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33 ) (1, 603 k-ft

) + 1,594 k-ft
= 3,726
k-ft
(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane: (1.33 ) ( 2,108 k-ft

) + 1,594 k-ft
= 4,397
k-ft
GOVERNS
The case of two trucks is not considered here because it is only used when computing negative moments.

-- 9 --
2.2.2: Verify the Maximum Negative Live-Load Moment at Station 165.0’:
25kip 25kip
Tandem:
32kip 32kip
8kip
Single Truck:
32kip 32kip 32kip 32kip
8kip 8kip
Two Trucks:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
Station (ft)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330
0
Moment (k-ft / kip)
-5
-10
-15
-20
Tandem: ( 25 ) (18.51 ) + ( 25 ) (18.45 ) = 924.0

kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
k-ft
Single Truck: ( 8 ) (17.47 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) = 1,318

kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
k-ft
( 8 ) (17.47 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) + ...

kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
Two Trucks:
... + ( 8 ) (16.72 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) = 2, 630
kip k-ft kip k-ft kip k-ft k-ft
kip kip kip
Lane Load: ( 0.640 ) ( 3,918 ) = 2,508

kip
ft
k-ft
kip
2 k-ft
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33 ) ( 924.0 k-ft

) + 2,508 k-ft
= 3,737
k-ft
(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane: (1.33 ) (1,318 k-ft

) + 2,508 k-ft
= 4, 261
k-ft
(0.90){(IM)(Two Trucks) + Lane}: ( 0.90 ) ⎡⎣(1.33 ) ( 2,630 k-ft

) + 2,508 k-ft
⎤⎦ = 5, 405k-ft GOVERNS

-- 10 --
Based on the influence line analysis, we can say that the moments obtained from SAP appear to be
reasonable and will be used for design.
Before these Service moments can be factored and combined, we must compute the distribution factors.
Since the distribution factors are a function of Kg, the longitudinal stiffness parameter, we must first
compute the sections properties of the girders.
2.3: Braking Force
The Breaking Force, BR, is taken as the maximum of:
A) 25% of the Design Truck
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 8kip + 32kip + 32kip ) = 18.00kip
B) 25% of the Design Tandem
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 25kip + 25kip ) = 12.50kip
C) 5% of the Design Truck with the Lane Load.
(
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.05 ) ⎡⎣( 8kip + 32kip + 32kip ) + ( 2 )(165') 0.640 kip)⎤
ft ⎦ = 14.16
kip
D) 5% of the Design Tandem with the Lane Load.
( )
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.05 ) ⎡⎣( 25kip + 25kip ) + ( 2 )(165' ) 0.640 kip ⎤
ft ⎦ = 13.06
kip
Case (A) Governs:
BRNet = ( BRSingle Lane ) ( # Lanes )( MPF )

This load has not been factored…
= (18.00kip ) ( 3)( 0.85 ) = 45.90kip

-- 11 --
2.4: Centrifugal Force
A centrifugal force results when a vehicle turns on a structure. Although a centrifugal force doesn’t apply
to this bridge since it is straight, the centrifugal load that would result from a hypothetical horizontal
curve will be computed to illustrate the procedure.
The centrifugal force is computed as the product of the axle loads and the factor, C.
v2
C= f (3.6.3-1)
gR
where:
v - Highway design speed ( secft )
f - 4/3 for all load combinations except for Fatigue, in which case it is 1.0
g - The acceleration of gravity ( ) ft
sec 2
R - The radius of curvature for the traffic lane (ft).
Suppose that we have a radius of R = 600’ and a design speed of v = 65mph = 95.33ft/sec.
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎡⎢ ( 95.33 sec ) ⎤
ft 2
C =⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 0.6272
( )
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 32.2 secft 2 ( 600 ') ⎥⎦
CE = ( Axle Loads )( C )( # Lanes )( MPF )

= ( 72kip ) ( 0.6272 )( 3)( 0.85 ) = 115.2kip
This force has not been factored…
The centrifugal force acts horizontally in the direction pointing away from the center of curvature and at a
height of 6’ above the deck. Design the cross frames at the supports to carry this horizontal force into the
bearings and design the bearings to resist the horizontal force and the resulting overturning moment.

-- 12 --
2.5: Wind Loads
For the calculation of wind loads, assume that the bridge is located in the “open country” at an elevation
of 40’ above the ground.
Take Z = 40’ Open Country V o = 8.20mph

Z o = 0.23ft
Horizontal Wind Load on Structure: (WS)
Design Pressure:
2
⎛V ⎞ VDZ 2
PD = PB ⎜ D Z ⎟ = PB 2 (3.8.1.2.1-1)
⎝ VB ⎠ 10, 000mph
PB - Base Pressure - For beams, PB = 50psf when VB = 100mph. (Table 3.8.1.2.1-1)

VB - Base Wind Velocity, typically taken as 100mph.
V30 - Wind Velocity at an elevation of Z = 30’ (mph)
VDZ - Design Wind Velocity (mph)
Design Wind Velocity:
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ Z ⎞
VDZ = 2.5Vo ⎜ 30 ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ VB ⎠ ⎝ Z o ⎠
(3.8.1.1-1)
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞
ft
= ( 2.5 ) ( 8.20 mph
) ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ Ln ⎜ 0.23ft ⎟ = 105.8mph
⎝ ⎠
PD = ( 50
(105.8 )
mph 2
psf
) = 55.92psf PD
(10, 000 )
mph 2
The height of exposure, hexp, for the finished bridge is computed as hexp
hexp = 71.5"+ 11.75"+ 42" = 125.3" = 10.44 '
The wind load per unit length of the bridge, W, is then computed as:
W = ( 55.92psf ) (10.44 ' ) = 583.7 lbs

ft
Total Wind Load: WS H ,Total = ( 583.7 lbs

ft ) ( 2 )(165' ) = 192.6
kip
For End Abutments: WS H , Abt = ( 583.7 lbs

ft ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 48.16
1 kip
For Center Pier: WS H , Pier = ( 583.7 lbs

ft ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 96.31
1 kip

-- 13 --
Vertical Wind Load on Structure: (WS)
When no traffic is on the bridge, a vertical uplift (a line load) with a magnitude equal to 20psf times the
overall width of the structure, w, acts at the windward quarter point of the deck.
PV = ( 20psf ) ( w ) = ( 20psf ) ( 42 ' ) = 840 lbs

ft
Total Uplift: (840 lbsft ) ( 2 )(165') = 277.2kip

For End Abutments: (840 lbsft ) ( 12 ) (165') = 69.30kip
For Center Pier: ( 840 lbs
ft ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 138.6
1 kip
Wind Load on Live Load: (WL)
The wind acting on live load is applied as a line load of 100 lbs/ft acting at a distance of 6’ above the
deck, as is shown below. This is applied along with the horizontal wind load on the structure but in the
absence of the vertical wind load on the structure.
WL
PD

-- 14 --
3. SECTION PROPERTIES AND CALCULATIONS:
3.1: Effective Flange Width, beff:
For an interior beam, beff is the lesser of:
⎧ Leff 132'
⎪• = = 33' = 396"
⎪ 4 4
⎪ bf 15"
⎨• 12ts + = (12)(8.5") + = 109.5"
⎪ 2 2
⎪• S = (12')(12 in ft ) = 144"
⎪
⎩
For an exterior beam, beff is the lesser of:
⎧ Leff 132'
⎪• = = 33' = 198.0"
⎪ 4 4
⎪ bf 15"
⎨• 12ts + = (12)(8.5") + = 109.5"
⎪ 2 2
⎪ S ⎛ 12' ⎞
⎪• + d e = ⎜ + 3' ⎟ (12 inft ) = 108.0"
⎩ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Note that Leff was taken as 132.0’ in the above calculations since for the case of effective width in
continuous bridges, the span length is taken as the distance from the support to the point of dead load
contra flexure.
For computing the section properties shown on the two pages that follow, reinforcing steel in the deck
was ignored for short-term and long-term composite calculations but was included for the cracked
section. The properties for the cracked Section #1 are not used in this example, thus the amount of rebar
included is moot. For the properties of cracked Section #2, As = 13.02 in2 located 4.5” from the top of the
slab was taken from an underlying example problem first presented by Barth (2004).

-- 15 --
3.2: Section 1 Flexural Properties
Bare Steel
t b A y Ay Ix d Ad2 IX
Top Flange 0.7500 15.00 11.25 70.38 791.72 0.53 -39.70 17,728 17,729
Web 0.5625 69.00 38.81 35.50 1,377.84 15,398.86 -4.82 902 16,301
Bot Flange 1.0000 21.00 21.00 0.50 10.50 1.75 30.18 19,125 19,127
71.06 2,180.06 ITotal = 53,157
Y= 30.68 SBS1,top = 1,327

SBS1,bot = 1,733
Short-Term Composite (n = 8)
Slab 8.5000 109.50 116.34 75.00 8,725.78 700.49 -16.81 32,862 33,562
Haunch 0.0000 15.00 0.00 70.75 0.00 0.00 -12.56 0 0
Top Flange 0.7500 15.0000 11.25 70.38 791.72 0.53 -12.18 1,669 1,670
Web 0.5625 69.0000 38.81 35.50 1,377.84 15,398.86 22.69 19,988 35,387
Bot Flange 1.0000 21.0000 21.00 0.50 10.50 1.75 57.69 69,900 69,901
187.41 10,905.84 ITotal = 140,521
n: 8.00
Y= 58.19 SST1,top = 11,191
SST1,bot = 2,415
Long-Term Composite (n = 24)
Slab 8.5000 109.50 38.78 75.00 2,908.59 233.50 -28.67 31,885 32,119
Haunch 0.0000 15.00 0.00 70.75 0.00 0.00 -24.42 0 0
Top Flange 0.7500 15.0000 11.25 70.38 791.72 0.53 -24.05 6,506 6,507
Web 0.5625 69.0000 38.81 35.50 1,377.84 15,398.86 10.83 4,549 19,948
Bot Flange 1.0000 21.0000 21.00 0.50 10.50 1.75 45.83 44,101 44,103
109.84 5,088.66 ITotal = 102,676
n: 24.00
Y= 46.33 SLT1,top = 4,204
SLT1,bot = 2,216
Cracked Section
Rebar 4.5000 13.02 75.25 979.76 -75.25 73,727 73,727
Top Flange 0.7500 15.0000 11.25 70.38 791.72 0.53 -70.38 55,717 55,718
Web 0.5625 69.0000 38.81 35.50 1,377.84 15,398.86 -35.50 48,913 64,312
Bot Flange 1.0000 21.0000 21.00 0.50 10.50 1.75 -0.50 5 7
84.08 3,159.82 ITotal = 193,764
Y= 37.58 SCR1,top = 5,842

SCR1,bot = 5,156
These section properties do NOT include the haunch or sacrificial wearing surface.

-- 16 --
3.3: Section 2 Flexural Properties
Bare Steel
Top Flange 1.0000 21.00 21.00 72.00 1,512.00 1.75 -45.17 42,841 42,843
Web 0.5625 69.00 38.81 37.00 1,436.06 15,398.86 -10.17 4,012 19,411
Bot Flange 2.5000 21.00 52.50 1.25 65.63 27.34 25.58 34,361 34,388
112.31 3,013.69 ITotal = 96,642
Y= 26.83 SBS2,top = 2,116

SBS2,bot = 3,602
Short Term Composite (n = 8)
Slab 8.5000 109.50 116.34 76.75 8,929.38 700.49 -24.52 69,941 70,641
Haunch 0.0000 21.00 0.00 72.50 0.00 0.00 -20.27 0 0
Top Flange 1.0000 21.0000 21.00 72.00 1,512.00 1.75 -19.77 8,207 8,208
Web 0.5625 69.0000 38.81 37.00 1,436.06 15,398.86 15.23 9,005 24,403
Bot Flange 2.5000 21.0000 52.50 1.25 65.63 27.34 50.98 136,454 136,481
228.66 11,943.07 ITotal = 239,734
n: 8.00
Y= 52.23 SST2,top = 11,828
SST2,bot = 4,590
Long-Term Composite (n = 24)
Slab 8.5000 109.50 38.78 76.75 2,976.46 233.50 -37.10 53,393 53,626
Haunch 0.0000 15.00 0.00 72.50 0.00 0.00 -32.85 0 0
Top Flange 1.0000 21.0000 21.00 72.00 1,512.00 1.75 -32.35 21,983 21,985
Web 0.5625 69.0000 38.81 37.00 1,436.06 15,398.86 2.65 272 15,670
Bot Flange 2.5000 21.0000 52.50 1.25 65.63 27.34 38.40 77,395 77,423
151.09 5,990.15 ITotal = 168,704
n: 24.00
Y= 39.65 SLT2,top = 5,135
SLT2,bot = 4,255
Cracked Section
Rebar 4.5000 13.02 77.00 1,002.54 -44.96 26,313 26,313
Top Flange 1.0000 21.0000 21.00 72.00 1,512.00 1.75 -39.96 33,525 33,527
Web 0.5625 69.0000 38.81 37.00 1,436.06 15,398.86 -4.96 953 16,352
Bot Flange 2.5000 21.0000 52.50 1.25 65.63 27.34 30.79 49,786 49,813
125.33 4,016.23 ITotal = 126,006
Y= 32.04 SCR2,top = 3,115

SCR2,bot = 3,932
These section properties do NOT include the haunch or sacrificial wearing surface.

-- 17 --
4. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR MOMENT
4.1: Positive Moment Region (Section 1):
Interior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
0.4 0.3
DFM 1, Int + = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎜⎝ 12 Lt s3 ⎠
2
K g = n( I + Aeg )
4 2 2
K g = 8(53,157 in + (71.06 in )(46.82") )
4
K g = 1, 672, 000 in
0.1
⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 1, 672, 000 in ⎞
0.4 0.3 4
DFM 1, Int + = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 165 ' ⎠ ⎝ (12)(165 ')(8.5")3 ⎠
DFM 1, Int + = 0.5021
In these calculations, the terms eg and Kg include the haunch and sacrificial wearing surface since
doing so increases the resulting factor. Note that ts in the denominator of the final term excludes
the sacrificial wearing surface since excluding it increases the resulting factor.
Two or More Lanes Loaded:
0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
0.6 0.2
DFM 2, Int + = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 12 Lt s3 ⎠
0.1
⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 1, 672, 000 in ⎞
0.6 0.2 4
DFM 2, Int + = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 165 ' ⎠ ⎝ 12(165 ')(8.5")3 ⎠
DFM 2, Int + = 0.7781
Exterior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
The lever rule is applied by assuming that a hinge forms

over the first interior girder as a truck load is applied near
the parapet. The resulting reaction in the exterior girder is
the distribution factor.
8.5
DFM 1, Ext + = = 0.7083
12
Multiple Presence: DFM1,Ext+ = (1.2) (0.7083) = 0.8500

-- 18 --
DFM2,Ext+ = e DFM2,Int+
de
e = 0.77 +
9.1
1.5
= 0.77 + = 0.9348
9.1
DFM2,Ext+ = (0.9348) (0.7781) = 0.7274
4.2: Negative Moment Region (Section 2):
The span length used for negative moment near the pier is the average of the lengths of the adjacent
spans. In this case, it is the average of 165.0’ and 165.0’ = 165.0’.
Interior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
0.4 0.3
DFM 1, Int − = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎜⎝ 12 Lts3 ⎠
2
K g = n( I + Aeg )
K g = 8(96, 642 in 4 + (112.3 in 2 )(52.17 ") 2 )
K g = 3, 218, 000 in 4
0.1
⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 3, 218, 000 in ⎞
0.4 0.3 4
DFM 1, Int − = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 165 ' ⎠ ⎝ (12)(165 ')(8.5")3 ⎠
DFM 1, Int − = 0.5321
0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
0.6 0.2
DFM 2, Int − = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 12 Lt s3 ⎠
0.1
⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 12 ' ⎞ ⎛ 3, 218, 000 in ⎞
0.6 0.2 4
DFM 2, Int − = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 165 ' ⎠ ⎝ (12)(165 ')(8.5")3 ⎠
DFM 2, Int − = 0.8257

-- 19 --
Exterior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
Same as for the positive moment section: DFM1,Ext- = 0.8500
DFM2,Ext- = e DFM2,Int-
d
e = 0.77 + e
9.1
1.5
= 0.77 + = 0.9348
9.1
DFM2,Ext- = (0.9348) (0.8257) = 0.7719
4.3: Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor:
NL
X Ext ∑ e
NL
DF Ext , Min = + Nb
Nb
∑x 2
One Lane Loaded:
1 (18.0 ')(14.5 ')

DF = + = 0.6125
(2) ⎡⎣(18 ') 2 + (6 ') 2 ⎤⎦
M 1, Ext , Min
4
Multiple Presence:
DFM1,Ext,Min = (1.2) (0.6125) = 0.7350

-- 20 --
Two Lanes Loaded:
14.5'
2.5'
2 (18.0 ')(14.5 '+ 2.5 ')
2' 3' 3' 2' 3' 3'
DF = + = 0.9250
(2) ⎡⎣(18 ') 2 + (6 ') 2 ⎤⎦
M 2 , Ext , Min
P1 P2 4
Multiple Presence:
DFM2,Ext,Min = (1.0) (0.9250) = 0.9250
Lane 1 (12') Lane 2 (12')
3' 12' 6'
Three Lanes Loaded:
The case of three lanes loaded is not considered for the minimum exterior distribution factor since
the third truck will be placed to the right of the center of gravity of the girders, which will
stabilize the rigid body rotation effect resulting in a lower factor.
4.4: Moment Distribution Factor Summary
Strength and Service Moment Distribution:
Positive Moment Negative Moment

Interior Exterior Interior Exterior
1 Lane Loaded: 0.5021 0.8500 ≥ 0.7350 0.5321 0.8500 ≥ 0.7350
2 Lanes Loaded: 0.7781 0.7274 ≥ 0.9250 0.8257 0.7719 ≥ 0.9250
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.9250 everywhere for the Strength and Service
load combinations.
Fatigue Moment Distribution:
For Fatigue, the distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence
factor of 1.00. Since the multiple presence factor for 1-lane loaded is 1.2, these factors can be obtained
by divided the first row of the table above by 1.2.
Positive Moment Negative Moment

Interior Exterior Interior Exterior
1 Lane Loaded: 0.4184 0.7083 ≥ 0.6125 0.4434 0.7083 ≥ 0.6125
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.7083 everywhere for the Fatigue load
combination
Multiplying the live load moments by this distribution factor of 0.9250 yields the table of “nominal”
girder moments shown on the following page.

-- 21 --
Nominal Girder Moments for Design
Nominal Moments
Station (LL+IM)+ (LL+IM)- Fat+ Fat- DC1 DC2 DW
(ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
14.7 1605.1 -280.7 645.6 -68.9 1309.9 240.0 440.3
29.3 2791.4 -561.3 1127.9 -137.9 2244.5 412.0 755.6
44.0 3572.6 -842.0 1449.4 -206.8 2799.9 515.0 944.7
58.7 3999.4 -1122.7 1626.1 -275.8 2978.6 549.7 1008.3
73.3 4066.7 -1403.4 1647.9 -344.7 2779.3 515.8 946.1
88.0 3842.5 -1684.0 1599.4 -413.7 2202.1 413.2 757.9
102.7 3310.8 -1964.7 1439.3 -482.6 1248.4 242.3 444.4
117.3 2509.4 -2245.4 1148.6 -551.6 -84.8 2.5 4.6
132.0 1508.6 -2547.5 763.6 -620.5 -1793.1 -305.4 -560.2
135.7 1274.6 -2660.0 651.3 -637.8 -2280.8 -393.2 -721.2
139.3 1048.4 -2793.3 539.1 -655.0 -2794.0 -485.2 -890.0
143.0 828.6 -2945.6 425.3 -672.2 -3333.2 -581.5 -1066.7
146.7 615.8 -3115.6 310.8 -689.5 -3898.1 -682.1 -1251.3
150.3 463.3 -3371.3 221.9 -706.7 -4488.6 -787.0 -1443.7
154.0 320.5 -3728.6 158.6 -724.0 -5105.1 -896.2 -1643.9
157.7 185.5 -4105.0 98.8 -741.2 -5747.2 -1009.7 -1852.1
161.3 76.4 -4496.9 49.4 -758.4 -6415.3 -1127.5 -2068.1
165.0 0.0 -4918.1 0.1 -775.6 -7108.8 -1249.5 -2291.9
168.7 76.4 -4496.9 49.4 -758.4 -6415.3 -1127.5 -2068.1
172.3 185.5 -4105.0 98.8 -741.2 -5747.2 -1009.7 -1852.1
176.0 320.5 -3728.6 158.6 -724.0 -5105.1 -896.2 -1643.9
179.7 463.3 -3371.3 221.9 -706.7 -4488.6 -787.0 -1443.7
183.3 615.8 -3115.6 310.8 -689.5 -3898.1 -682.1 -1251.3
187.0 828.6 -2945.6 425.3 -672.2 -3333.2 -581.5 -1066.7
190.7 1048.4 -2793.3 539.1 -655.0 -2794.0 -485.2 -890.0
194.3 1274.6 -2660.0 651.3 -637.8 -2280.8 -393.2 -721.2
198.0 1508.6 -2547.5 763.2 -620.6 -1793.1 -305.4 -560.2
212.7 2509.4 -2245.4 1148.6 -551.6 -84.8 2.5 4.6
227.3 3310.8 -1964.7 1439.3 -482.6 1248.4 242.3 444.4
242.0 3842.5 -1684.0 1599.4 -413.7 2202.1 413.2 757.9
256.7 4066.7 -1403.4 1647.9 -344.7 2779.3 515.8 946.1
271.3 3999.4 -1122.7 1626.1 -275.8 2978.6 549.7 1008.3
286.0 3572.6 -842.0 1449.4 -206.8 2799.9 515.0 944.7
300.7 2791.4 -561.3 1127.9 -137.9 2244.5 412.0 755.6
315.3 1605.1 -280.7 645.6 -68.9 1309.9 240.0 440.3
330.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-- 22 --
5. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR SHEAR
The distribution factors for shear are independent of the section properties and span length. Thus, the
only one set of calculations are need - they apply to both the section 1 and section 2
5.1: Interior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
S
DFV 1,Int = 0.36 +
25.0
12 '
= 0.36 + = 0.8400
25.0
2
S ⎛ S ⎞
DFV 2 ,Int = 0.2 + − ⎜ ⎟
12 ⎝ 35 ⎠
2
12 ' ⎛ 12 ' ⎞
= 0.2 + −⎜ ⎟ = 1.082
12 ⎝ 35 ⎠
5.2: Exterior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule, which is the same as for moment: DFV1,Ext = 0.8500
DFV2,Ext = e DFV2,Int
de
e = 0.60 +
10
1.5'
= 0.60 + = 0.7500
10
DFV2,Ext = (0.7500) (1.082) = 0.8115
5.3: Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor -
The minimum exterior girder distribution factor applies to shear as well as moment.
DFV1,Ext,Min = 0.7350
DFV2,Ext,Min = 0.9250

-- 23 --
5.4: Shear Distribution Factor Summary
Strength and Service Shear Distribution:
Shear Distribution
Interior Exterior
1 Lane Loaded: 0.8400 0.8500 ≥ 0.7350
2 Lanes Loaded: 1.082 0.6300 ≥ 0.9250
For Simplicity, take the Shear Distribution Factor as 1.082 everywhere for Strength and Service load
combinations.
Fatigue Shear Distribution:
For Fatigue, the distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence
factor of 1.00. Since the multiple presence factor for 1-lane loaded is 1.2, these factors can be obtained
by divided the first row of the table above by 1.2.
Shear Distribution
Interior Exterior
1 Lane Loaded: 0.7000 0.7083 ≥ 0.6125
For Simplicity, take the Shear Distribution Factor as 0.7083 everywhere for the Fatigue load combination.
Multiplying the live load shears by these distribution factors yields the table of “nominal” girder
shears shown on the following page.

-- 24 --
Nominal Girder Shears for Design
Nominal Shears
Station (LL+IM)+ (LL+IM)- Fat+ Fat- DC1 DC2 DW
(ft) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip)
0.0 144.9 -19.7 50.8 -4.7 115.0 20.6 37.6
14.7 123.5 -20.3 44.6 -4.7 88.8 15.9 29.0
29.3 103.5 -26.8 38.5 -6.4 62.5 11.2 20.5
44.0 85.0 -41.4 32.6 -11.1 36.3 6.5 11.9
58.7 68.1 -56.7 26.9 -17.2 10.1 1.8 3.3
73.3 52.8 -72.7 21.4 -23.2 -16.1 -2.9 -5.3
88.0 39.4 -89.1 16.3 -29.0 -42.3 -7.6 -13.9
102.7 27.8 -105.7 11.5 -34.6 -68.6 -12.3 -22.4
117.3 18.0 -122.3 7.3 -39.9 -94.8 -17.0 -31.0
132.0 10.0 -138.6 3.9 -44.9 -121.0 -21.7 -39.6
135.7 8.3 -142.5 3.4 -46.0 -127.6 -22.8 -41.7
139.3 6.7 -146.5 2.8 -47.2 -134.1 -24.0 -43.9
143.0 5.5 -150.5 2.3 -48.3 -140.7 -25.2 -46.0
146.7 4.3 -154.5 1.8 -49.4 -147.2 -26.4 -48.2
150.3 3.2 -158.4 1.4 -50.4 -153.8 -27.5 -50.3
154.0 2.2 -162.3 1.0 -51.5 -160.3 -28.7 -52.5
157.7 1.3 -166.2 0.6 -52.4 -166.9 -29.9 -54.6
161.3 0.0 -170.1 0.3 -53.4 -173.4 -31.0 -56.8
165.0 0.0 -173.9 54.3 -54.3 -180.0 -32.2 -58.9
168.7 170.1 -0.5 53.4 -0.3 173.4 31.0 56.8
172.3 166.2 -1.3 52.4 -0.6 166.9 29.9 54.6
176.0 162.3 -2.2 51.5 -1.0 160.3 28.7 52.5
179.7 158.4 -3.2 50.4 -1.4 153.8 27.5 50.3
183.3 154.5 -4.3 49.4 -1.8 147.2 26.4 48.2
187.0 150.5 -5.5 48.3 -2.3 140.7 25.2 46.0
190.7 146.5 -6.7 47.2 -2.8 134.1 24.0 43.9
194.3 142.5 -8.3 46.0 -3.4 127.6 22.8 41.7
198.0 138.6 -10.0 44.9 -3.9 121.0 21.7 39.6
212.7 122.3 -18.0 39.9 -7.3 94.8 17.0 31.0
227.3 105.7 -27.8 34.6 -11.5 68.6 12.3 22.4
242.0 89.1 -39.4 29.0 -16.3 42.3 7.6 13.9
256.7 72.7 -52.8 23.2 -21.4 16.1 2.9 5.3
271.3 56.7 -68.1 17.2 -26.9 -10.1 -1.8 -3.3
286.0 41.4 -85.0 11.1 -32.6 -36.3 -6.5 -11.9
300.7 26.8 -103.5 6.4 -38.5 -62.5 -11.2 -20.5
315.3 20.3 -123.5 4.7 -44.6 -88.8 -15.9 -29.0
330.0 19.7 -144.9 4.7 -50.8 -115.0 -20.6 -37.6

-- 25 --
6. FACTORED SHEAR AND MOMENT ENVELOPES
The following load combinations were considered in this example:
Strength I: 1.75(LL + IM) + 1.25DC1 + 1.25DC2 + 1.50DW

Strength IV: 1.50DC1 + 1.50DC2 + 1.50DW
Service II: 1.3(LL + IM) + 1.0DC1 + 1.0DC2 + 1.0DW
Fatigue: 0.75(LL + IM) (IM = 15% for Fatigue; IM = 33% otherwise)
Strength II is not considered since this deals with special permit loads. Strength III and V are not
considered as they include wind effects, which will be handled separately as needed. Strength IV is
considered but is not expected to govern since it addresses situations with high dead load that come into
play for longer spans. Extreme Event load combinations are not included as they are also beyond the
scope of this example. Service I again applies to wind loads and is not considered (except for deflection)
and Service III and Service IV correspond to tension in prestressed concrete elements and are therefore
not included in this example.
In addition to the factors shown above, a load modifier, η, was applied as is shown below.
Q = ∑ηiγ i Qi
η is taken as the product of ηD, ηR, and ηI, and is taken as not less than 0.95. For this example,
ηD and ηI are taken as 1.00 while ηR is taken as 1.05 since the bridge has 4 girders with a
spacing greater than or equal to 12’.
Using these load combinations, the shear and moment envelopes shown on the following pages
were developed.
Note that for the calculation of the Fatigue moments and shears that η is taken as 1.00 and the
distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence factor of
1.00 (AASHTO Sections 6.6.1.2.2, Page 6-29 and 3.6.1.4.3b, Page 3-25).

-- 26 --
Strength Limit Moment Envelopes
20,000
15,000
Strength I
10,000
Strength IV
5,000
Moment (kip-ft)
-5,000
Strength IV
-10,000
-15,000
Strength I
-20,000
-25,000
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)
Strength Limit Shear Force Envelope
800
Strength I
600
400
Strength IV
200
Shear (kip)
-200
-400
-600
-800
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)

-- 27 --
Service II Moment Envelope
12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
0
Moment (kip-ft)
-2,500
-5,000
-7,500
-10,000
-12,500
-15,000
-17,500
-20,000
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)
Service II Shear Envelope
600
400
200
Shear (kip)
-200
-400
-600
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)

-- 28 --
Factored Fatigue Moment Envelope
1,500
1,000
500
Moment (kip-ft)
-500
-1,000
-1,500
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)
Factored Fatigue Shear Envelope
50
40
30
20
10
Shear (kip)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)

-- 29 --
Factored Girder Moments for Design
Strength I Strength IV Service II Fatigue

Station Total + Total - Total + Total - Total + Total - Total + Total -
(ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
14.7 5677.1 -515.7 3134.6 0.0 4280.7 -383.1 484.2 -51.7
29.3 9806.0 -1031.5 5374.1 0.0 7393.0 -766.2 845.9 -103.4
44.0 12403.3 -1547.2 6708.8 0.0 9349.1 -1149.4 1087.1 -155.1
58.7 13567.8 -2062.9 7145.1 0.0 10222.6 -1532.5 1219.6 -206.8
73.3 13287.4 -2578.7 6679.8 0.0 10004.2 -1915.6 1235.9 -258.6
88.0 11687.1 -3094.4 5312.9 0.0 8787.0 -2298.7 1199.5 -310.3
102.7 8740.0 -3610.2 3047.7 0.0 6551.1 -2681.8 1079.5 -362.0
117.3 4621.6 -4237.1 11.2 -133.5 3432.8 -3153.9 861.5 -413.7
132.0 2772.1 -8317.5 0.0 -4187.3 2059.3 -6268.9 572.7 -465.4
135.7 2342.0 -9533.2 0.0 -5347.3 1739.8 -7195.8 488.5 -478.3
139.3 1926.4 -10838.2 0.0 -6566.4 1431.1 -8190.4 404.3 -491.3
143.0 1522.6 -12230.6 0.0 -7845.7 1131.1 -9251.2 318.9 -504.2
146.7 1131.6 -13707.1 0.0 -9184.5 840.6 -10375.8 233.1 -517.1
150.3 851.2 -15392.8 0.0 -10582.9 632.3 -11657.1 166.5 -530.0
154.0 588.9 -17317.3 0.0 -12041.3 437.4 -13117.1 119.0 -543.0
157.7 340.9 -19328.3 0.0 -13559.1 253.3 -14642.7 74.1 -555.9
161.3 140.4 -21420.1 0.0 -15137.1 104.3 -16229.6 37.1 -568.8
165.0 0.0 -23617.1 0.0 -16774.1 0.0 -17895.9 0.1 -581.7
168.7 140.4 -21420.1 0.0 -15137.1 104.3 -16229.6 37.1 -568.8
172.3 340.9 -19328.3 0.0 -13559.1 253.3 -14642.7 74.1 -555.9
176.0 588.9 -17317.3 0.0 -12041.3 437.4 -13117.1 119.0 -543.0
179.7 851.2 -15392.8 0.0 -10582.9 632.3 -11657.1 166.5 -530.0
183.3 1131.6 -13707.1 0.0 -9184.5 840.6 -10375.8 233.1 -517.1
187.0 1522.6 -12230.6 0.0 -7845.7 1131.1 -9251.2 318.9 -504.2
190.7 1926.4 -10838.2 0.0 -6566.4 1431.1 -8190.4 404.3 -491.3
194.3 2342.0 -9533.2 0.0 -5347.3 1739.8 -7195.8 488.5 -478.3
198.0 2772.1 -8317.5 0.0 -4187.3 2059.3 -6268.9 572.4 -465.4
212.7 4621.6 -4237.1 11.2 -133.5 3432.8 -3153.9 861.5 -413.7
227.3 8740.0 -3610.2 3047.7 0.0 6551.1 -2681.8 1079.5 -362.0
242.0 11687.1 -3094.4 5312.9 0.0 8787.0 -2298.7 1199.5 -310.3
256.7 13287.4 -2578.7 6679.8 0.0 10004.2 -1915.6 1235.9 -258.6
271.3 13567.8 -2062.9 7145.1 0.0 10222.6 -1532.5 1219.6 -206.8
286.0 12403.3 -1547.2 6708.8 0.0 9349.1 -1149.4 1087.1 -155.1
300.7 9806.0 -1031.5 5374.1 0.0 7393.0 -766.2 845.9 -103.4
315.3 5677.1 -515.7 3134.6 0.0 4280.7 -383.1 484.2 -51.7
330.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0

-- 30 --
Factored Girder Shears for Design
Strength I Strength IV Service II Fatigue

Station Total + Total - Total + Total - Total + Total - Total + Total -
(ft) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip) (kip)
0.0 479.5 -34.5 272.8 0.0 379.7 -26.9 38.1 -3.5
14.7 390.5 -35.5 210.6 0.0 309.0 -27.7 33.5 -3.5
29.3 304.0 -46.9 148.4 0.0 240.2 -36.6 28.9 -4.8
44.0 220.1 -72.4 86.2 0.0 173.4 -56.5 24.5 -8.3
58.7 138.9 -99.3 24.0 0.0 108.9 -77.5 20.2 -12.9
73.3 92.5 -158.9 0.0 -38.2 72.1 -124.8 16.1 -17.4
88.0 68.9 -239.1 0.0 -100.4 53.8 -188.6 12.2 -21.8
102.7 48.6 -319.7 0.0 -162.6 37.9 -252.7 8.6 -26.0
117.3 31.5 -400.1 0.0 -224.8 24.6 -316.8 5.5 -29.9
132.0 17.5 -480.2 0.0 -287.0 13.7 -380.5 3.0 -33.7
135.7 14.5 -500.0 0.0 -302.6 11.3 -396.3 2.5 -34.5
139.3 11.7 -519.8 0.0 -318.1 9.2 -412.1 2.1 -35.4
143.0 9.6 -539.7 0.0 -333.7 7.5 -427.9 1.7 -36.2
146.7 7.6 -559.6 0.0 -349.2 5.9 -443.7 1.4 -37.0
150.3 5.7 -579.3 0.0 -364.8 4.4 -459.4 1.0 -37.8
154.0 3.9 -599.0 0.0 -380.3 3.0 -475.1 0.8 -38.6
157.7 2.2 -618.7 0.0 -395.9 1.7 -490.8 0.5 -39.3
161.3 0.0 -638.3 0.0 -411.4 0.0 -506.4 0.2 -40.0
165.0 0.0 -657.9 0.0 -427.0 0.0 -522.0 40.7 -40.7
168.7 638.3 -0.9 411.4 0.0 506.4 -0.7 40.0 -0.2
172.3 618.7 -2.2 395.9 0.0 490.8 -1.7 39.3 -0.5
176.0 599.0 -3.9 380.3 0.0 475.1 -3.0 38.6 -0.8
179.7 579.3 -5.7 364.8 0.0 459.4 -4.4 37.8 -1.0
183.3 559.6 -7.6 349.2 0.0 443.7 -5.9 37.0 -1.4
187.0 539.7 -9.6 333.7 0.0 427.9 -7.5 36.2 -1.7
190.7 519.8 -11.7 318.1 0.0 412.1 -9.2 35.4 -2.1
194.3 500.0 -14.5 302.6 0.0 396.3 -11.3 34.5 -2.5
198.0 480.2 -17.5 287.0 0.0 380.5 -13.7 33.7 -2.9
212.7 400.1 -31.5 224.8 0.0 316.8 -24.6 29.9 -5.5
227.3 319.7 -48.6 162.6 0.0 252.7 -37.9 26.0 -8.6
242.0 239.1 -68.9 100.4 0.0 188.6 -53.8 21.8 -12.2
256.7 158.9 -92.5 38.2 0.0 124.8 -72.1 17.4 -16.1
271.3 99.3 -138.9 0.0 -24.0 77.5 -108.9 12.9 -20.2
286.0 72.4 -220.1 0.0 -86.2 56.5 -173.4 8.3 -24.5
300.7 46.9 -304.0 0.0 -148.4 36.6 -240.2 4.8 -28.9
315.3 35.5 -390.5 0.0 -210.6 27.7 -309.0 3.5 -33.5
330.0 34.5 -479.5 0.0 -272.8 26.9 -379.7 3.5 -38.1

-- 31 --
7. FATIGUE CHECKS
7.1: Check transverse stiffener to flange weld at Station 73.3:
Traffic information:
ADTT given as 2400. Three lanes are available to trucks. (ADTT)SL = (0.80) (2,400) = 1,920
N = (ADTT)SL (365) (75) n = (1,920) (365) (75) (1) = 52.56M Cycles
Check Top Flange Weld:
Fatigue need only be checked when the compressive stress due to unfactored permanent loads is
less than twice the maximum tensile stress due to factored fatigue loads.
?
Check f comp , DL ≤ 2 f Fat
Distance from bottom of section to the detail under investigation
y = tf,bottom + D = 1.00” + 69.00” = 70”
(Pg 24) (Pg 16)
M DC1 = 2, 779k-ft f DC1 =

( 2, 779 ) (12 ) ( 70"− 30.68") = 24.67
k-ft in
ft ksi
53,157 in 4
(Pg 16)
(Pg 24) (Pg 16)
M DC 2 = 515.8k-ft f DC 2 =
( 515.8 ) (12 ) ( 70"− 46.33") = 1.427
k-ft in
ft ksi
4
102, 676 in
(Pg 16)
f comp , DL = 24.67 ksi + 1.427 ksi = 26.09ksi
(Pg 30) (Pg 16)
M Fat , Neg = 258.6k-ft f Fat =

( 258.6 ) (12 ) ( 70"− 58.19") = 0.261
k-ft in
ft ksi
4
140,521 in
(Pg 16)
26.09ksi ≤ ( 2 ) ( 0.261ksi ) = 0.521ksi , No.

? ?
Check f comp , DL ≤ 2 f Fat
Fatigue need not be checked on the top flange at Station 73.3.

-- 32 --
Check Bottom Flange Weld:
The permanent loads at Station 73.3 cause tension in the bottom flange, thus by inspection
fatigue needs to be checked.
γ ( Δf ) ≤ ( ΔF )n
1
⎛ A ⎞ 3 ( ΔF )TH
( ΔF ) n =⎜ ⎟ ≥
⎝N⎠ 2
γ is a load factor of 0.75, which is already included in the fatigue moments.
γ ( Δf ) =
(1, 236 ) (12 ) ( 58.19"− 1.00") = 6.036
k-ft in
ft ksi
4
140,521 in
The detail under consideration is a Category C’ detail.
A = 44.0 x 108 ksi3 and (ΔF)TH = 12.0 ksi
( ΔF )TH 12.0ksi
= = 6.00ksi The stress in the detail is almost less than the
2 2
infinite life threshold
1 1
⎛ A ⎞ 3 ⎛ 44 × 10 ksi ⎞ 3
8 3
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ = 6 ⎟
= 4.375ksi
⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ 52.56 × 10 ⎠
1
⎛ A ⎞3 ( ΔF )TH
Since ⎜ ⎟ = 4.375ksi is less than = 6.00ksi , the infinite life governs.
⎝N⎠ 2
( ΔF )n = 6.00ksi
Since γ ( Δf ) = 6.036ksi > ( F )n = 6.00ksi , the detail is not satisfactory.

-- 33 --
Calculate the design life of the part under consideration:
( ΔF )TH
Since γ ( Δf ) is greater than , solve for N in the following equation.
2
1
⎛ A ⎞3 A 44 × 108 ksi3
γ ( Δf ) ≤ ⎜ ⎟ N≤ = = 20.01×106 cycles
γ ( Δf ) ( 6.036 )
3 ksi 3
⎝N⎠
20.01×106 cycles
= 10, 420 days
1,920
10, 420 days

= 28.55 years ( = 28y, 6m, 19d, 2h, 38min...) ☺
365

-- 34 --
8. CHECK CROSS_SECTION PROPORTION LIMITS
Web Proportions
D 69"
• ≤ 150 9 "
= 122.7 ≤ 150 O.K.
tw 16
Flange Proportions
bf 15"
• ≤ 12 = 10.00 ≤12 O.K.
2t f (2)( 3 4 ")
bf 21"
• ≤ 12 = 10.50 ≤12 O.K.
2t f (2)(1")
bf 21"
• ≤ 12 = 4.200 ≤12 O.K.
2t f (2)(2 12 ")
Check ODOT Criteria for Flange Width
?
⎛D ⎞ ⎛ 69" ⎞
b f ≥ ⎜ + 2.5 ⎟ ≥ 12" → ⎜ + 2.5 ⎟ = 14" O.K.
⎝6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
D 69"
• b f ,min = = =11.50" O.K.
6 6
• t f ,min = 1.1tw =(1.1)( 916 ") 5

8" O.K.
I yc ( 3 4 ")(15")3
• 0.1 ≤ ≤ 10 0.1 ≤ = 0.2733 ≤ 10 O.K.
I yt (1")(21")3
I yc (2.5")(21")3
• 0.1 ≤ ≤ 10 0.1 ≤ = 2.500 ≤ 10 O.K.
I yt (1")(21")3

-- 35 --
9. CHECK SERVICE LIMIT STATE
9.1: Check Absolute Deflection of the Bridge: Section 6.10.4.1
Section 1
The cross section of Section 1 that is used for computing deflections is shown above. The entire deck
width is used (as opposed to just the effective width that was used earlier) and the haunch and sacrificial
wearing surface have been neglected. AASHTO permits the use of the stiffness of parapets and
structurally continuous railing but ODOT does not.
( 42 ') (12 inft )

The transformed width of the bridge deck is w ' = = 63.00"
8
Using the bottom of the steel as a datum, the location of the CG of the deck can be found as:
8.5"
yc = 1"+ 69"+ 3 4 "+ = 75.00"
2
The CG of this composite cross section is found as:
( 63")(8.5")i( 75.00") + ( 4 ) ( 71.06 in 2 )i( 30.68")

Y = = 59.63"
( 63")( 8.5") + ( 4 ) ( 71.06 in 2 )
Now the moment of inertia of the section can be found as:
( 63")( 8.5")
3
+ ( 63")( 8.5") [ 75.00"− 59.63"] =

2
Concrete → 129, 700 in 4
12
( 4 ) ( 53,160 in 4 ) + ( 4 ) ( 71.06 in 2 ) [30.68"− 59.63"]
2
Steel → = 450,900 in 4
I1,total = 580, 600 in 4
580, 600 in 4
I1 = = 145,100 Girder
in 4
4 Girders

-- 36 --
Section 2
The cross section of Section 2 that is used for computing deflections is shown above.
The transformed width of the bridge deck is w ' =

( 42 ') (12 inft ) = 63.00"
8
Using the bottom of the steel as a datum, the location of the CG of the deck can be found as:
8.5"
yc = 2 1 2 "+ 69"+ 1"+ = 76.75"
2
The CG of this composite cross section is found as:
( 63")(8.5")i( 76.75") + ( 4 ) (112.3 in 2 )i( 26.83")

Y = = 53.98"
( 63")( 8.5") + ( 4 ) (112.3 in 2 )
Now the moment of inertia of the section can be found as:
( 63")( 8.5")
3
+ ( 63")( 8.5") [ 76.75"− 53.98"] =

2
Concrete → 280,900 in 4
12
( 4 ) ( 96, 640 in 4 ) + ( 4 ) (112.3 in 2 ) [ 26.83"− 53.98"]
2
Steel → = 717, 700 in 4
I total = 998, 600 in 4
998, 600 in 4
I2 = = 249, 700 Girder
in 4
4 Girders

-- 37 --
The following model, which represents the stiffness of a single girder, was used to compute absolute live-
load deflections assuming the entire width of the deck to be effective in both compression and tension.
The live load component of the Service I load combination is applied. Based on AASHTO Section
3.6.1.3.2, the loading includes (1) the design truck alone and (2) the lane load with 25% of the design
truck. The design truck and design lane load were applied separately in the model and will be combined
below. The design truck included 33% impact.
I = 145,100 in4 I = 249,700 in4 I = 145,100 in4
From the analysis:
Deflection due to the Design Truck with Impact: ΔTruck = 2.442”

Deflection due to the Design Lane Load: ΔLane = 0.8442”
These deflections are taken at Stations 79.2’ and 250.8’. The model was broken into segments roughly
25’ long in the positive moment region and 7’ long in the negative moment region. A higher level of
discretization may result in slightly different deflections but it is felt that this level of accuracy was
acceptable for deflection calculations.
Since the above results are from a single-girder model subjected to one lane’s worth of loading,
distribution factors must be applied to obtain actual bridge deflections. Since it is the absolute deflection
that is being investigated, all lanes are loaded (multiple presence factor apply) and it is assumed that all
girders deflect equally. Given these assumptions, the distribution factor for deflection is simply the
number of lanes times the multiple presence factor divided by the number of girders.
Looking at the two loading criteria described above:
⎛ ( 0.85 )( 3) ⎞
Δ1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( 2.442") = 1.558" ← Governs
⎝ ( 4 ) ⎠
⎛ ( 0.85 )( 3) ⎞
Δ 2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎡⎣( 0.8442") + ( 0.25 )( 2.442") ⎤⎦ = 0.9274"
⎝ ( 4) ⎠
The limiting deflection for this bridge is:
L (165') (12 inft )

Δ Limit = = = 2.475" ← OK
800 800

-- 38 --
9.2: Check the Maximum Span-to-Depth Ratio: Section 6.10.4.1
From Table 2.5.2.6.3-1, (1) the overall depth of a composite I-beam in a continuous span must not be less
than 0.032L and (2) the depth of the steel in a composite I-beam in a continuous span must not be less
than 0.027L.
(1) → 0.032 L = ( 0.032 )(165') (12 inft ) = 63.36" OK

( 2) → 0.027 L = ( 0.027 )(165') (12 inft ) = 53.46" OK

-- 39 --
9.3: Permanent Deformations - Section 1
At the Service Limit State, the following shall be satisfied for composite sections
Top Flange: f f ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf
fl
Bottom Flange ff + ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf
2
Per §6.10.1.1.1a, elastic stresses at any location in a composite section shall consist of the sum of stresses
caused by loads applied separately to the bare steel, short-term composite section, and long-term
composite section.
⎛ M DC 1 ⎞ ⎛M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞ ⎛ M LL + IM ⎞
fc = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ DC 2 ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ DW ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜ S ⎟
⎝ S BS ⎠ ⎝ S LT ⎠ ⎝ S LT ⎠ ⎝ ST ⎠
Top Flange, Positive Moment
It is not immediately evident to me whether the factored stress at 58.7’ or 73.3’ will govern.
⎛ (2, 979 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (549.7 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (1, 008 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (3, 999 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
f f ,58.7 = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 3 3 3
1,327 in 4,204 in 4,204 in 11,191 in
f f ,58.7 = 36.96ksi
⎛ (2, 779 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (515.8 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (946.1 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (4, 067 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
f f , 73.3 = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 3 3 3
1,327 in 4,204 in 4,204 in 11,191 in
f f ,73.3 = 34.97 ksi
The stress at 58.7’ governs. ff = 36.96ksi.
f f ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf → 36.96ksi ≤ (0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi O.K.
Note: The bending moments in the above calculations come from page 22 while the moments of
inertia are found on page 16.

-- 40 --
Bottom Flange, Positive Moment
⎛ (2, 979 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (549.7 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (1, 008 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (3, 999 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
f f ,58.7 = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 3 3 3
1,733 in 2,216 in 2,216 in 2,415 in
f f ,58.7 = 54.90ksi
⎛ (2, 779 )(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ (515.8 )(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ (946.1 )(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ (4, 067 )(12 inft ) ⎞
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
f f , 73.3 = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ 2,216 in ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ 2,216 in ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜ 2,415 in ⎟

⎝ 1,733 in ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 3 3 3
f f ,73.3 = 53.43ksi
The stress at 58.7’ governs. ff = 54.90ksi.
The load factor for wind under Service II is 0.00, ∴ fl = 0ksi
fl 0ksi
ff + ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf → 54.90ksi + ≤ (0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi No Good.
2 2
Note: The bending moments in the above calculations come from page 22 while the moments of
inertia are found on page 17.

-- 41 --
Top Flange, Negative Moment
⎛ (7,109 )(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ (1, 250 )(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ (2, 292 )(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ (4, 918 )(12 inft ) ⎞
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
f f ,165 = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ 5,135 in ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ 5,135 in ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜ 11,828 in ⎟

⎝ 2,116 in ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 3 3 3
f f ,165 = 55.08ksi
?
f f ≤ 0.95 Rh Fyf → 55.08ksi ≤(0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi No Good.
Bottom Flange, Negative Moment
⎛ (7,108 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (1, 250 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (2, 292 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in ⎛ (4, 918 ft ) ⎞
)(12 in
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
f f = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 3 3 3
3,602 in 4,255 in 4,255 in 4,590 in
f f = 50.39 ksi
The load factor for wind under Service II is 0.00, ∴ fl = 0ksi
fl 0ksi
ff + ≤ 0.95 Rh Fyf → 50.39 ksi + ≤ (0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi No Good.
2 2

-- 42 --
9.5: Bend Buckling Checks
At the Service Limit State, all sections except composite sections in positive flexure shall satisfy:
f c ≤ Fcrw
where:
0.9 Ek 9
Fcrw = and k=
( Dc / D )
2 2
⎛D⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ tw ⎠
Section 1
Not Applicable
Section 2
⎛ (7,108 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (1, 250 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (2, 292 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (4, 918 )(12 )⎞
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
in in in in
fc = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜

ft ft ft ft
⎟
⎝ 3,602 in ⎠ ⎝ 4,255 in ⎠ ⎝ 4,255 in ⎠ ⎝ 4,590 in ⎠
3 3 3 3
f c = 50.39 ksi
⎛ (7,108 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (1, 250 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (2, 292 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (4, 918 )(12 )⎞
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
in in in in
ft = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜

ft ft ft ft
⎟
⎝ 2,116 in ⎠ ⎝ 5,135 in ⎠ ⎝ 5,135 in ⎠ ⎝ 11,828 in ⎠
3 3 3 3
ft = 55.08ksi
⎛ − fc ⎞
Dc = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ d − tcf ≥ 0
⎝ f c + ft ⎠
⎛ 50.39ksi ⎞
ksi ⎟ (
=⎜ 72.5") − 2.5" ≥ 0
⎝ 50.39 + 55.08 ⎠
ksi
= 32.14′′
9 9
k= = = 41.49
( Dc / D )
2 2
⎛ 32.14" ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 69" ⎠
(0.90)(29, 000ksi )(41.49)

Fcrw = 2
= 71.96 ksi This is larger than fc…O.K.
⎛ 69" ⎞
⎜ 9 "⎟
⎝ 16 ⎠

-- 43 --
10. CHECK STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
10.1: Section 1 Positive Flexure
Section Classification (§6.10.6.2, Pg. 6.98 – 6.99)
2 Dcp E
Check ≤ 3.76
tw Fyc
Find Dcp, the depth of the web in compression at Mp (compression rebar in the slab is ignored).
Pt = Fyt bt tt = (50ksi ) ( 21")(1") = 1,050kip

Pw = Fyw Dtw = (50ksi )(69")(916 ") = 1,941kip
Pc = Fyc bc tc = (50ksi )(15")( 3 4 ") = 562.5kip
Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = (0.85)(4.5ksi )(109.5")(8.5") = 3,560kip
Since Pt + Pw +Pc < Ps 3,554kip < 3,560kip, the PNA lies in the slab.
⎡ P + Pw + Pt ⎤ ⎡ 3,554kip ⎤
Y = ( ts ) ⎢ c ⎥ = ( 8.5" ) ⎢ kip ⎥
⎣ Ps ⎦ ⎣ 3,560 ⎦
Y = 8.486 " ↓ from top of slab ∴ D p = Y = 8.486 "
Since none of the web is in compression, Dcp = 0 and the web is compact.
For Composite Sections in Positive Flexure, (§6.10.7.1, Pg. 6.101 – 6.102)
1
Mu + f S ≤ φf Mn Mu = 13,568k-ft from Page 30; take fl = 0
3 l xt
Dt = 1” + 69” + 3/4” + 8.5” = 79.25” 0.1Dt = 7.925”
(The haunch is not included in Dt, as per ODOT Exceptions)
⎛ Dp ⎞
Since Dp =8.486 > 0.1Dt = 7.925, M n = M p ⎜ 1.07 − 0.7 ⎟
⎝ Dt ⎠
⎛ 8.486" ⎞
M p = (3,554kip ) ⎜ 79.25"− − 30.68" ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
k-in
= 157,500 = 13,130k-ft
⎡ ⎛ 8.486" ⎞ ⎤
( )
M n = 13,130k-ft ⎢1.07 − ( 0.7 ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 79.25" ⎠ ⎦
= 13,060k-ft
⎣

-- 44 --
? ?
M u + 13 f l S xt ≤ φ f M n (13,568k-ft ) + (0) ≤(1.00)(13,060k-ft ) No Good.
Note that the check of M n ≤ 1.3Rh M y has not been made in the above calculations. This
section would satisfy the Article B6.2 so this check doesn’t need to be made.
Check the ductility requirement to prevent crushing of the slab:
? ?
D p ≤ 0.42 Dt → 8.486" ≤ ( 0.42 )( 79.25") = 33.29" O.K.
The Section is NOT Adequate for Positive Flexure at Stations 58.7’ and 271.3’
The Girder failed the checks for service limits and has failed the first of several checks at the
strength limit state. At this point I will investigate the strength of a section with 70ksi steel in the top
and bottom flanges.

-- 45 --
Hybrid Girder Factors Will Now be Required:
Compute the Hybrid Girder Factor, Rh, for Section 1:
Per AASHTO Commentary Pg 6-95, Dn shall be taken for the bottom flange since this is a
composite section in positive flexure.
Dn , Bottom = 58.19"− 1" = 57.19"
Rh =
(
12 + β 3ρ − ρ 3 ) β=
2 Dn tw (2) ( 57.19")( 916 ")
= = 3.064
12 + 2 β Afn (1")( 21")
Fyw 50ksi
ρ= ≤ 1.0 → ρ= = 0.7143
fn 70ksi
12 + ( 3.064 ) ⎡⎣(3)(0.7143) − (0.7143)3 ⎤⎦

Rh , Section 1 = = 0.9626
12 + ( 2 )( 3.064 )
Compute the Hybrid Girder Factor, Rh, for Section 2:
For the short-term composite section,
Dn ,Top = 2 1 2 "+ 69"− 52.23" = 19.27"
Dn , Bottom = 52.23"− 2 1 2 " = 49.73" Governs
Rh =
(
12 + β 3ρ − ρ 3 ) β=
2 Dn tw (2) ( 49.73")( 916 ")
= = 1.066
12 + 2 β Afn ( 2 12 ")( 21")
Fyw 50ksi
ρ= ≤ 1.0 → ρ= = 0.7143
fn 70ksi
12 + (1.066 ) ⎡⎣(3)(0.7143) − (0.7143)3 ⎤⎦

Rh , Section 2 = = 0.9833
12 + ( 2 )(1.066 )

-- 46 --
11. RECHECK SERVICE LIMIT STATE WITH 70KSI FLANGES
At the Service Limit State, the following shall be satisfied for composite sections
Top Flange: f f ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf
fl
Bottom Flange ff + ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf
2
Top Flange, Positive Moment
From before: f f ,58.7 = 36.96ksi
?
f f ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf → 36.96ksi ≤(0.95)(0.9626)(70ksi ) = 64.01ksi O.K.
Bottom Flange, Positive Moment
f f ,58.7 = 54.90ksi The load factor for wind under Service II is 0.00, ∴ fl = 0ksi
fl 0ksi ?
ff + ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf → 54.90ksi + ≤(0.95)(0.9626)(70ksi ) = 64.01ksi O.K.
2 2
Top Flange, Negative Moment
From before: f f ,165 = 55.08ksi
?
f f ≤ 0.95Rh Fyf → 55.08ksi ≤(0.95)(0.9833)(70ksi ) = 65.39ksi O.K.
Bottom Flange, Negative Moment
f f = 50.39 ksi The load factor for wind under Service II is 0.00, ∴ fl = 0ksi
fl 0ksi ?
ff + ≤ 0.95 Rh Fyf → 50.39ksi + ≤(0.95)(0.9833)(70ksi ) = 65.39ksi O.K.
2 2

-- 47 --
11.3: Bend Buckling Checks
At the Service Limit State, all sections except composite sections in positive flexure shall satisfy:
f c ≤ Fcrw
where:
0.9 Ek 9
Fcrw = and k=
( Dc / D )
2 2
⎛D⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ tw ⎠
Section 1 - Not Applicable
Section 2
⎛ (7,108 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (1, 250 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (2, 292 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (4, 918 )(12 )⎞
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
in in in in
fc = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜

ft ft ft ft
⎟
⎝ 3,602 in ⎠ ⎝ 4,255 in ⎠ ⎝ 4,255 in ⎠ ⎝ 4,590 in ⎠
3 3 3 3
f c = 50.39ksi
⎛ (7,108 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (1, 250 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (2, 292 )(12 )⎞ ⎛ (4, 918 )(12 )⎞
k-ft k-ft k-ft k-ft
in in in in
ft = 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.00 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.30 ⎜

ft ft ft ft
⎟
⎝ 2,116 in ⎠ ⎝ 5,135 in ⎠ ⎝ 5,135 in ⎠ ⎝ 11,828 in ⎠
3 3 3 3
ft = 55.08ksi
⎛ − fc ⎞
Dc = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ d − tcf ≥ 0
⎝ f c + ft ⎠
⎛ 50.39ksi ⎞
ksi ⎟ (
=⎜ 72.5") − 2.5" ≥ 0
⎝ 50.39 + 55.08 ⎠
ksi
= 32.14′′
9 9
k= = = 41.49
( Dc / D )
2 2
⎛ 32.14" ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 69" ⎠
(0.90)(29, 000ksi )(41.49)

Fcrw = 2
= 71.96 ksi This is larger than fc…O.K.
⎛ 69" ⎞
⎜ 9 "⎟
⎝ 16 ⎠

-- 48 --
12. RECHECK STRENGTH LIMIT STATE WITH 70KSI FLANGES
12.1: Section 1 - Positive Flexure
2 Dcp E
Check ≤ 3.76
tw Fyc
Find Dcp, the depth of the web in compression at Mp (compression rebar in the slab is ignored).
Pt = Fyt bt tt = (70ksi ) ( 21")(1") = 1, 470kip

Pw = Fyw Dtw = (50ksi )(69")(916 ") = 1,941kip
Pc = Fyc bc tc = (70ksi )(15")( 3 4 ") = 787.5kip
Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = (0.85)(4.5ksi )(109.5")(8.5") = 3,560kip
Since Pt + Pw +Pc > Ps 4,199kip > 3,560kip, the PNA is NOT in the slab.
?
Check Case I Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps
?
1, 470kip + 1,941kip ≥ 787.5kip + 3,560kip NO
?
Check Case II Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps
?
1, 470kip + 1,941kip + 787.5kip ≥ 3,560kip YES - PNA in Top Flange
⎛ t ⎞ ⎛ P + P − Ps ⎞
Y = ⎜ c ⎟⎜ w t + 1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ Pc ⎠
⎛ 0.750" ⎞ ⎛ 1,941 + 1, 470 − 3,560 ⎞
kip kip kip
=⎜ ⎟⎜ kip
+ 1⎟ = 0.3040" (from the top of steel)
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 787.5 ⎠
Dp = 8.5” + 0.3040” = 8.804”
Since none of the web is in compression, Dcp = 0 and the web is compact.
For Composite Sections in Positive Flexure, (§6.10.7.1, Pg. 6.101 – 6.102)
1
Mu + f S ≤ φf Mn Mu = 13,568k-ft from Page 30; take fl = 0
3 l xt
Dt = 1” + 69” + 3/4” + 8.5” = 79.25” 0.1Dt = 7.925”

-- 49 --
(The haunch is not included in Dt, as per ODOT Exceptions)
⎛ Dp ⎞
Since Dp = 8.804” > 0.1Dt = 7.925”, M n = M p ⎜1.07 − 0.7 ⎟
⎝ Dt ⎠
Determine Mp:
The distances from the component forces to the PNA are calculated.
8.5"
ds = + 0.3040" = 4.554"
2
69"
dw = − ( 0.75"− 0.3040") = 34.05"
2
1"
dt = 70.75"− − 0.3040" = 69.95"
2
The plastic moment is computed.
⎛P ⎞
M p = ⎜ c ⎟ ⎡Y 2 + ( tc − Y ) ⎤ + [ Ps d s + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2
⎝ 2tc ⎠ ⎣ ⎦
⎛ 787.5kip ⎞ ⎡
⎟ ⎣( 0.3040") + ( 0.750"− 0.3040") ⎤⎦ + ...
2 2
=⎜
⎝ (2)(0.750") ⎠
... + ⎡⎣( 3,560kip ) ( 4.554") + (1,941kip ) ( 34.05") + (1, 470kip ) ( 69.95") ⎤⎦
= ( 525 kip in ) ⎡⎣0.2913 in 2 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣185,100k-in ⎤⎦
= 185,300k-in = 15, 440k-ft
⎡ ⎛ 8.804" ⎞ ⎤
( )
M n = 15, 440k-ft ⎢1.07 − ( 0.7 ) ⎜
⎝ 79.25" ⎟ ⎥ = 15,320
⎠
k-ft
⎣ ⎦
? ?
M u + 13 f l S xt ≤ φ f M n (13,568k-ft ) + (0) ≤(1.00)(15,320 k-ft ) O.K.
Note that the check of M n ≤ 1.3Rh M y has not been made in the above calculations. This
section would satisfy the Article B6.2 so this check doesn’t need to be made.
Check the ductility requirement to prevent crushing of the slab:
? ?
D p ≤ 0.42 Dt → 8.804" ≤ ( 0.42 )( 79.25") = 33.29" O.K.
The Section is Adequate for Positive Flexure at Stations 58.7’ and 271.3’ with 70ksi Flanges

-- 50 --
12.2: Section 2 - Negative Flexure
2 Dc E
Check ≤ 5.70
tw Fyc
Dc is the depth of the web in compression for the cracked section.
Dc = 32.04” – 21/2” = 29.54”
2 Dc (2)(29.54") E 29,000ksi
= = 105.0 < 5.70 = 5.70 = 137.3
tw (916 ") Fyc 50ksi
The web is non-slender. Since the web is non-slender we have the option of using the provisions
in Appendix A to determine the moment capacity. I will first determine the capacity using the
provisions in §6.10.8, which will provide a somewhat conservative determination of the flexural
resistance.
For Composite Sections in Negative Flexure, (§6.10.8.1, Pg. 6.105 – 6.114)
The Compression Flange must satisfy:
1
fbu + f ≤ φ f Fnc
3 l
Per §6.10.1.1.1a, elastic stresses at any location in a composite section shall consist of the sum of
stresses caused by loads applied separately to the bare steel, short-term composite section, and
long-term composite section. In §6.10.1.1.1c, though, it states that for the Strength Limit, the
short-term and long-term composite sections shall consist of the bare steel and the longitudinal
rebar. In other words, for determining negative moment stresses over the pier, we can use the
factored moment above with the properties for the cracked section.
⎛ M DC1 ⎞ ⎛ 1.25M DC 2 + 1.50 M DW + 1.75M LL − ⎞

fbu = 1.25 ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝ S BS ⎠ ⎝ SCR ⎠
⎛ (7,109 k-ft )(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ ⎡⎣ (1.25)(1, 250 ) + (1.50)(2, 292 ) + (1.75)(4, 918 ) ⎤⎦ (12 inft ) ⎞
k-ft k-ft k-ft
fbu = 1.25 ⎜ 3 ⎟+⎜ 3 ⎟

⎝ 3,602 in ⎠ ⎝ 3,932 in ⎠
fbu = 71.13ksi
Since fbu is greater than Fyc, it is obvious that a strength computed based on the provisions
in §6.10.8 will not be adequate.

-- 51 --
As it stands here, this girder is clearly not adequate over the pier. The compression flange is
overstressed as per the provisions in §6.10.8. There are still other options to explore, though, before
increasing the plate dimensions.
1. Since the web is non-slender for Section 2 in Negative Flexure, we have the option of using
the provisions in Appendix A6 to determine moment capacity. This would provide an
upper bound strength of Mp instead of My as was determined in §6.10.8.
2. The provisions in Appendix B6 allow for redistribution of negative moment from the region
near the pier to the positive moment region near mid-span for sections that satisfy stringent
compactness and stability criteria. If this section qualifies, as much as ~2,000k-ft may be able
to be redistributed from the pier to mid-span, which could enable the plastic moment
strength from Appendix A6 to be adequate. (This solution may even work with the flange
strength at 50ksi, but I doubt it…)
Despite the fact that the girder appears to have failed our flexural capacity checks, let’s look at the
shear capacity.

-- 52 --
12.3 Vertical Shear Capacity
At the strength Limit, the following must be satisfied
Vu ≤ φVn
For an unstiffened web,
Vn = Vcr = CV p
D Ek
Check, ≤ 1.12 ,
tw Fyw
D 69"
= = 122.7
tw 916 "
Since there are no transverse stiffeners, k = 5
(29, 000ksi )(5) (29, 000ksi )(5)

1.12 = 60.31 1.40 = 75.39
(50ksi ) (50ksi )
D Ek
Since > 1.40 , elastic shear buckling of the web controls.
tw Fyw
1.57 ⎛ kE ⎞ 1.57 ⎛ (5)(29, 000ksi ) ⎞

C= ⎜ ⎟ = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.3026
⎛ D ⎞ ⎜⎝ Fyw ⎟⎠ ⎛ 69" ⎞ ⎝
2
(50ksi ) ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 9 "⎟
⎝ tw ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w = (0.58)(50 ksi )(69")( 9 16 ") = 1,126 kip
Vn = CV p = (0.3026)(1,126 kip ) = 340.6 kip
( )
φVn = (1.00 ) 340.6 kip = 340.6 kip No Good.
This strength is adequate from 16’ – 100’ and 230’ - 314’.
This strength is not adequate near the end supports or near the pier, however.

-- 53 --
Try adding transverse stiffeners spaced at do = 8’ = 96”
5 5
k =5+ 2
=5+ 2
= 7.583
⎛ do ⎞ ⎛ 96" ⎞
⎜D⎟ ⎜ 69" ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
D (29, 000ksi )(7.583) (29, 000ksi )(7.583)

= 122.7 , 1.12 = 74.28 , 1.40 = 92.85
tw (50ksi ) (50ksi )
D Ek
tw Fyw
1.57 ⎛ Ek ⎞ 1.57 ⎛ (29, 000ksi )(7.583) ⎞

C= 2 ⎜ ⎟= 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.4589
⎛ D ⎞ ⎝⎜ Fyw ⎠⎟ ⎛ 69" ⎞ ⎝ (50ksi ) ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 9 "⎟
⎝ tw ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠
φVn = φCV p = (1.00)(0.4589)(1,126 kip ) = 516.5kip O.K.
This capacity is fine but we may be able to do better if we account for tension field action.
Try adding transverse stiffeners spaced at do = 12’ = 144”
5 5
k =5+ 2
=5+ 2
= 6.148
⎛ do ⎞ ⎛ 144" ⎞
⎜D⎟ ⎜ 69" ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
D (29, 000ksi )(6.148) (29, 000ksi )(6.148)

= 122.7 , 1.12 = 66.88 , 1.40 = 83.60
tw (50ksi ) (50ksi )
D Ek
tw Fyw
1.57 ⎛ Ek ⎞ 1.57 ⎛ (29, 000ksi )(6.148) ⎞

C= 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.3721
⎛ D ⎞ ⎝⎜ Fyw ⎠⎟ ⎛ 69" ⎞ ⎝ (50ksi ) ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 9 "⎟
⎝ tw ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠
Without TFA: Vn = CV p = (0.3721)(1,126 kip ) = 418.9 kip

-- 54 --
With TFA:
2 Dtw (2)(69")( 916 ")

Since = = 1.056 ≤ 2.5 ,
( b fct fc + b ft t ft ) ( (21")(2 12 ") + (21")(1") )
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.87(1 − C ) ⎥ ⎢ (0.87)(1 − 0.3721) ⎥
Vn = V p ⎢C + ⎥ = (1,126kip ) ⎢0.3721 + ⎥
2 2
⎢ ⎛ do ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ ⎛ 144" ⎞ ⎥
1+ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎝ D ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 69" ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
Vn = (1,126kip )(0.6082) = 684.8kip
( )
φVn = (1.00 ) 684.8kip = 684.8kip O.K.
This TFA strength is adequate near the pier but TFA is not permitted in the end panels.
The following stiffener configuration should provide adequate shear strength.

-- 55 --
Strength Limit Shear Capacity
800
Tension Field Action
600
Strength I
400
Strength IV
200
Shear (kip)
-200
-400
-600
-800
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Station (ft)

-- 56 --
12.4: Horizontal Shear Strength
Per ODOT Standard practice, shear studs will be used to transfer horizontal shear between the concrete
deck and top flange of the steel girder. ODOT prefers the use of 7/8”diameter studs.
Ideally, the studs should extend to the mid-thickness of the deck. Using this criterion, the height of the
studs can be determined.
be
ts
h= + thaunch − t flange
2 ts
9.5"
= + 2.75"− 0.75" = 6.75" tc thaunch
2 bc
Use 7/8” x 61/2” shear studs

D
tw
h
AASHTO requires that the ratio of /d be greater
than or equal to 4.0.
tt
?
bt
h
≥ 4.0
d
6 12 "
= 7.429 ≥ 4.0 OK
7 "
8
AASHTO requires a center-to-center transverse

spacing of 4d and a clear edge distance of 1”.
With 7/8” diameter studs, there is room enough transversely to use up to 4

studs in each row. With this in mind, I will investigate the option of
either 3 or 4 studs per row.
Fatigue Limit State:
The longitudinal pitch of the shear studs based on the Fatigue Limit is determined as
nZ r Vf Q
p≤ Vsr = (6.10.10.1.2-1 & 3)
Vsr I
where:
n - Number of studs per row
Zr - Fatigue resistance of a single stud
Vsr - Horizontal fatigue shear range per unit length
Vf - Vertical shear force under fatigue load combination
Q - 1st moment of inertia of the transformed slab about the short-term NA
I - 2nd moment of inertia of the short-term composite section

-- 57 --
5.5d 2
Zr = α d 2 ≥ (6.10.10.2-1)
2
α = 34.5 − 4.28Log( N ) (6.10.10.2-2)
α = 34.5 − 4.28Log(55.84 ×106 ) = 1.343ksi
⎛ 5.5 ⎞ 7 2
Z r = (1.343ksi ) ( 7 8 ") ≥ ⎜ ⎟ ( 8 ")
2
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 1.028kip ≥ 2.105kip → Z r = 2.105kip
Q = Atc d c
⎡ (109.5")( 9.5") ⎤ ⎛ 9.5" ⎞

QSection 1 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 1"+ 69"+ 2.75"+ − 58.19" ⎟ = 2,511 in 3
⎣ 8 ⎦⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡ (109.5")( 9.5") ⎤ ⎛ 9.5" ⎞

QSection 2 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 2.5"+ 69"+ 2.75"+ − 52.23" ⎟ = 3, 481 in 3
⎣ 8 ⎦⎝ 2 ⎠
I Section 1 = 140,500 in 4 I Section 2 = 239, 700 in 4
Since the fatigue shear varies along the length of the bridge, the longitudinal distribution of shear studs
based on the Fatigue Limit also varies. These results are presented in a tabular format on a subsequent
page. To illustrate the computations, I have chosen the shear at the abutment as an example.
(
At the abutment, V f = 38.13kip − −3.53kip = 41.66kip )
Vsr =
( 41.66 )( 2,511 in ) = 0.7445
kip 3
kip
(140,500 in ) 4 inch
For 3 studs in each row: For 4 studs in each row:
( 3) ( 2.105ksi ) ( 4 ) ( 2.105ksi )
p≤ = 8.482 in
p≤ = 11.31 row
in
( 0.7445 ) kip
inch
row
( 0.7453 ) kip
inch

-- 58 --
Strength Limit:
Qr = φsc Qn φsc = 0.85
Qn = 0.5 Asc f c' Ec ≤ Asc Fu (6.10.10.4.3-1)
⎛π ⎞
Asc = ⎜ ⎟ ( 7 8 ") = 0.6013 in 2
2
⎝4⎠
f c' = 4.5ksi
Es 29, 000ksi
Since n = 8, Ec = = = 3, 625ksi
n 8
Fu = 60ksi
Qn = ( 0.5 ) ( 0.6013 in 2 ) ( 4.5 )( 3, 625 ) ≤ ( 0.6013 in )( 60 )

ksi ksi 2 ksi
= 38.40 stud
kip
≤ 36.08 stud
kip
φscQn = ( 0.85 ) ( 36.08 stud

kip
) = 30.67 stud
kip
Pp Pp + Pn
n+ = n− =
Qr Qr

-- 59 --
Positive moment - Section 1: Station 0.0’ - 73.3’
Pp = Min ( PConcrete , Psteel )
PConcrete = 0.85 f c'bets

= ( 0.85 ) ( 4.5ksi ) (109.5")( 9.5") = 3,979kip
PSteel = Fyw Dtw + Fft b ft t ft + Ffc b fc t fc

= ( 70ksi ) ⎡⎣(15")( 0.75") + ( 21")(1") ⎤⎦ + ( 50ksi ) ( 69")( 0.5625") = 4,198kip
Pp = 3,979kip
Pp 3,979kip
n+ = = kip
= 129.7studs
Qr 30.67 stud
3 Studs per Row:
129.7studs ( 73.3'− 0 ') (12 inft )

= 44rows → p= = 20.46 inch → Say 20"
3 row
studs
( 44 − 1) row
4 Studs per Row:
129.7studs ( 73.3'− 0 ') (12 inft )

= 33rows → p= = 27.49 inch → Say 24"
4 row
studs
( 33 − 1) row

-- 60 --
Negative Moment - Section 2: Station 73.3’ - 165.0’
Pn = Min ( Psteel , PCrack )
PCrack = 0.45 f c'bets

= ( 0.45 ) ( 4.5ksi ) (109.5")( 9.5") = 2,107 kip
PSteel = Fyw Dtw + Fft b ft t ft + Ffc b fc t fc

= ( 70ksi ) ⎡⎣( 21")( 2.5") + ( 21")(1") ⎤⎦ + ( 50ksi ) ( 69")( 0.5625") = 7, 086kip
Pn = 2,107 kip
Pp + Pn 3,979kip + 2,107 kip

n− = = kip
= 198.4studs
Qr 30.67 stud
3 Studs per Row:
198.4studs (165.0 '− 73.3') (12 inft )

= 67 rows → p= = 16.67 inch → Say 16"
3 row
studs
( 67 − 1) row
4 Studs per Row:
198.4studs (165.0 '− 73.3') (12 inft )

= 50rows → p= = 22.48 inch → Say 20"
4 row
studs
( 50 − 1) row

-- 61 --
Shear Stud Summary:
This table represents that pitch of shear studs required for either 3 or 4 studs per row based on location in
the bridge.
3 Studs Per Row 4 Studs Per Row

Station Vf Q I V sr p Fat p Str p max p Fat p Str p max
3 4 kip
(ft) (kip) (in ) (in ) ( /in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
0.0 41.66 2,511 140,521 0.7444 8.48 20.00 8.48 11.31 24.00 11.31
14.7 37.01 2,511 140,521 0.6613 9.55 20.00 9.55 12.73 24.00 12.73
29.3 33.68 2,511 140,521 0.6018 10.49 20.00 10.49 13.99 24.00 13.99
44.0 32.79 2,511 140,521 0.5859 10.78 20.00 10.78 14.37 24.00 14.37
58.7 33.04 2,511 140,521 0.5904 10.70 20.00 10.70 14.26 24.00 14.26
73.3 33.46 2,511 140,521 0.5979 10.56 20.00 10.56 14.08 24.00 14.08
88.0 33.98 2,511 140,521 0.6071 10.40 16.00 10.40 13.87 20.00 13.87
102.7 34.59 2,511 140,521 0.6181 10.22 16.00 10.22 13.62 20.00 13.62
117.3 35.38 2,511 140,521 0.6323 9.99 16.00 9.99 13.32 20.00 13.32
132.0 36.62 2,511 140,521 0.6543 9.65 16.00 9.65 12.87 20.00 12.87
135.7 37.07 3,481 239,734 0.5383 11.73 16.00 11.73 15.64 20.00 15.64
139.3 37.53 3,481 239,734 0.5449 11.59 16.00 11.59 15.45 20.00 15.45
143.0 37.98 3,481 239,734 0.5514 11.45 16.00 11.45 15.27 20.00 15.27
146.7 38.42 3,481 239,734 0.5579 11.32 16.00 11.32 15.09 20.00 15.09
150.3 38.88 3,481 239,734 0.5645 11.19 16.00 11.19 14.92 20.00 14.92
154.0 39.34 3,481 239,734 0.5713 11.05 16.00 11.05 14.74 20.00 14.74
157.7 39.81 3,481 239,734 0.5780 10.93 16.00 10.93 14.57 20.00 14.57
161.3 40.26 3,481 239,734 0.5847 10.80 16.00 10.80 14.40 20.00 14.40
165.0 81.44 3,481 239,734 1.1826 5.34 16.00 5.34 7.12 20.00 7.12
168.7 40.26 3,481 239,734 0.5847 10.80 16.00 10.80 14.40 20.00 14.40
172.3 39.81 3,481 239,734 0.5780 10.93 16.00 10.93 14.57 20.00 14.57
176.0 39.34 3,481 239,734 0.5713 11.05 16.00 11.05 14.74 20.00 14.74
179.7 38.88 3,481 239,734 0.5645 11.19 16.00 11.19 14.92 20.00 14.92
183.3 38.42 3,481 239,734 0.5579 11.32 16.00 11.32 15.09 20.00 15.09
187.0 37.98 3,481 239,734 0.5514 11.45 16.00 11.45 15.27 20.00 15.27
190.7 37.53 3,481 239,734 0.5449 11.59 16.00 11.59 15.45 20.00 15.45
194.3 37.07 3,481 239,734 0.5383 11.73 16.00 11.73 15.64 20.00 15.64
198.0 36.62 2,511 140,521 0.6543 9.65 16.00 9.65 12.87 20.00 12.87
212.7 35.38 2,511 140,521 0.6323 9.99 16.00 9.99 13.32 20.00 13.32
227.3 34.59 2,511 140,521 0.6181 10.22 16.00 10.22 13.62 20.00 13.62
242.0 33.98 2,511 140,521 0.6071 10.40 16.00 10.40 13.87 20.00 13.87
256.7 33.46 2,511 140,521 0.5979 10.56 20.00 10.56 14.08 24.00 14.08
271.3 33.04 2,511 140,521 0.5904 10.70 20.00 10.70 14.26 24.00 14.26
286.0 32.79 2,511 140,521 0.5859 10.78 20.00 10.78 14.37 24.00 14.37
300.7 33.68 2,511 140,521 0.6018 10.49 20.00 10.49 13.99 24.00 13.99
315.3 37.01 2,511 140,521 0.6613 9.55 20.00 9.55 12.73 24.00 12.73
330.0 41.66 2,511 140,521 0.7444 8.48 20.00 8.48 11.31 24.00 11.31
The arrangement of shear studs is shown below.

-- 62 --
ONE-SPAN INELASTIC I-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN EXAMPLE
A single span composite I-girder bridge has span length of 166.3’ and a 64’ deck width. The steel girders
have Fy = 50ksi and all concrete has a 28-day compressive strength of
ksi
f’c = 4.5 . The concrete slab is 9.5” thick. A typical 4” haunch was used in the section properties.
Concrete barriers weighing 640plf and an asphalt wearing surface weighing 60psf have also been applied as
a composite dead load.
HL-93 loading was used per AASHTO (2004), including dynamic load allowance.
Single-Span Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

ODOT LRFD Short Course - Steel Created July 2007: Page 1 of 21
-- 63 --
172' - 4" Total Girder Length
Cross Frames Spaced @ 22' - 0" cc
166' - 4" cc Bearings

G
6
G
5
G
4
G
3
G
2
G
1

-- 64 --
Positive Bending Section (Section 1) Positive Bending Section (Section 2)
Positive Bending Section (Section 3)

ODOT LRFD Short Course - Steel Created July2007: Page 3 of 23
-- 65 --
2. LOAD CALCULATIONS:
DC dead loads (structural components) include:

• Steel girder self weight (DC1)
• Concrete deck self weight (DC1)
• Haunch self weight (DC1)
• Barrier (DC2)
DW dead loads (structural attachments) include:

• Wearing surface (DW), Including FWS
2a. Dead Load Calculations
Steel Girder Self-Weight (DC1):
(a) Section 1
A = (14”)(1.125”) + (68”)(0.6875”) + (22”)(1.5”) = 95.5 in2
⎛ ⎛ 490pcf ⎞ ⎞
Wsection1 = ⎜ 95.5 in 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ (1.15 ) = 373.7 lbs per girder
⎜ ⎜ (12 in )2 ⎟ ⎟ ft
⎝ ⎝ ft ⎠⎠
(b) Section 2
A = (14”)(2”) + (68”)(0.5625”) + (22”)(2”) = 110.25 in2
⎛ ⎛ 490pcf ⎞ ⎞
Wsection1 = ⎜110.3 in 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ (1.15 ) = 431.4 lbs per girder
⎜ ⎜ (12 in )2 ⎟ ⎟ ft
⎝ ⎝ ft ⎠⎠
(c) Section 3
A = (14”)(2”) + (68”)(0.5625”) + (22”)(2.375”) = 118.5 in2
⎛ ⎛ 490pcf ⎞ ⎞
Wsection1 = ⎜118.5 in 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ (1.15 ) = 463.7 lbs per girder
⎜ ⎜ (12 in )2 ⎟ ⎟ ft
⎝ ⎝ ft ⎠⎠
(d) Average Girder Self Weight
( 2 )( 40.17 ') ( 373.7 lbsft ) + ( 2 )(18.0 ') ( 431.4 lbsft ) + ( 50.0 ') ( 463.7 lbsft )
Wave = = 413.3 lbs
ft
166.3'
Deck Self-Weight (DC1):
⎛ ( 9.5'')( 64.0 ') ⎞ ⎛ 150pcf ⎞

WDeck = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1,267 lbs per girder
⎠ ⎝ ( ft ) ⎠
in ⎟ ft
⎝ 6 Girders 12

-- 66 --
Haunch Self-Weight (DC1):
Average width of haunch: 14’’

⎛ 150pcf ⎞
( )
Whaunch = (14 )( 4 ) + 2 ( ( 12 ) ( 9 '')( 4 '') ) ⎜ ⎟ = 94.33 lbs
⎜ (12 in )2 ⎟ ft
per girder
⎝ ft ⎠
Barrier Walls (DC2):
⎛ ( 2 each ) ( 640plf ) ⎞
Wbarriers =⎜ ⎟ = 213.3 lbs per girder
⎜ 6 girders ⎟ ft
⎝ ⎠
Wearing Surface (DW):
( 61.0') ( 60psf )
Wwearing_surface = = 610.0 lbs
ft
per girder
6 Girders
The moment effect due to dead loads was found using an FE model composed of six frame elements to
model the bridge (a node was placed at mid-span). This data was input into Excel to be combined with
data from moving live load analyses performed in SAP 2000. DC1 dead loads were applied to the non-
composite section (bare steel). All live loads were applied to the short-term composite section (1n = 8).
DW (barriers) and DC2 (wearing surface) dead loads were applied to the long-term composite section
(3n = 24).
The maximum moments at mid-span are easily computed since the bridge is statically determinate.
⎛ wL2 ⎞ ⎡ ( 413.3 lbs

ft ) (166.3' )
⎤
2
M DC1,Steel =⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ = 1, 429k-ft
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦
⎛ wL2 ⎞ ⎡ (1, 267 lbs

ft ) (
166.3' ) ⎤
2
M DC1, Deck =⎜ ⎟=⎢ ⎥ = 4,379k-ft

⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦
⎛ wL2 ⎞ ⎡ ( 213.3 lbs

ft ) (166.3' )
⎤
2
M DC 2, Barriers =⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ = 737.4k-ft
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦
⎛ wL2 ⎞ ⎡ ( 610.0 lbs

ft ) (
166.3' ) ⎤
2
M DW =⎜ ⎟=⎢ ⎥ = 2,109k-ft
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦

-- 67 --
The maximum shear forces at the ends of the girder are also easily computed.
⎛ wL ⎞ ⎡ ( 413.3 ft ) (166.3' ) ⎤
lbs
kip
VDC1,Steel = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ = 34.37
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎛ wL ⎞ ⎡ (1, 267 ft ) (166.3' ) ⎤

lbs
kipt
VDC1, Deck =⎜ ⎟=⎢ ⎥ = 105.4
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎛ wL ⎞ ⎡ ( 213.3 ft ) (166.3' ) ⎤
lbs
kip
VDC 2, Barriers = ⎜ =
⎟ ⎢ ⎥ = 17.74
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎛ wL ⎞ ⎡ ( 610.0 ft ) (166.3' ) ⎤
lbs
kip
VDW = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ = 50.72
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦

-- 68 --
2b. Live Load Calculations
The following design vehicular live load cases described in AASHTO-LRFD are considered:
1) The effect of a design tandem combined with the effect of the lane loading. The design
tandem consists of two 25kip axles spaced 4.0’ apart. The lane loading consists of a 0.64klf
uniform load on all spans of the bridge. (HL-93M in SAP)
2) The effect of one design truck with variable axle spacing combined with the effect of the
0.64klf lane loading. (HL-93K in SAP)
3) For negative moment between points of contraflexure only: 90% of the effect of a truck-train
combined with 90% of the effect of the lane loading. The truck train consists of two design
trucks (shown below) spaced a minimum of 50’ between the lead axle of one truck and the rear
axle of the other truck. The distance between the two 32kip axles should be taken as 14’ for each
truck. The points of contraflexure were taken as the field splices at 132’ and 198’ from the left
end of the bridge. (HL-93S in SAP)
All live load calculations were performed in SAP 2000 using a beam line analysis. The nominal
moment data from SAP was then input into Excel. An Impact Factor of 1.33 was applied to the
truck and tandem loads within SAP.

-- 69 --
Unfactored HL-93 Moment Envelopes from SAP
6,000
Single Truck
4,000
Tandem
2,000
Moment (kip-ft)
-2,000
-4,000
-6,000
0 30 60 90 120 150
Station (ft)
The following results were obtained from the SAP analysis:
• The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 83.15’
Station 40.16’- Section 1 Station 58.15’- Section 2 Station 83.15’- Section 3

HL-93M 3,614k-ft 4,481k-ft 4,911k-ft
HL-93K 4,322k-ft 5,238k-ft 5,821k-ft
HL-93S N/A N/A N/A
Before proceeding, these live-load moments will be confirmed with an influence line analysis.

-- 70 --
2c. Verify the Maximum Positive Live-Load Moment at Station 83.15’:
kip kip
25 25
Tandem:
kip kip
32 32
kip
8
Single Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane
45
Moment (k-ft / kip)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165
Station (ft)
Tandem: ( 25 ) ( 41.58 ) + ( 25 ) ( 39.58 ) = 2, 029

kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
k-ft
Single Truck: (8 ) ( 34.57 ) + ( 32 ) ( 41.58 ) + ( 32 ) ( 34.57 ) = 2, 713

kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
kip k-ft
kip
k-ft
Lane Load: ( 0.640 )(3, 457 ) = 2, 212

k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33 ) ( 2, 029 k-ft

kip )
+ 2, 212 k-ft = 4, 911k-ft
(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane: (1.33 ) ( 2, 713 k-ft

kip )
+ 2, 212 k-ft = 5,821k-ft GOVERNS
The case of two trucks is not considered here because it is only used when computing negative moments.

-- 71 --
Based on the influence line analysis, we can say that the moments obtained from SAP appear to be
reasonable and will be used for design.
Before these Service moments can be factored and combined, we must compute the distribution factors.
Since the distribution factors are a function of Kg, the longitudinal stiffness parameter, we must first
compute the sections properties of the girders.
3. SECTION PROPERTIES AND CALCULATIONS:
3a. Effective Flange Width, bs:
For an interior beam, bs is the lesser of:
⎧ bf 14"
⎪•12ts + = (12 )( 8.5") + = 109 ''
⎪⎪ 2 2
⎨•S = (11.33')(12 in ft ) = 135.96 ''
⎪ L
⎪• eff = 166.3' = 41.58' = 498.9 ''
⎪⎩ 4 4
Therefore, bs = 109”
For computing the section properties shown on the two pages that follow, reinforcing steel in the deck
was ignored for short-term and long-term composite calculations but was included for the cracked
section.
Note: At this point one should also check the effective of the outside girders as well. For this
example, however, I will proceed sing the effective width for the interior girders.

-- 72 --
3b. Section 1 Flexural Properties
Single Span Bridge Example - Section 1

Bare Steel
Top Flange 1.1250 14.00 15.75 70.06 1,103.48 1.66 -40.87 26,308 26,310
Web 0.6875 68.00 46.75 35.50 1,659.63 18,014.33 -6.31 1,860 19,874
Bot Flange 1.5000 22.00 33.00 0.75 24.75 6.19 28.44 26,696 26,702
95.50 2,787.86 ITotal = 72,886
Y= 29.19 SBS1,top = 1,759

SBS1,bot = 2,497
Short-Term Composite (N=8)
Slab 8.5000 109.00 115.81 74.88 8,671.46 697.29 -20.65 49,365 50,062
Haunch 0.0000 14.0000 0.00 70.63 0.00 0.00 -16.40 0 0
Top Flange 1.1250 14.0000 15.75 70.06 1,103.48 1.66 -15.83 3,948 3,950
Web 0.6875 68.0000 46.75 35.50 1,659.63 18,014.33 18.73 16,399 34,414
Bot Flange 1.5000 22.0000 33.00 0.75 24.75 6.19 53.48 94,381 94,387
211.31 11,459.32 ITotal = 182,813
n= 8.00 Y= 54.23 SST1,top = 11,150

SST1,bot = 3,371
Long-Term Composite (N=24)
Slab 8.5000 109.00 38.60 74.88 2,890.49 232.43 -32.53 40,856 41,089
Haunch 0.0000 14.00 0.00 70.63 0.00 0.00 -28.28 0 0
Top Flange 1.1250 14.0000 15.75 70.06 1,103.48 1.66 -27.72 12,102 12,104
Web 0.6875 68.0000 46.75 35.50 1,659.63 18,014.33 6.84 2,189 20,203
Bot Flange 1.5000 22.0000 33.00 0.75 24.75 6.19 41.59 57,089 57,095
134.10 5,678.35 ITotal = 130,491
n= 24.00 Y= 42.34 SLT1,top = 4,614

SLT1,bot = 3,082

-- 73 --
3c. Section 2 Flexural Properties

Bare Steel
Top Flange 2.0000 14.00 28.00 71.00 1,988.00 9.33 -40.08 44,978 44,987
Web 0.5625 68.00 38.25 36.00 1,377.00 14,739.00 -5.08 987 15,726
Bot Flange 2.0000 22.00 44.00 1.00 44.00 14.67 29.92 39,391 39,405
110.25 3,409.00 ITotal = 100,119
Y= 30.92 SBS1,top = 2,437

SBS1,bot = 3,238
Slab 8.5000 109.00 115.81 76.25 8,830.70 697.29 -22.11 56,600 57,297
Haunch 0.0000 14.0000 0.00 72.00 0.00 0.00 -17.86 0 0
Top Flange 2.0000 14.0000 28.00 71.00 1,988.00 9.33 -16.86 7,956 7,966
Web 0.5625 68.0000 38.25 36.00 1,377.00 14,739.00 18.14 12,591 27,330
Bot Flange 2.0000 22.0000 44.00 1.00 44.00 14.67 53.14 124,264 124,279
226.06 12,239.70 ITotal = 216,871
n= 8.00 Y= 54.14 SST1,top = 12,145

SST1,bot = 4,006
Slab 8.5000 109.00 38.60 76.25 2,943.57 232.43 -33.57 43,514 43,746
Haunch 0.0000 14.00 0.00 72.00 0.00 0.00 -29.32 0 0
Top Flange 2.0000 14.0000 28.00 71.00 1,988.00 9.33 -28.32 22,462 22,472
Web 0.5625 68.0000 38.25 36.00 1,377.00 14,739.00 6.68 1,705 16,444
Bot Flange 2.0000 22.0000 44.00 1.00 44.00 14.67 41.68 76,425 76,439
148.85 6,352.57 ITotal = 159,101
n= 24.00 Y= 42.68 SLT1,top = 5,426

SLT1,bot = 3,728

-- 74 --
3d. Section 3 Flexural Properties

Bare Steel
Top Flange 2.0000 14.00 28.00 71.38 1,998.50 9.33 -42.25 49,970 49,980
Web 0.5625 68.00 38.25 36.38 1,391.34 14,739.00 -7.25 2,008 16,747
Bot Flange 2.3750 22.00 52.25 1.19 62.05 24.56 27.94 40,796 40,820
118.50 3,451.89 ITotal = 107,546
Y= 29.13 SBS1,top = 2,487

SBS1,bot = 3,692
Slab 8.5000 109.00 115.81 76.63 8,874.13 697.29 -24.02 66,819 67,516
Haunch 0.0000 14.0000 0.00 72.38 0.00 0.00 -19.77 0 0
Top Flange 2.0000 14.0000 28.00 71.38 1,998.50 9.33 -18.77 9,865 9,874
Web 0.5625 68.0000 38.25 36.38 1,391.34 14,739.00 16.23 10,076 24,815
Bot Flange 2.3750 22.0000 52.25 1.19 62.05 24.56 51.42 138,137 138,161
234.31 12,326.02 ITotal = 240,366
n= 8.00 Y= 52.61 SST1,top = 12,158

SST1,bot = 4,569
Slab 8.5000 109.00 38.60 76.63 2,958.04 232.43 -35.82 49,544 49,777
Haunch 0.0000 14.00 0.00 72.38 0.00 0.00 -31.57 0 0
Top Flange 2.0000 14.0000 28.00 71.38 1,998.50 9.33 -30.57 26,174 26,184
Web 0.5625 68.0000 38.25 36.38 1,391.34 14,739.00 4.43 749 15,488
Bot Flange 2.3750 22.0000 52.25 1.19 62.05 24.56 39.61 81,990 82,015
157.10 6,409.93 ITotal = 173,463
n= 24.00 Y= 40.80 SLT1,top = 5,494

SLT1,bot = 4,251

-- 75 --
4. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR MOMENT
4a. Section 1:
Interior Girder - One Lane Loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1

⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
DFM1,Int,Sec1 = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 12 LtS ⎠
K g = n ( I + Aeg2 )
(
K g = (8) 72,890 in 4 + ( 95.5 in 2 ) ( 49.06")
2
)
K g = 2, 422, 000 in 4
0.1
0.4
⎛ 11.33' ⎞ ⎛ 11.33' ⎞
0.3
⎛ 2, 422, 000 in 4 ⎞
DFM1,Int,Sec1 = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 166.3' ⎠ ⎜ (12 )(166.3' )( 8.5")3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
DFM1,Int,Sec1 = 0.4994
Interior Girder - Two or More Lanes Loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1

⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
DFM2,Int,Sec1 = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 12 LtS ⎠
0.1
0.6
⎛ 11.33' ⎞ ⎛ 11.33' ⎞
0.2
⎛ 2, 422, 000 in 4 ⎞
DFM2,Int,Sec1 = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 166.3' ⎠ ⎜ (12 )(166.3')( 8.5")3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

-- 76 --
Exterior Girder – One Lane Loaded:
The lever rule is applied by assuming that a

hinge forms over the first interior girder as a
truck load is applied near the parapet. The
resulting reaction in the exterior girder is the
distribution factor.
8.5'
DFM 1,Ext,Sec1 = = 0.7500
11.33'
Multiple Presence:
DFM1,Ext,Sec1 = (1.2) (0.7500) = 0.9000
Exterior Girder - Two or More Lanes Loaded:
DFM2,Ext,Sec1 = e DFM2,Int,Sec1
de
e = 0.77 +
9.1
2.167 '
e = 0.77 + = 1.008
9.1
DFM2,Ext+ = (1.008) (0.7703) = 0.7765
4b. Section 2:
Interior Girder – One Lane Loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1

⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
DFM1,Int,Sec2 = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 12 LtS ⎠
K g = n ( I + Aeg2 )
(
K g = (8) 100,100 in 4 + (110.3 in 2 ) ( 47.83")
2
)
K g = 2,819, 000 in 4
0.1
0.4
⎛ 11.33' ⎞ ⎛ 11.33' ⎞
0.3
⎛ 2,819, 000 in 4 ⎞
DFM1,Int,Sec2 = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 166.3' ⎠ ⎜ (12 )(166.3' ) ( 8.5 ")3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

-- 77 --
Interior Girder – Two or More Lanes Loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1

⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
DFM2,Int,Sec2 = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 12 LtS ⎠
0.1
⎛ 11.33' ⎞ ⎛ 11.33' ⎞ ⎛ 2,819, 000 in ⎞
0.6 0.2 4
DFM2,Int,Sec2 = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 166.3' ⎠ ⎝ (12 )(166.3')( 8.5") ⎟⎠
3
Exterior Girder - One Lane Loaded:
Same as for the positive moment section: DFM1,Ext,Sec2 = 0.9000
e = 1.008 (same as before)
DFM2,Ext,Sec2 =(1.008) (0.7809) = 0.7871
4c. Section 3:
Interior Girder – One Lane Loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1

⎛S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
DFM 1, Int ,Sec 3 = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝L⎠ ⎝ 12 LtS ⎠
(
K g = n I + Aeg2 )
( (
K g = ( 8 ) 107,500 in 4 + 118.5 in 2 ( 50.00") ) 2
)
K g = 3, 230, 000 in 4
0.1
0.4 0.3 ⎛ ⎞
⎛ 11.33' ⎞ ⎛ 11.33' ⎞ 3, 230, 000 in 4
DFM 1, Int , Sec 3 = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 166.3' ⎠ ⎜ (12 )(166.3')( 8.5") ⎟
3
⎝ ⎠
DFM 1, Int ,Sec 3 = 0.5122

-- 78 --
Interior Girder - Two or More Lanes Loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1

⎛ S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
DFM 2, Int ,Sec 3 = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝L⎠ ⎝ 12 LtS ⎠
0.1
⎛ 11.33' ⎞
0.6
⎛ 11.33' ⎞
0.2 ⎛ 3, 230, 000 in 4 ⎞
DFM 2, Int ,Sec 3 = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 166.3' ⎠ ⎜ (12 )(166.3')( 8.5")3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
DFM 2, Int ,Sec 3 = 0.7906
Exterior Girder – One Lane Loaded:
Same as for the positive moment section: DFM1,Ext,Sec3 = 0.9000
e = 1.008 (same as before)
DFM2,Ext,Sec3 =(1.008) (0.7906) = 0.7969 NL
X Ext ∑ e
NL
DF Ext , Min = + Nb
Nb
4d. Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor: ∑x 2

-- 79 --
One Lane Loaded:
1 ( 28.33') ⎡⎣( 25.5') ⎤⎦

DFM 1, Ext , Min = + = 0.4881
6 2 ⎡( 28.33')2 + (17.0 ')2 + ( 5.667 ' )2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
Multiple Presence: DFM1,Ext,Min = (1.2) (0.4881) = 0.5857
Two Lanes Loaded:
2 ( 28.33') ⎡⎣( 25.5') + (13.5') ⎤⎦

DFM 2, Ext , Min = + = 0.8250
6 2 ⎡( 28.33' )2 + (17.0 ') 2 + ( 5.667 ' ) 2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
Three Lanes Loaded:
3 ( 28.33') ⎡⎣( 25.5') + (13.5' ) + (1.5') ⎤⎦

DFM 3, Ext , Min = + = 1.011
6 2 ⎡( 28.33' )2 + (17.0 ')2 + ( 5.667 ' ) 2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
Four Lanes Loaded:
4 ( 28.33') ⎡⎣( 25.5' ) + (13.5') + (1.5') + ( −10.5') ⎤⎦

DFM 4, Ext , Min = + = 1.045
2 ⎡( 28.33') + (17.0 ') + ( 5.667 ') ⎤
2 2 2
6
⎣ ⎦
Five Lanes Loaded:
5 ( 28.33' ) ⎡⎣( 25.5') + (13.5') + (1.5') + ( −10.5' ) + ( −22.5') ⎤⎦

DFM 5, Ext , Min = + = 0.8367
2 ⎡( 28.33') + (17.0 ') + ( 5.667 ') ⎤
2 2 2
6
⎣ ⎦

-- 80 --
4d. Moment Distribution Factor Summary
# Lanes Positive Moment

Section
Loaded Interior Exterior
1 0.4994 0.9000 ≥ 0.5857
1 2 0.7703 0.7765 ≥ 0.8250
3 0.7703 0.7765 ≥ 0.8589
1 0.5061 0.9000 ≥ 0.5857
2 2 0.7809 0.7871 ≥ 0.8250
3 0.7809 0.7871 ≥ 0.8589
1 0.5122 0.9000 ≥ 0.5857
3 2 0.7906 0.7969 ≥ 0.8250
3 0.7906 0.7969 ≥ 0.8589
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.9000 everywhere.
Multiplying the live load moments by this distribution factor of 0.9000 yields the table of “nominal”
girder moments shown below.
Nominal Girder Moments from Visual Analysis and SAP

Nominal Moments
Station LL+ LL- DC1 DC2 DW
(ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8.0 986.5 0.0 1086.2 135.6 457.7
16.1 1868.0 0.0 2064.8 257.4 869.0
24.1 2645.5 0.0 2935.8 365.5 1233.7
32.1 3319.1 0.0 3699.2 459.8 1552.0
40.2 3889.3 0.0 4355.1 540.3 1823.9
49.2 4404.3 0.0 4959.7 614.2 2073.3
58.2 4795.1 0.0 5424.7 670.8 2264.3
66.5 5054.9 0.0 5729.3 707.8 2389.1
74.8 5202.6 0.0 5912.1 730.0 2464.0
83.1 5238.6 0.0 5973.0 737.4 2489.0
83.1 5238.5 0.0 5973.0 737.4 2489.0
91.5 5202.6 0.0 5911.6 729.9 2463.8
99.8 5055.0 0.0 5728.3 707.7 2388.7
108.1 4795.7 0.0 5423.3 670.6 2263.7
108.1 4795.2 0.0 5423.3 670.6 2263.7
117.1 4404.5 0.0 4957.8 614.0 2072.4
126.1 3890.2 0.0 4352.6 540.0 1822.9
126.1 3889.5 0.0 4352.6 540.0 1822.9
134.2 3319.4 0.0 3696.9 459.5 1551.1
142.2 2645.7 0.0 2933.8 365.2 1232.9
150.2 1868.1 0.0 2063.3 257.2 868.3
158.3 986.6 0.0 1085.3 135.5 457.3
166.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-- 81 --
5. FACTORED MOMENT ENVELOPES
The following load combinations were considered in this example:
Strength I: 1.75(LL + IM) + 1.25DC1 + 1.25DC2 + 1.50DW

Strength IV: 1.50DC1 + 1.50DC2 + 1.50DW
Service II: 1.3(LL + IM) + 1.0DC1 + 1.0DC2 + 1.0DW
Fatigue: 0.75(LL + IM) (IM for Fatigue = 15%)
Strength II is not considered since this deals with special permit loads. Strength III and V are not
considered as they include wind effects, which will be handled separately as needed. Strength IV is
considered but is not expected to govern since it addresses situations with high dead load that come into
play for longer spans. Extreme Event load combinations are not included as they are also beyond the
scope of this example. Service I again applies to wind loads and is not considered and Service III and
Service IV correspond to tension in prestressed concrete elements and are therefore not included in this
example.
In addition to the factors shown above, a load modifier, η, was applied as is shown below.
Q = ∑ηiγ i Qi
η is taken as the product of ηD, ηR, and ηI, and is taken as not less than 0.95. For this example,
ηD, ηR, and ηI are taken as 1.00.
Using these load combinations, the shear and moment envelopes shown on the following pages
were developed.

-- 82 --
Strength I Moments
Station LL+ LL- DC1 DC2 DW Total + Total -
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8.0 1726.3 0.0 1357.7 169.5 686.6 3940.1 0.0
16.1 3268.9 0.0 2581.0 321.8 1303.4 7475.1 0.0
24.1 4629.6 0.0 3669.7 456.9 1850.6 10606.8 0.0
32.1 5808.5 0.0 4624.0 574.7 2328.1 13335.3 0.0
40.2 6806.2 0.0 5443.9 675.4 2735.8 15661.3 0.0
49.2 7707.5 0.0 6199.7 767.8 3109.9 17784.8 0.0
58.2 8391.4 0.0 6780.8 838.5 3396.5 19407.2 0.0
66.5 8846.1 0.0 7161.6 884.7 3583.7 20476.2 0.0
74.8 9104.5 0.0 7390.1 912.5 3696.0 21103.1 0.0
83.1 9167.5 0.0 7466.3 921.7 3733.5 21289.0 0.0
83.1 9167.4 0.0 7466.3 921.7 3733.5 21288.9 0.0
91.5 9104.6 0.0 7389.5 912.4 3695.7 21102.2 0.0
99.8 8846.3 0.0 7160.4 884.6 3583.1 20474.4 0.0
108.1 8392.4 0.0 6779.1 838.3 3395.6 19405.3 0.0
108.1 8391.6 0.0 6779.1 838.3 3395.6 19404.5 0.0
117.1 7707.8 0.0 6197.3 767.5 3108.7 17781.2 0.0
126.1 6807.8 0.0 5440.8 675.0 2734.3 15657.9 0.0
126.1 6806.6 0.0 5440.8 675.0 2734.3 15656.7 0.0
134.2 5808.9 0.0 4621.1 574.4 2326.6 13331.0 0.0
142.2 4630.0 0.0 3667.2 456.5 1849.3 10603.1 0.0
150.2 3269.2 0.0 2579.1 321.5 1302.5 7472.2 0.0
158.3 1726.5 0.0 1356.7 169.4 686.0 3938.5 0.0
166.3 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0
Strength IV Moments
Station DC1 DC2 DW Total + Total -
(ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7.2 1629.3 203.4 686.6 2519.2 0.0
14.5 3097.2 386.1 1303.4 4786.7 0.0
21.7 4403.7 548.2 1850.6 6802.5 0.0
28.9 5548.8 689.7 2328.1 8566.6 0.0
36.2 6532.6 810.5 2735.8 10078.9 0.0
43.4 7439.6 921.3 3109.9 11470.8 0.0
50.6 8137.0 1006.2 3396.5 12539.7 0.0
57.8 8593.9 1061.7 3583.7 13239.3 0.0
65.1 8868.1 1095.0 3696.0 13659.1 0.0
72.3 8959.5 1106.1 3733.5 13799.1 0.0
79.5 8959.5 1106.1 3733.5 13799.1 0.0
86.8 8867.4 1094.9 3695.7 13658.0 0.0
94.0 8592.5 1061.5 3583.1 13237.1 0.0
101.2 8134.9 1005.9 3395.6 12536.4 0.0
108.5 8134.9 1005.9 3395.6 12536.4 0.0
115.7 7436.7 920.9 3108.7 11466.3 0.0
122.9 6529.0 810.0 2734.3 10073.3 0.0
130.1 6529.0 810.0 2734.3 10073.3 0.0
137.4 5545.4 689.3 2326.6 8561.2 0.0
144.6 4400.7 547.9 1849.3 6797.8 0.0
151.8 3094.9 385.9 1302.5 4783.2 0.0
159.1 1628.0 203.2 686.0 2517.2 0.0
166.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-- 83 --
Service II Moments
Station LL+ LL- DC1 DC2 DW Total + Total -
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7.2 1282.4 0.0 1086.2 135.6 457.7 2961.9 0.0
14.5 2428.3 0.0 2064.8 257.4 869.0 5619.5 0.0
21.7 3439.2 0.0 2935.8 365.5 1233.7 7974.2 0.0
28.9 4314.9 0.0 3699.2 459.8 1552.0 10026.0 0.0
36.2 5056.0 0.0 4355.1 540.3 1823.9 11775.3 0.0
43.4 5725.6 0.0 4959.7 614.2 2073.3 13372.8 0.0
50.6 6233.6 0.0 5424.7 670.8 2264.3 14593.4 0.0
57.8 6571.4 0.0 5729.3 707.8 2389.1 15397.6 0.0
65.1 6763.4 0.0 5912.1 730.0 2464.0 15869.4 0.0
72.3 6810.2 0.0 5973.0 737.4 2489.0 16009.6 0.0
79.5 6810.1 0.0 5973.0 737.4 2489.0 16009.5 0.0
86.8 6763.4 0.0 5911.6 729.9 2463.8 15868.7 0.0
94.0 6571.5 0.0 5728.3 707.7 2388.7 15396.3 0.0
101.2 6234.4 0.0 5423.3 670.6 2263.7 14591.9 0.0
108.5 6233.8 0.0 5423.3 670.6 2263.7 14591.3 0.0
115.7 5725.8 0.0 4957.8 614.0 2072.4 13370.0 0.0
122.9 5057.2 0.0 4352.6 540.0 1822.9 11772.7 0.0
130.1 5056.3 0.0 4352.6 540.0 1822.9 11771.8 0.0
137.4 4315.2 0.0 3696.9 459.5 1551.1 10022.6 0.0
144.6 3439.4 0.0 2933.8 365.2 1232.9 7971.3 0.0
151.8 2428.5 0.0 2063.3 257.2 868.3 5617.3 0.0
159.1 1282.5 0.0 1085.3 135.5 457.3 2960.7 0.0
166.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0

-- 84 --
Strength Limit Moment Envelopes
25,000
Max (@ 83.14') = 21289k-ft

Strength I
20,000
15,000
Moment (kip-ft)
Strength IV
10,000
5,000
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Station (ft)
Service II Moment Envelope
17,500
k-ft
Max (@ 83.14') = 16,010
15,000
12,500
Moment (kip-ft)
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Station (ft)

-- 85 --
-- 86 --
SINGLE-SPAN TRUSS BRIDGE DESIGN EXAMPLE
Consider the truss bridge shown in Figure 1 below. The truss is simply supported with a span
length of 112’–0” and a width (c-c of the trusses) of 19’–6”. The truss is made up of 7 panels
that are each 16’-0” in length. Floor beams span between the truss panel points perpendicular to
traffic and support stringers that span 16’-0” in the direction of traffic. Finally, the
noncomposite W10 x 88 stringers support a 6” thick reinforced concrete deck. The simply
supported stringers (6 across in each panel) are spaced at 3’ - 6” laterally.
1) Determine maximum and minimum axial forces in members 1-2, 1-4, 9-11, 9-10, and 10-13
due to an HL-93 Loading.
2) Determine the maximum moment in the stringer members due to the HL-93 Loading
The entire truss superstructure is made up of W14 x 109 members except for the bottom chord,
which is made up of MC 12 x 35 members.
You may assume that the trucks drive down the center of the bridge (they really do, by the way)
and as a result, the truck loads are approximately equally distributed between the trusses. To be
on the safe side, however, assume that each truss carries 75% of the single lane. Model the truss
as a determinate structure with pinned joints even though the actual truss has very few joints that
are truly pinned. You may use a computer program for your truss analysis if you wish. I would
suggest that you use SAP2000, Visual Analysis, or another similar FE package to model the
truss.
Disregard the lower limit of L = 20’ on the span length for computing distribution factors for the
stringer members. Think about what is appropriate for the multiple presence factor.
Figure 1 - Tyler Road Bridge, Delaware County, OH
Single-Span Truss Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

-- 87 --
Figure 2 - Truss Layout
6" Thick Reinforced Concrete Deck
6, W10 x 88 Stringers @ 3'-6" cc
18' - 0" Clear Roadway
19' - 6" cc Trusses
Figure 3 - Truss Cross Section

-- 88 --
Compute the Maximum and Minimum Forces in Critical Members of the Truss:
The following Influence Lines were obtained from SAP 2000:

-- 89 --
-- 90 --
-- 91 --
Consider Member 1-2 of the Truss:
⎡ kip kip ⎛ 96'− 4' ⎞ ⎤

⎢ (25 ) + (25 ) ⎜ 96' ⎟ ⎥ ( −1.415 kip ) = −69.28
kip kip
Tandem:
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ 16'− 14' ⎞ kip ⎛ 96'− 14' ⎞ ⎤

Truck: ⎢ (8kip ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) + (32 ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ( −1.415 kip ) = −85.38
kip kip kip
⎣ ⎝ 16' ⎠ ⎝ 96' ⎠ ⎦
Lane: ( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( −1.415 kip kip ) (112') = −50.71kip
Combining the HL-93 Components with impact applied appropriately:
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33) ( −69.28kip ) + ( −50.71kip ) = −142.9kip

(IM)(Truck) + Lane: (1.33) ( −85.38kip ) + ( −50.71kip ) = −164.3kip GOVERNS
Apply the Truss Distribution Factor:
Assume that each truss carries 75% of the HL-93 load effect Æ P1-2 = -123.2kip

-- 92 --
⎡ kip kip ⎛ 96'− 4' ⎞ ⎤

⎢ (25 ) + (25 ) ⎜ 96' ⎟ ⎥ (1.127 kip ) = 55.18
kip kip
Tandem:
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 16'− 14' ⎞ kip ⎛ 96'− 14' ⎞ ⎤

Truck: ⎢ (8kip ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) + (32 ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (1.127 kip ) = 68.00
kip kip kip
⎣ ⎝ 16' ⎠ ⎝ 96' ⎠ ⎦
Lane: ( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) (1.127 kip kip ) (112') = 40.39kip
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33) ( 55.18kip ) + ( 40.39kip ) = 113.8kip

(IM)(Truck) + Lane: (1.33) ( 68.00kip ) + ( 40.39kip ) = 130.8kip GOVERNS
Assume that each truss carries 75% of the HL-93 load effect Æ P1-4 = 98.12kip

-- 93 --
⎡ kip kip ⎛ 64'− 4' ⎞ ⎤

⎢(25 ) + (25 ) ⎜ 64' ⎟ ⎥ ( −2.254 kip ) = −109.2
kip kip
Tandem:
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 48'− 14' ⎞ kip ⎛ 64'− 14' ⎞ ⎤

Truck: ⎢ (8kip ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) + (32 ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ( −2.254 kip ) = −141.3
kip kip kip
⎣ ⎝ 48' ⎠ ⎝ 64' ⎠⎦

Assume that each truss carries 75% of the HL-93 load effect Æ P9-11 = -201.5kip

-- 94 --
Member 9-10 of the truss is a zero force member. It may see some bending moment due to its rigid
connection to the floor beam but it will not experience a net axial force due to live load.
P9-10 = 0.000kip

-- 95 --
Tandem: ⎡⎣ (25kip ) + (25kip ) ⎤⎦ (1.972 kip kip ) = 98.60kip
⎡ ⎛ 48'− 12' ⎞ kip ⎤

Truck: ⎢ (8kip ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) + (32 ) ⎥ (1.972 kip ) = 138.0
kip kip kip
⎣ ⎝ 48' ⎠ ⎦
Lane: ( 0.640 kip ft )(1.972 kip kip ) ⎡⎣( 12 ) (96') + (16') ⎤⎦ = 80.77kip
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33) ( 98.60kip ) + (80.77kip ) = 211.9kip

(IM)(Truck) + Lane: (1.33) (138.0kip ) + (80.77kip ) = 264.3kip GOVERNS
Assume that each truss carries 75% of the HL-93 load effect Æ P10-13 = 198.2kip

-- 96 --
Consider Member 10-11 of the Truss – Tensile Force:
25kip 25kip
Tandem:
8kip 32kip 32kip
Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
0.5128kip/kip
IL Mem 10-11: 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 21
0.5124kip/kip
⎡ kip kip ⎛ 48'− 4' ⎞ ⎤

⎢ (25 ) + (25 ) ⎜ 48' ⎟ ⎥ ( 0.5128 kip ) = 24.57
kip kip
Tandem:
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 48'− 28' ⎞ kip ⎛ 48'− 14' ⎞ kip ⎤

Truck: ⎢ (8kip ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) ⎥ ( 0.5128 kip ) = 29.74
kip kip
⎣ ⎝ 48' ⎠ ⎝ 48' ⎠ ⎦
Lane: ( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( 0.5128 kip kip ) (56') = 9.189kip
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33) ( 24.57kip ) + ( 9.189kip ) = 41.87kip

(IM)(Truck) + Lane: (1.33) ( 29.74kip ) + ( 9.189kip ) = 48.74kip GOVERNS
Assume that each truss carries 75% of the HL-93 load effect Æ P+10-11 = 36.56kip

-- 97 --
Consider Member 10-11 of the Truss – Compressive Force:
25kip 25kip
Tandem:
32kip 32kip 8kip
Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
0.5128kip/kip
IL Mem 10-11: 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 21
0.5124kip/kip
⎡ kip kip ⎛ 48'− 4' ⎞ ⎤

⎢ (25 ) + (25 ) ⎜ 48' ⎟ ⎥ ( −0.5124 kip ) = −24.55
kip kip
Tandem:
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 48'− 28' ⎞ kip ⎛ 48'− 14' ⎞ kip ⎤

Truck: ⎢ (8kip ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) ⎜ ⎟ + (32 ) ⎥ ( −0.5124 kip ) = −29.72
kip kip
⎣ ⎝ 48' ⎠ ⎝ 48' ⎠ ⎦

Assume that each truss carries 75% of the HL-93 load effect Æ P-10-11 = -36.53kip

-- 98 --
Member Force Summary:
Member Max Tension Max Compression

1-2 0.000kip 123.2kip
1-4 98.12kip 0.000kip
9-11 0.000kip 201.5kip
9-10 0.000kip 0.000kip
10-13 198.2kip 0.000kip
10-11 36.56kip 36.53kip

-- 99 --
Compute the Moment Distribution Factor for the Stringers in the Floor System:
Interior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
0.4 0.3
DFM 1, Int = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟

⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 12 Lt s ⎠
K g = n( I + Aeg2 )
K g = (8)(534 in 4 + (25.9 in 2 )(8.40") 2 )
K g =18,890 in 4
0.1
⎛ 3.5' ⎞ ⎛ 3.5' ⎞ ⎛ 18,890 in ⎞
0.4 0.3 4
DFM 1, Int = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟

⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ' ⎠ ⎝ 12(16 ')(6.0") ⎠
DFM 1, Int = 0.3965
The bridge is designed for a single traffic lane.
Exterior Girder –
One Lane Loaded:
The lever rule is applied by assuming that a

hinge forms over the first interior stringer as
a truck load is applied near the guard rail.
The resulting reaction in the exterior stringer
is the distribution factor.
R=
( P / 2 ) (1.75') = 0.2500 P
(3.50 ')
DFM 1, Ext = 0.2500
The Multiple Presence Factor would

generally be applied but in this case, there is
only a single design lane so it is not used.
The bridge is designed for a single traffic lane.
Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor:

-- 100 --
NL
X Ext ∑ e
NL
DF Ext , Min = + Nb
Nb
∑x 2
One Lane Loaded:
4'-0"
2'-0" 3'-0" 3'-0"
P/2 P/2
1'-9"
5'-3"
8'-9"
1 (4.00 ')(8.75')
DF = + = 0.3299
(2) ⎡⎣ (8.75') 2 + (5.25') 2 + (1.75') 2 ⎤⎦
M 1, Ext , Min
6
The Multiple Presence Factor would generally be applied but in this case, there is only a
single design lane so it is not used.
Moment Distribution Factor Summary:
Interior Stringer: DFM1,Int = 0.3965

Exterior Stringer (Lever Rule): DFM1, Ext = 0.2500
Exterior Stringer (Minimum): DFM1, Ext = 0.3299
For simplicity, take the moment distribution factor as 0.3965 for all stringers.

-- 101 --
Compute the Maximum Bending Moment in the Stringers of the Floor System:
25kip 25kip
Tandem:
32kip
Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
4.00k-ft/kip
IL Moment
@ CL Stringer
4 spaces @ 4'-0" = 16'-0"
⎡ kip kip ⎛ 8'− 4' ⎞ ⎤

⎢ (25 ) + (25 ) ⎜ 8' ⎟ ⎥ ( 4.00 kip ) = 150.0
k-ft
Tandem: k-ft
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Truck: (32kip ) ( 4.00 k-ft kip ) = 128.0k-ft
Lane: ( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( 4.00 k-ft kip ) (16') = 20.48k-ft

In this case, since the axle spacing is substantial relative to the beam length, we should consider the more
general approach for computing maximum moment. For two equal point loads, P, separated by a
distance, a, the maximum bending moment in a simply supported span is:
when a < 0.5858L,

2
P ⎛ a⎞
M Max = ⎜ L − ⎟
2L ⎝ 2⎠
when a ≥ 0.5858L
PL
M Max =
4

-- 102 --
2
(25kip ) ⎛ 4' ⎞
Tandem: M Max = ⎜ 16'− ⎟ = 153.1
k-ft
(an increase of 2.067%)
(2)(16') ⎝ 2⎠
(32kip )(16')
Truck: M Max = = 128.0k-ft (no change)
(4)
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33) (153.1k-ft ) + ( 20.48k-ft ) = 224.1k-ft GOVERNS
(IM)(Truck) + Lane: (1.33) (128.0k-ft ) + ( 20.48k-ft ) = 190.7 k-ft
Apply the Stringer Distribution Factor:
Each stringer carries 0.3965 lanes of the HL-93 loading Æ MStringer = 88.86k-ft

-- 103 --
-- 104 --
AASHTO Tension Member Example #1:
Problem:
A tension member is made up from a bar of M270-50 material that is 6” wide and 1” thick. It is
bolted at its ends by six, 7/8” diameter bolts arranged in two staggered rows as is shown below.
If the governing factored load, Pu, is 200kip, determine whether or not the member is adequate.
The member is 4’-0” long.
Solution: 1.5" 3" 1.5" 1"
Check Minimum Slenderness Ratio:
1.5"
3"
I min bt 3 t2
rmin = = = = 0.2887"
A 12bt 12
(4 '− 0")(12 inft ) 3"
3"
L
= = 166.2
rmin 0.2887"
3"
Since 140 < L / rmin <200, the slenderness is
3"
ok so long as the member is not subjected to
stress reversals.
Compute the Design Strength:
Gross Section Yielding:
Pn = Fy Ag = (50ksi)(6”)(1”) = 300.0kip
φPn = (0.95)(300.0kip) = 285.0kip
Net Section Fracture:

U is 1.00 here because the section is
Pn = Fu Ae = Fu U An composed of a single element that is
connected. Therefore the load is
“transmitted directly to each of the
⎡ ⎛ (1.5") 2 ⎞ ⎤ elements within the cross section.”
An = ⎢6"− (2) ( 7 8 "+ 1 8 ") + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (1")
⎣ ⎝ 4(3.0") ⎠ ⎦
= 4.188 in 2
Pn = (65ksi)(1.00)(4.188 in2) = 272.2kip NSF Governs - φPn = 218kip
φPn = (0.80)(272.2kip) = 217.8kip Since Pu < φPn (200kip < 218kip)

the member is adequate.
ODOT-LRFD Short Course - Steel AASHTO-LRFD 2007

AASHTO Tension Member Example #1 Created July 2007: Page 1 of 1
-- 105 --
Problem:
A C12x30 is used as a tension member (L = 8’-6”) as is shown in the sketch below. The channel
is made of M270-36 material and is attached to the gusset plate with 7/8” diameter bolts.
Calculate the design tensile capacity, φPn, of the member considering the failure modes of gross
section yielding and net section fracture.
Solution:
Section A-A
rmin = 0.762” (from the AISC Manual)
L (8.5')(12 inft )
= = 133.9
3" 6" 3"
rmin 0.762"
Since L/rmin < 140, the slenderness is ok.
Pn = Fy Ag = (36ksi)(8.81 in2) = 317.2kip A A
φPn = (0.95)(317.2kip) = 301.3kip C12 x 30

Pu
Pn = Fu Ae = Fu U An
An = ( 8.81 in 2 ) − (2) ( 7 8 "+ 18 ")( 0.510") = 7.790 in 2
U = 0.85 since there are ≥ 3 fasteners in the direction of stress
Pn = (58ksi)(0.85)(7.790 in2) = 384.0kip
φPn = (0.80)(384.0kip) = 307.2kip
Gross Section Yielding Governs - φPn = 301kip

-- 106 --
Side Note:
Note that if the AISC shear lag provisions were used that Case 2 from AISC Table D3.1
would apply:
x 0.674"
U = 1− = 1− = 0.9251 …. for net section fracture, φPn = 334.3kip
L 9.00"
In this case, however, the design strength is unaffected since gross yielding governs.

-- 107 --
Problem:
Determine the design strength of the W10x60 member of M270-50 steel. As is shown, the
member is connected to two gusset plates – one on each flange. The end connection has two lines
of 3/4” diameter bolts in each flange - five in each line.
A Gusset Plates
W10 x 60
Section A-A
A
5 spaces @ 3”
Solution:
rmin = 2.57” (from the AISC Manual)
L L
= ≤ 140 this is satisfied so long as L ≤ 359.8” = 29’-113/4”
rmin 2.57"
Pn = Fy Ag = (50ksi)(17.6 in2) = 880.0kip
φPn = (0.95)(880.0kip) = 836.0kip

-- 108 --
Pn = Fu Ae = Fu U An
An = (17.6 in 2 ) − (4) ( 3 4 "+ 1 8 ")( 0.680") = 15.22 in 2
? ?
Check b f ≥ 2 3 d … (10.1") ≥ ( 2 3 )(10.2") OK
U = 0.90 since bf > 2/3d and there are ≥ 3 fasteners in the direction of stress.
Pn = (65ksi)(0.90)(15.22 in2) = 890.4kip
φPn = (0.80)(890.4kip) = 712.3kip
Net Section Fracture Governs - φPn =712kip
Side Note:
Note that if the AISC shear lag provisions were used that Case 7a from AISC Table D3.1
would apply:
x x
?
Check bf ≥ 2 3 d
?
(10.1") ≥ ( 2 3 )(10.2") OK
∴ U = 0.90
Alternatively, Table D3.1 Case 2 can be applied:
x 0.884"
U = 1− = 1− = 0.9263
L 12.0" The connection eccentricity x is
taken as the distance from the
The value of U = 0.9263 can be used. faying surface to the CG of a
WT5x30.
Pn = (65ksi)(0.9263)(15.22 in2) = 916.4kip
φPn = (0.80)(916.4kip) = 733.1kip
Since Net Section Fracture governs the capacity of this member, the overall design
strength of the member would be increased to 733kip.

-- 109 --
Problem:
An L6x4x1/2, M270-36, is welded to a gusset plate. The long leg of the angle is attached using
two, 8” long fillet welds. Compute the strength of the angle in tension.
Solution:
rmin = rz = 0.864”
(from the AISC Manual)
L L
= ≤ 240
rmin 0.864"
this is satisfied so long as L ≤ 207.4” = 17’-33/8”
Pn = Fy Ag = (36ksi)(4.75 in2) = 171.0kip
φPn = (0.95)(171.0kip) = 162.5kip
Pn = Fu Ae = Fu U An Lacking other guidance, AISC Table D3.1 Case 2 will be applied:
x 0.981"
U = 1− = 1− = 0.8774
L 8.0"
Pn = (58ksi) (0.8774)(4.75 in2) = 241.7kip φPn = (0.80)(241.7kip) = 193.4kip
Gross Section Yielding Governs - φPn =163kip

-- 110 --
AASHTO Compression Member Example #1:
Problem:
Compute the design compressive strength of a W14x74 made of M270-50 steel. The column has
a length of 20 ft and can be treated as pinned-pinned.
Solution:
Check Local Buckling:
bf ? E ? 29, 000
Flange: ≤k λf = 6.41 (Tabulated) 6.41 ≤ 0.56 = 13.5 OK
2t f Fy 50
h ? E ? 29, 000
Web: ≤k λw = 25.4 (Tabulated) 25.4 ≤ 1.49 = 35.9 OK
tw Fy 50
Compute Flexural Buckling Capacity:
Slenderness Ratios:
⎛ KL ⎞ (1.00)(20 ')(12 inft )

⎜ ⎟ = = 39.74 < 120 OK
⎝ r ⎠x 6.04"
⎛ KL ⎞ (1.00)(20 ')(12 inft )

⎜ ⎟ = = 96.77 < 120 OK
⎝ r ⎠y 2.48"
Since the effective slenderness ratio is larger for the y axis than the x axis, y-axis buckling will
govern.
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ 96.77 ⎞ ⎛ 50
ksi
⎞ (6.9.4.1-3)
λ=⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ksi ⎟
= 1.636
⎝ r π ⎠ y E ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000 ⎠
Since λ ≤ 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
( )
Pn = 0.66λ Fy As = 0.66(1.636) ( 50ksi )( 21.8 in 2 ) = 549.6kip (6.9.4.1-1)
φPn = (0.90)(549.6kip)
φPn = 495kip

AASHTO Compression Member Example #1 Created July 2007: Page 1 of 1
-- 111 --
AASHTO Compression Member Example #2
Problem:
Compute the axial compressive design strength based on flexural buckling (no torsional or
flexural-torsional buckling). Assume that the cross-sectional elements are connected such that
the built-up shape is fully effective. All plates are 4” thick.
Solution:
Compute Section Properties:
I
r=
A
bh3
Ix = ∑ + Ad 2
12
⎡ ( 36")( 4")3 ⎡ ( 4") ( 30"- ( 2 × 4") )3 ⎤

⎛ 30" 4" ⎞ ⎤
2
= 2⎢ + ( 36" × 4") ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ + 2⎢ ⎥ = 56,150 in 4
⎢⎣ 12 ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎥
⎦ ⎢ 12 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
hb3
Iy = ∑ + Ad 2
12
⎡ ( 4")( 36")3 ⎤ ⎡ ( 30"- ( 2 × 4") ) ( 4")3 ⎛ 36" 4" ⎞ ⎤
2
= 2⎢
⎢⎣ 12
⎥ + 2⎢
⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 12
( )
+ ( 30"- ( 2 × 4") ) × 4" ⎜
⎝ 2
− ⎟ ⎥
2⎠ ⎥
⎦
4
= 76,390 in
( )
As = 2 ( 36" × 4") + 2 ( 30"- ( 2 × 4") ) × 4" = 464.0 in 2
Since I x = 56,154.67 in 4 < I y = 76,394.67 in 4 , x-axis buckling controls
Ix 56,150 in 4
rx = = = 11.0 in
As 464.0 in 2

-- 112 --
Check Local Buckling (Section 6.9.4.2):
b 36" − 2 ( 4")
= = 7.00
t 4"
b? E
≤k (6.9.4.2-1)
t Fy
29, 000ksi
7.00 ≤1.40 = 33.72 OK
50ksi
Calculate the Nominal Compressive Strength (Section E3 page 16.1-33):
Slenderness Ratios:
KL
r
where:
K = 0.8 (Section 4.6.2.5)

Lx = Ly = 40 ft × 12 ft = 480"
in
KLx ( 0.8 )( 480 in )

= = 34.91
rx (11.0 in )
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ 34.91 ⎞ 50ksi
λ=⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.2129 (6.9.4.1-3)
⎝ rs π ⎠ E ⎝ π ⎠ 29, 000
ksi
Since λ ≤ 2.25 , Inelastic Flexural Buckling Governs
(
Pn = 0.66λ Fy As = 0.660.2129 50ksi )( 464.0 in ) = 21, 240
2 kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
( )
φc Pn = ( 0.90 ) 21, 240kip = 19,110kip

-- 113 --
Problem:
Determine the effective length factor, K, for column AB in the frame shown below. Column AB
is a W10x88 made of A992 steel. W16x36 beams frame into joint A and W16x77 beams frame
into joint B. The frame is unbraced and all connections are rigid. Consider only buckling in the
plane of the page about the sections’ strong axes.
A W16 x 36
L=24'
8 @ 14'
B
W10 x 88
L=14'
B W16 x 77
L=24'
4 @ 24'
Solution:

AASHTO Compression Member Example #3 v2 Created July 2007: Page 1 of 2
-- 114 --
Determine the Effective Length Factor: GB K GA
⎛I⎞ ⎛ (2)(534 in 4 ) ⎞
∑ ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ (14 ')
⎟
⎠ = 3.065
GA = C
=
⎛I⎞ ⎛ in ) ⎞
4
∑ ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎛⎜ 23 ⎞⎟ ⎜ (2)(448
(24 ')
⎟
G ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛I⎞ ⎛ (2)(534 in 4 ) ⎞
∑ ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ (14 ')
⎟
⎠ = 1.237
GB = C
=
⎛I⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ (2)(1,110 in ) ⎞
⎛ 4
∑ ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ (24 ') ⎟
G ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
For unbraced frames:
1.6G AG B + 4.0(G A + G B ) + 7.5

K=
G A + G B + 7.5
(1.6)(3.065)(1.237) + (4.0)(3.065 + 1.237) + 7.5

K= = 1.615
(3.065 + 1.237 + 7.5)
The factor of 2/3 appears in the denominator to reflect the fact

that the far ends of the girders are “fixed” connections.

AASHTO Compression Member Example #3 v2 Created July 2007: Page 2 of 2
-- 115 --
Problem:
Check to see if a built-up section will work to resist a factored load y

of Pu = 209kip. The column is to be fabricated from two C10x15.3
as is shown in the figure to the right. The steel is M270-36 and the
effective length is 20’ with respect to all axes.
10"
x
If the column is adequate, determine the thickness of the battens.

The battens are 8” long and 6” deep and are also made of M270-36
9"
steel.
Solution:
b bf 2.60"
Flange: = = = 5.96
t t f 0.436"
a
b? E 29, 000ksi
≤ 0.56 = 0.56 = 15.89 OK
t Fy 36ksi
b d − 2t f 10"− (2)(0.436")
Web: = = = 38.03
t tw 0.240"
b? E 29, 000ksi
≤ 1.49 = 1.49 = 42.29 OK
t Fy 36ksi
Compute Section Properties:
As = (2) (4.48 in2) = 8.96 in2
IX = (2) (Ix) = (2)(67.3in4) = 134.6 in4
⎡ 2 ⎛ 9" ⎞ ⎤
2
IY = (2) ⎢ 2.27 in + (4.48 in ) ⎜ − 0.634" ⎟ ⎥ = 138.5 in 4

4
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥
IX 134.6 in 4 IY 138.5 in 4
rX = = = 3.88" rY = = = 3.93"
A 8.96 in 2 A 8.96 in 2

-- 116 --
Slenderness Ratios:
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ (20 ')(12 inft ) ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ (20 ')(12 inft ) ⎞

⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 61.86 ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 61.07
⎝ r ⎠ X ⎝ 3.88" ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠Y ⎝ 3.93" ⎠
It appears as though X axis buckling will govern but since the battens will be subjected to
shear if the section buckles about its Y axis, this slenderness ratio must be modified.
Batten Spacing:
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞
a ≤ ri ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠ max
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞
ri = ry = 0.711” (for one channel) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ max ⎝ r ⎠ X
a ≤ (0.711") ( 0.75 )( 61.86 )
a ≤ 32.98" use 9 battens @ a = 30”
Modified Slenderness Ratio – Y-axis Buckling:
The modified slenderness ratio is calculated as,
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ α2 ⎛ a ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + 0.82 ⎜ ⎟ (6.9.4.3.1-1)
⎝ r ⎠m ⎝ r ⎠o (1 + α 2 ) ⎝ rib ⎠
rib = 0.711” h = 9” – (2)(0.634”) = 7.73”
h 7.732"
α= = = 5.44
2rib (2)(0.711")
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ (5.44) 2 ⎞ ⎛ 30" ⎞ 2
( 61.07 ) + 0.82 ⎜⎜
2
⎜ ⎟ = ⎟⎜ = 71.70
⎝ r ⎠m (1 + (5.44) 2
) ⎟ ⎝ 0.711" ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
Now we can see that after the Y axis slenderness ratio is modified, Y axis buckling
actually governs over X axis buckling.

-- 117 --
Column Design Capacity:
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ 71.70 ⎞ ⎛ 36
ksi
⎞ (6.9.4.1-3)
λ=⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ksi ⎟
= 0.6466
⎝ r π ⎠ y E ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000 ⎠
Since λ ≤ 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
( )
Pn = 0.66λ Fy As = 0.658( 0.6466) ( 36ksi )( 8.96 in 2 ) = 246.1kip (6.9.4.1-1)
φPn = (0.90)(246.1kip)
φPn = 221kip Since φPn > ΣγQ, the column is adequate.
Batten Design:
Assume that there are inflection points half way between the battens and design for a shear equal
to 2% of the compressive design strength (AISC Section E6. Pg 16.1-39)
2.21 kip Vu = (0.02)(221kip) = 4.42kip
4.42kip
= 2.21 channel
kip
ΣM Î Mu,Batten = 33.15k-in
2Mu,Batten
t (6")3
I Batten = = 18t
12
18t
S Batten = = 6t
3
2.21 kip for first yield, My = Fy S
Let φFy S ≥ Mu,Batten
33.15k-in
t≥
(1.00)(36ksi )(6 in 3 )
t ≥ 0.153” use t = 5/16” (Min Thickness)
use PL6 x 8 x 5/16 Battens

-- 118 --
Problem:
Find the design strength of a WT15x146 made of M270-50 steel. KL = 24’ for buckling in all
directions. Use the provisions in the AISC Specification to determine the Flexural-Torsional
Buckling strength of the column.
Solution:
b bf 15.3"
Flange: = = = 4.14
t 2t f (2)(1.85")
b? E 29, 000ksi
≤k = 0.56 = 13.5 OK
t Fy 50ksi
b h
Web: = = 15.7 (Tabulated)
t tw
b? E 29, 000ksi
≤k = 0.75 = 18.1 OK
t Fy 50ksi
Calculate the buckling load for Flexural Buckling about the X-Axis:
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ ( 24 ') (12 ft ) ⎞ ⎛ 50
2 2
in ksi
⎞
λX = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.7219
⎝ r π ⎠ X E ⎝ (4.48")(π) ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000
ksi
⎠
Since λX < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
( )
Pn = 0.66( 0.7219) ( 50ksi )( 42.9 in 2 ) = 1,586kip (6.9.4.1-1)

-- 119 --
Calculate the Critical Stress for Flexural-Torsional Buckling about the Y-axis:
Fcr ,Y + Fcr , Z ⎛⎜ 4 Fcr ,Y Fcr , Z H ⎞

⎟
Fcrft = 1− 1− (AISC E4-2)
⎜ ( Fcr ,Y + Fcr , Z ) ⎟
2
2H
⎝ ⎠
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ ( 24 ') (12 ft ) ⎞ ⎛ 50
2 2
in ksi
⎞
λY = ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ksi ⎟
= 1.131
⎝ r π ⎠Y E ⎝ (3.58")(π) ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000 ⎠
Since λY < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Fcr ,Y =
Pn
As
( )
= 0.66(1.131) ( 50ksi ) = 31.15ksi (6.9.4.1-1)
Ix + I y 1.85"
r o2 = xo2 + yo2 + …… yo = 3.62"− = 2.695" (AISC E4-7)
Ag 2
(861 in 4 + 549 in 4 )
r = (0.00) + ( 2.695 ) +
2
2
o
2
2
= 40.13 in 2
42.9 in
GJ (11, 200ksi )(37.5 in 4 )

Fcr , Z = 2
= 2 2
= 244.0ksi (AISC E4-3)
Aro (42.9 in )(40.13 in )
xo2 + yo2 (0.000") 2 + (2.695") 2

H = 1− = 1− = 0.8190 (AISC E4-8)
r o2 40.13 in 2
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 31.15ksi + 244.0ksi ⎞⎜ (4)(31.15ksi )(244.0ksi )(0.819) ⎟
Fcrft =⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 − 1 − = 30.37 ksi (AISC E4-2)
⎝ (2)(0.819) ⎠
⎝ ( 31.15 + 244.1 )
ksi ksi 2 ⎟
⎠
Pn = AsFcrft = (42.9 in2)(30.37ksi) = 1,303kip
Since 1,303kip < 1,586kip, Flexural-Torsional Buckling Governs
φPn = (0.90)(1,303kip) = 1,170kip

-- 120 --
Problem:
y
Find the design strength of a C12x30 made of A36 steel.
KLy = 7’ and KLx = KLz = 14’.
x
Solution:
b bf 3.17" b? E 29, 000ksi

Flange: = = = 6.327 ≤k = 0.56 = 15.89 OK
t t f 0.501" t Fy 36ksi
b h d − 2t f 12.0"− (2)(0.501")
Web: = = = = 21.56
t tw tw 0.510"
b? E 29, 000ksi
≤k = 1.49 = 42.29 OK
t Fy 36ksi
Since both the flange and the web are non-slender, local buckling is OK.
Buckling Strength:
Note that the axes of the channel are not arranged properly for the equations in the AISC
Specification. These axes need to be rearranged so that the y axis is the axis of symmetry.
Using this modified set of axes, note that KLx = 7’ and KLy = KLz = 14’.

-- 121 --
Calculate the buckling load for Flexural Buckling about the X-Axis:
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ ( 7 ' ) (12 ft ) ⎞ ⎛ 36
2 2
in ksi
⎞
λx = ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ksi ⎟
= 1.528
⎝ r π ⎠ x E ⎝ (0.762")(π) ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000 ⎠
Since λx < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
( )
Pn = 0.66(1.528) ( 36ksi )( 8.81 in 2 ) = 167.3kip (6.9.4.1-1)
Calculate the Critical Stress for Flexural-Torsional Buckling about the Y-axis:
For Singly symmetric Sections:
Fey + Fez ⎛⎜ 4 Fey Fez H ⎞

⎟
Fe = 1− 1−
2H ⎜
⎝ (Fey + Fez )2 ⎟
⎠
(AISC E4-5)
(π2 )(29, 000ksi )

Fey = 2
= 186.6ksi
⎛ (14 ')(12 ) ⎞in
ft (AISC E4-10)
⎜ 4.29" ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ (π2 )(29, 000ksi )(151 in 6 ) ⎤ 1

Fez = ⎢ + (11, 200 ksi
)(0.861 in 4
) ⎥
( (14 ')(12 ft ) )
2
(8.81 in )(4.54") 2 (AISC E4-11)
2
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
in
Fez = 61.54ksi
⎛ (186.6ksi + 61.54ksi ) ⎞ ⎛ (4)(186.6ksi )(61.54ksi )(0.919") ⎞

Fe = ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ 1 − 1 − ⎟ (AISC E4-5)
⎝ (2)(0.919") ⎠⎝ (186.6ksi + 61.54ksi ) 2 ⎟
⎠
Fe = 59.30ksi
Fy 36ksi
λ= = = 0.6071
Fe 59.30ksi
Pn = ( 0.66(0.6071) )( 36ksi )( 8.81 in 2 ) = 246.0kip (6.9.4.1-1)
since 167.3kip < 246.0kip, Flexural Buckling about the x Axis Governs
φPn = (0.90)( 167.3kip) = 151kip

-- 122 --
AASHTO Compression Members Example #7:
Problem:
A pair of L4x4x1/2 angles are used as a compression member. The angles are made of
M270-36 steel and have an effective length of 12’. The angles are separated by 3/8” thick
connectors.
Y
3
4" /8" 4"
Solution:
X
Fully
Tensioned
b 4.0" b? E 29, 000ksi
= = 8.0 ≤k = 0.45 = 12.77
t 1 "
2 t Fy 36ksi
Local Buckling is OK
Check the Connector Spacing:
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ (12 ') (12 inft ) ⎞

⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 119.0
⎝ r ⎠ X ⎝ (1.21") ⎠
ry = 1.83” from AISC 2L

⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ (12 ') (12 ft ) ⎞
in
= ⎟ = 78.69 Table 1-15, Pg 1-104.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ r ⎠Y ⎝ (1.83") ⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞
a ≤ ri ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠ max
⎛3⎞
a ≤ (0.776") ⎜ ⎟ (119.0 ) = 69.26" Use 5 connectors….. a = 36”
⎝4⎠
ODOT-LRFD Short Course – Steel AASHTO-LRFD 2007

-- 123 --
Check Flexural Buckling about the X-Axis: (Y axis is the axis of symmetry)
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ 119.0 ⎞ ⎛ 36 ⎞
ksi
λX = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 1.781
⎝ r π ⎠ X E ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000
ksi
⎠
Since λX < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
( )
Pn = 0.66(1.781) ( 36ksi )( 7.49 in 2 ) = 127.9kip (6.9.4.1-1)
Check Flexural-Torsional Buckling about the Y-Axis:
For Tees and Double Angles where the Y axis is the Axis of Symmetry:
Fcr ,Y + Fcr , Z ⎛⎜ 4 Fcr ,Y Fcr , Z H ⎞

⎟
Fcrft = 1− 1− (AISC E4-2)
⎜ ( Fcr ,Y + Fcr ,Z ) ⎟
2
2H
⎝ ⎠
Since the section is built-up and the connectors will be in shear for Y-axis buckling, we
must consider a modified slenderness ratio…
Calculate Modified Slenderness and Y-axis Flexural Buckling Stress:
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ α2 ⎛ a ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + 0.82 ⎜ ⎟ (6.9.4.3.1-1)
⎝ r ⎠m ⎝ r ⎠o (1 + α 2 ) ⎝ rib ⎠
h
α= h = ( 2 )(1.18") + ( 3 8 ") = 2.735"
2rib
rib = ry for a single angle = 1.21”
2.735"
α= = 1.130
(2)(1.21")
2
⎛ KL ⎞ (0.82)(1.130) 2 ⎛ 36" ⎞
( 78.69 ) +
2
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 81.24
⎝ r ⎠m (1 + (1.130) 2 ) ⎝ 1.21" ⎠

-- 124 --
Compute the Y-axis Flexural Buckling Stress, Fcry:
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ (81.24) ⎞ ⎛ 36 ⎞
ksi
λY = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ksi ⎟
= 0.8301
⎝ r π ⎠Y E ⎝ (π) ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000 ⎠
Since λY < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Fcr ,Y =
Pn
As
( )
= 0.66( 0.8301) ( 36ksi ) = 25.43ksi (6.9.4.1-1)
Calculate Torsional Buckling Stress, Fcr,Z:
ro = 2.38" (AISC Table 1-15, Pg 1-104) ∴ r o2 = 5.664 in 2
J = 0.322 in4 for a single angle (AISC Table 1-7, Pg 1-42)
∴ Jtotal = (2)(0.322 in4) = 0.644 in4
GJ (11, 200ksi )(0.644 in 4 )

Fcr ,Z = 2
= 2 2
= 170.0ksi (AISC E4-3)
Ar o (7.49 in )(5.664 in )
H = 0.848 (AISC Table 1-15, Pg 1-104)
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 25.43ksi + 170.0ksi ⎞⎜ (4)(25.43ksi )(170.0ksi )(0.848) ⎟
Fcrft =⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 − 1 − = 24.79ksi
⎝ (2)(0.848) ⎠⎜
⎝ ( 25.43 + 170.0 ) ⎟⎠
ksi ksi 2 ⎟
Pn = AsFcrft = (7.49 in2) (24.79ksi) = 185.7kip
Since 127.9kip < 185.7kip, Flexural Buckling Governs
φPn = (0.90)(127.9kip ) = 115kip

-- 125 --
-- 126 --
AASHTO Flexure Example #1:
Problem:
Determine the plastic moment of the steel section shown below.
Solution
Since the section is made up of components of different materials,

the location of the PNA must be determined by equating the force
above the PNA to the force below the PNA.
Pc = (16")(1") ( 50ksi ) = 800.0kip

Pw = (22") ( 3 4 ") ( 36ksi ) = 594.0kip
Pt = ( 8")( 2") ( 70ksi ) = 1,120kip
Since Pc + Pw > Pt (800.0 kip

+ 594.0kip = 1,394kip > 1,120kip ) , the
PNA must lie in the web. Define q as the fraction of the web that
lies above the PNA.
Pcompression = Ptension
Pc + qPw = (1 − q ) Pw + Pt
(800.0 ) + q ( 594.0 ) = (1 − q ) ( 594.0 ) + (1,120 )
kip kip kip kip
q = 0.7694
I.e., 76.94% of the web lies above the PNA (acts in compression assuming a positive moment).
Y = 1"+ ( 0.7694 )( 22") = 17.93" from the top of steel
Find the moment arms from the resultant forces to the PNA.
tc 1"
dc = Y − = 17.93"− = 17.43"
2 2
d wc = ( 2 ) qh = ( 2 )( 0.7694 )( 22") = 8.463"
1 1
d wt = ( 1 2 )(1 − q ) h = ( 1 2 )(1 − 0.7694 )( 22") = 2.537"

tt 2"
dt = d − Y − = 25"− 17.93"− = 6.074"
2 2

AASHTO Flexure Example #1 Created July 2007: Page 1 of 2
-- 127 --
PL16 x 1, 50ksi
50ksi
Pc
36ksi
Y Pwc
dc
PL22 x 3/4, 36ksi
dwc
36ksi PNA
dwt
Pwt
PL8 x 2, 70ksi
dt
70ksi
Pt
Compute the plastic moment by summing the moments about the PNA.
M p = ∑ Pd
i i = Pc d c + Pwc d wc + Pwt d wt + Pd
t t
= ( 800kip ) (17.43") + ( 457 kip ) ( 8.463") + (137 kip ) ( 2.537") + (1,120kip ) ( 6.074")
= 24,960k-in = 2, 080k-ft

-- 128 --
Problem:
Determine the plastic moment capacity for the composite beam shown below. The section is a
W30x99 and supports an 8” concrete slab. The dimensions are as shown. Use Fy = 50ksi and
f’c = 4ksi. Assume full composite action. 100"
8"
Solution:
Determine the Controlling Compression Force: W30 x 99:

A = 29.1 in2
Ps = 0.85 f c'bets = ( 0.85 ) ( 4ksi ) ( 8")(100") = 2720kip

d = 29.7"
bf = 10.5"
tf = 0.670"
tw = 0.520"
PSteel = Ast Fy = ( 29.1 in 2 )( 50ksi ) = 1455kip Zx = 312 in3
Ix = 3,990 in4
Iy = 128 in4
Assuming full composite action, the shear rx = 11.7"
ry = 2.10"
connectors must carry the smallest of Ps and Psteel.
Since Ps > Psteel, the PNA must lie in the slab.
Determine the Location of the PNA:
The PNA location is determined by equating the compressive force in the slab, acting over a
depth ac, with the tensile force in the steel section.
PConc = PSteel Æ 0.85 f c'be ac = Ast Fy
ac =
Ast Fy
=
( 29.1 in )( 50 ) = 4.279" (measured from the top of slab)
2 ksi
0.85 f c'be ( 0.85) ( 4 ) (100")

ksi

-- 129 --
Determine the Plastic Moment:
The plastic moment is calculated by summing the tension and compression forces about any
point. In general, the moments are summed about the PNA. In this case (where the PNA is in
the slab) it is simplest to sum moments about either force PSteel or the force Pconc. Note that the
tension force in the concrete is ignored.
100"
0.85f’c
ac
Pconc
8" PNA
a1
Psteel
Fy
M p = ( PConc ) (a1 ) = ( PSteel ) (a1 )
d st a 29.7" 4.279"
a1 = + ts − c = + 8"− = 20.71"
2 2 2 2
M p = (1455kip ) (20.71") = 30,130k-in = 2,511k-ft

-- 130 --
Problem:
Determine the plastic moment capacity for the composite beam shown below. The section is a
W30x99 and supports a 6” thick concrete slab. The dimensions are as shown. Use Fy = 50ksi and
f’c = 4ksi. Assume full composite action.
Solution:
Determine the Controlling Compression Force:
Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = ( 0.85 ) ( 4ksi ) ( 6")( 50") = 1020kip
PSteel = Ast Fy = ( 29.1 in 2 )( 50ksi ) = 1455kip
Assuming full composite action, the shear connectors must

carry the smallest of Ps and Psteel.
Since Ps < Psteel, the PNA must lie in the steel. When this
occurs, it is simplest to use the aids in Appendix D of the
AASHTO Specification to determine the location of the
PNA and plastic moment.
Referring to Table D6.1-1 in Appendix D6.1, Page 6-290:
Determine the forces in the components of the cross section. The forces in the rebar will be
conservatively taken as zero (we don’t know what size the rebar is any ways…)
Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = ( 0.85 ) ( 4ksi ) ( 6")( 50") = 1020kip

Pc = (0.670")(10.5") ( 50ksi ) = 351.8kip
Pw = ⎡⎣ 29.1 in 2 − (2)(0.670")(10.5") ⎤⎦ ( 50ksi ) = 751.5kip
Pt = Pc = 351.8kip In this case, I took Aw = Asteel - 2Af. Otherwise,
Pc+Pt+Pw ≠ Psteel. If you take Aw = D tw where
? D = d - 2tf, the plastic moment changes by ~2%
Check Case I Pt + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps
?
351.8kip + 751.5kip ≥ 351.8kip + 1020kip NO

-- 131 --
?
Check Case II Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps
?
351.8kip + 751.5kip + 351.8kip ≥ 1020kip YES - PNA in Top Flange
50"
0.85f’c
Ps
6"
Fy Pc1 ds PNA
Pc2
dw
Pw dt
Fy
Pt
First, the location of the PNA within the top flange is determined.
⎛ t ⎞ ⎛ P + P − Ps ⎞
Y = ⎜ c ⎟⎜ w t + 1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ Pc ⎠
⎛ 0.670" ⎞ ⎛ 751.5 + 351.8 − 1, 020 ⎞
kip kip kip
=⎜ ⎟⎜ + 1⎟ = 0.2368"
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝
kip
351.8 ⎠
Next, the distances from the component forces to the PNA are calculated.
6"
ds = + 0.2368" = 3.237"
2
29.7"
dw = − 0.2368" = 14.61"
2
0.670"
dt = 29.7"− − 0.2368" = 29.13"
2

-- 132 --
Finally, the plastic moment is computed.
⎛P ⎞
M p = ⎜ c ⎟ ⎡Y 2 + ( tc − Y ) ⎤ + [ Ps d s + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2
⎝ 2tc ⎠ ⎣ ⎦
⎛ 351.8kip ⎞ ⎡
=⎜ ⎟ ⎣( 0.2368") + ( 0.670"− 0.2368") ⎤⎦ + ...
2 2
⎝ (2)(0.670") ⎠
... + ⎡⎣(1, 020kip ) ( 3.237") + ( 751.5kip ) (14.61") + ( 351.8kip ) ( 29.13") ⎤⎦
(
= 262.5 kip ⎡) ⎤ ⎡
in ⎣ 0.2437 in ⎦ + ⎣ 24,530
2 k-in
⎤⎦
= 24,590k-in = 2, 049k-ft

-- 133 --
Problem:
Determine the plastic moment capacity for the composite beam shown below for negative
flexure. The section is a W30x99 and supports an 8” concrete slab. The dimensions are as
shown. Use Fy = 50ksi and f’c = 4ksi. Assume full composite action. The grade 60 reinforcement
in the slab is made up of #4 bars, with a clear cover of 17/8”.
100"
8"
Solution:
The concrete slab will be in tension,

therefore none of the concrete is assumed
to be effective. Slab Reinforcement: W30 x 99:
Top Layer: #4 bars @ 6" cc A = 29.1 in2
Bottom Layer: #4 bars @ 12" cc d = 29.7"
bf = 10.5"
tf = 0.670"
Referring to Table D6.1-2 in Appendix D6.1, Page 6-291: tw = 0.520"
Sx = 269 in3
Zx = 312 in3
⎛ (π)(0.5") 2 ⎞
Prt = Fyrt Art = ( 60 ) ( 8 ) ⎜
ksi
⎟ = 94.25
kip Ix = 3,990 in4
Iy = 128 in4
⎝ 4 ⎠ rx = 11.7"
⎛ (π)(0.5") ⎞
2
Prb = Fyrb Arb = ( 60ksi ) ( 4 ) ⎜
ry = 2.10"
⎟ = 47.12
kip
⎝ 4 ⎠
Pt = (0.670")(10.5") ( 50ksi ) = 351.8kip
Pw = ⎡⎣ 29.1 in 2 − (2)(0.670")(10.5") ⎤⎦ ( 50ksi ) = 751.5kip
Pc = Pt = 351.8kip
?
Check Case I: Pc + Pw ≥ Pt + Prb + Prt
?
351.8kip + 751.5kip ≥ 351.8kip + 47.12kip + 94.25kip YES - PNA is in Web
⎛ D ⎞ ⎡ P − P − Prt − Prb ⎤
Y = ⎜ ⎟⎢ c t + 1⎥ Take D as d − 2t f = 29.7"− ( 2 )( 0.670") = 28.36"
⎝ 2 ⎠⎣ Pw ⎦
⎛ 28.36" ⎞ ⎡ 351.8 − 351.8kip − 94.25kip − 47.12kip ⎤

kip
Y =⎜ ⎟⎢ + 1⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠⎣ 751.5kip ⎦
Y = 11.51" (measured from the bottom of the top flange)

-- 134 --
d rt = 11.51"+ 0.670"+ 8"− ⎡⎣1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") ⎤⎦ = 18.06"
d rb = 11.51"+ 0.670"+ ⎡⎣1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") ⎤⎦ = 14.31"
dt = 11.51"+ ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 11.85"
d wt = ( 1 2 )(11.51") = 5.755"
Not needed when using Table D6.1-2
d wc = ( 1 2 )( 28.36"− 11.51") = 8.425"
d c = ( 28.36"− 11.51") + ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 17.19"
⎛ P ⎞
M p = ⎜ w ⎟ ⎡⎣ y 2 + ( D − y ) 2 ⎤⎦ + [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pd
t t + Pc d c ]
⎝ 2D ⎠
751.5kip
= ⎡⎣ (11.51") 2 + (28.36"− 11.51") 2 ⎤⎦ + [(94.25kip )(18.06") + ...
(2)(28.36")
... + (47.12kip )(14.31") + (351.8kip )(11.85") + (351.8kip )(17.19")]
= 18,110k-in = 1,509k-ft

-- 135 --
The plastic moment can also be computed from “first principles” as well, though it is a bit more
involved. What follows is an example of how this would be completed.
Determine the Location of the PNA:
Since Pc + Pw ≥ Pt + Prb + Prt , the PNA is in the web of the section.
The location of the PNA within the web is determined by equating the tensile force acting
above the PNA with the compressive force acting below it. Assume the PNA lies at a
depth Y below the bottom of the top flange.
Pc + Pwc = Pwt + Pt + Prb + Prt
351.8kip + ( 50ksi ) ( 0.520") ( 28.36"− Y ) = ( 50ksi ) ( 0.520") (Y ) + 351.8kip + 47.12kip + 94.25kip
Y = 11.46 ''
Pwt = (50ksi )(11.46") ( 0.520") = 298.0kip

Pwc = (50ksi )(28.36"− 11.46") ( 0.520") = 439.4kip
Determine the Plastic Moment:
The plastic moment is calculated by summing the moments of the tensile and
compressive forces about any point. In general, the moments are summed about the
PNA. In this case (where the PNA is in the web) note that the tension force in the
concrete is ignored.
d rt = 11.46"+ 0.670"+ 8"− ⎡⎣1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") ⎤⎦ = 17.88"

d rb = 11.46"+ 0.670"+ ⎡⎣1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") ⎤⎦ = 14.38"
dt = 11.46"+ ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 11.80"
d wt = ( 1 2 )(11.46") = 5.730"
d wc = ( 1 2 )( 28.36"− 11.46") = 8.450"
d c = ( 28.36"− 11.46") + ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 17.24"
M p = (94.25kip )(17.88'') + (47.12kip )(14.38") + (351.8kip )(11.80 '') + ...

... + (298.0kip )(5.730") + (439.4kip ) ( 8.450") + ( 351.8kip ) (17.24")
= 18, 000k-in = 1,500k-ft
The minor difference in between the two answers can be attributed to the fillet area.

-- 136 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #5a:
Problem:
A non-composite W30x99 made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48’. The beam is braced
laterally at 12’-0” intervals and is subjected to a factored load of w = 3.75kip/ft, which includes
the self weight of the beam. Check to see if the section is adequate considering flexural failure
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Section
6.10.8 to determine capacity.
Solution:
Determine Classification of the Section:
2 Dc ? E
Check ≤ 5.7 (6.10.6.2.3-1)
tw Fyc
Take D = d - 2tf = 29.7” - (2)(0.670”) = 28.36”
D 28.36"
Dc = = = 14.18"
2 2
(2)(14.18") ? 29, 000ksi

= 54.54 ≤ 5.7 = 137.3 OK, ∴ web is non-slender
(0.520") 50ksi
I yc ?
Check ≥ 0.3 (6.10.6.2.3-2)
I yt
Since Section is doubly symmetric, Iyc = Iyt OK

AASHTO Flexure Example #5a Created July 2007: Page 1 of 4
-- 137 --
Since the web is non-slender and Eq 6.10.6.2.3-2 is satisfied, we have the option of using either
AASHTO Section 6.10.8 or Appendix A6 to determine the flexural capacity of this member.
For this example, the provisions of 6.10.8 will be used and we will work with stresses.
The following failure modes must be investigated:

• Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Fnc(FLB)
• Compression Flange Lateral Buckling Fnc(LTB) Fnc
• Yielding of Tension Flange Fnt
Investigate Compression Flange Local Buckling:
b fc 10.5"
λf = = = 7.836 (6.10.8.2.2-3)
2t fc (2)(0.670")
E 29, 000ksi
λ pf = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.152 (6.10.8.2.2-4)
Fyc 50ksi
Since λf < λp, the flange is compact and,
Fnc ( FLB ) = Rb Rh Fyc (6.10.8.2.2-1)
Rb = 1.00 (since the web is non-slender)
Rh = 1.00 (since the section is rolled and is ∴ non-hybrid)
Fnc ( FLB ) = (1.00)(1.00) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
Investigate Compression Flange Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
The unbraced length of the beam is Lb = 12’-0” = 144.0”.
b fc (10.5")
rt = = = 2.609" (6.10.8.2.3-9)
⎛ 1 Dc tw ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ (14.18")(0.520") ⎞
12 ⎜1 + ⎟⎟ 12 ⎜ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ (10.5")(0.670") ⎠
⎝ 3 b fc t fc ⎠
E 29, 000ksi
L p = 1.0rt = (1.0)(2.609") = 62.84" (6.10.8.2.3-4)
Fyc 50ksi

-- 138 --
Fyr = min ( 0.7 Fyc , Fyw ) ≥ 0.5Fyc Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi (Pg 6-110)
E 29, 000ksi
Lr = π rt = (π)(2.609") = 235.9" (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr 35ksi
Since L p = 62.84" < Lb = 144" < Lr = 235.9" , Inelastic LTB must be investigated.
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞⎛ Lb − Lp ⎞⎤
Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb ⎢1 − ⎜1 − yr ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ Rb Rh Fyc ≤ Rb Rh Fyc (6.10.8.2.3-2)
⎜
⎢⎣ ⎝ Rh Fyc ⎟⎜ Lr − Lp
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ 35ksi ⎞ ⎛ 144"− 62.84" ⎞ ⎤

Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 ) ≤ (1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 )
ksi ksi
⎢ ⎝ (1.0 ) ( 50 ) ⎠ ⎝ 235.9"− 62.84" ⎠ ⎥

⎜ ksi
⎟
⎣ ⎦
Fnc ( LTB ) = ( Cb )( 0.8593) ( 50ksi ) = ( Cb ) ( 42.97 ksi ) ≤ 50ksi
Compute the Moment Gradient Factor, Cb, for segment BC of the beam, which will be critical.
2
⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ 1 ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ≤ 2.3 (6.10.8.2.3-7)
⎝ f2 ⎠ ⎝ f2 ⎠ C
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft → f 2 = 48.18ksi B
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft → f o = 36.13ksi
M BC ,mid = 1, 013k-ft → f mid = 45.19ksi fmid f2
f1
Since the BMD is not concave,
f1 = 2 f mid − f 2 ≥ f o = (2) ( 45.19ksi ) − ( 48.18ksi ) = 42.20ksi ≥ 36.13ksi
2
⎛ 42.20 ⎞ ⎛ 42.20 ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.061 ≤ 2.3
⎝ 48.18 ⎠ ⎝ 48.18 ⎠
= 1.061
Fnc ( LTB ) = (1.061) ( 42.97 ksi ) = 45.57 ksi ≤ 50ksi

= 45.57 ksi

-- 139 --
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Fnc(FLB) and Fnc(LTB):
Since Fnc ( LTB ) = 45.57 ksi < Fnc ( FLB ) = 50.00ksi , LTB governs the strength of the
compression flange.
Fnc = Fnc ( LTB ) = 45.57 ksi
φFnc = (1.00) ( 45.57 ksi ) = 45.57 ksi
1
Check fbu + f l ≤ φ f Fnc (6.10.8.1.1-1)
3
fbu = f C = 48.18ksi
Assume that Strength I Load Combination Governs, ∴ γWS = 0.0 and fl = 0
1
Since fbu + f l = 48.18ksi > φ f Fnc =45.57 ksi , the compression flange is not adequate.
3
Investigate the Strength of the Tension Flange:
Since the tension flange is discretely braced,
Fnt = Rh Fyt = (1.0) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi (6.10.8.3-1)
φFnt = (1.00) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
1
Check fbu + f l ≤ φ f Fnt (6.10.8.1.2-1)
3
fbu = f C = 48.18ksi
1
Since fbu + f l = 48.18ksi < φ f Fnt =50.00ksi , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since the compression flange is not adequate, the section is not adequate for flexure.

-- 140 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #5b:
Problem:
A non-composite W30x99 made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48’. The beam is braced
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Appendix A6
to determine capacity.
Solution:
2 Dc ? E
Check ≤ 5.7 (6.10.6.2.3-1)
tw Fyc
Take D = d - 2tf = 29.7” - (2)(0.670”) = 28.36”
D 28.36"
Dc = = = 14.18"
2 2
(2)(14.18") ? 29, 000ksi

(0.520") 50ksi
I yc ?
Check ≥ 0.3 (6.10.6.2.3-2)
I yt

AASHTO Flexure Example #5b Created July 2007: Page 1 of 6
-- 141 --
For this example, the provisions of A6 will be used and we will work with moments.

• Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Mnc(FLB)
• Lateral-Torsional Buckling Mnc(LTB) Mnc
• Yielding of Tension Flange Mnt
Compute Web Plasticity Factors, Rpc and Rpt (Section A6.2):
Investigate the classification of the web.
2 Dcp ?
Check ≤ λ pw( Dcp ) (A6.2.1-1)
tw
E
Fyc ⎛ Dcp ⎞
λ pw( Dcp ) = 2
≤ λ rw ⎜ ⎟ (A6.2.1-2)
⎛ 0.54M p ⎞ ⎝ Dc ⎠
⎜⎜ − 0.09 ⎟
R M ⎟
⎝ h y ⎠
E
λ rw = 5.7 = 137.3 (A6.2.1-3)
Fyc
M y = S x Fy = ( 269 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 13, 450k-in = 1,121k-ft

M p = Z x Fy = ( 312 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 15, 600k-in = 1,300k-ft
29, 000ksi
50ksi ⎛ 14.18" ⎞
λ pw( Dcp ) = = 83.76 ≤ 137.3 ⎜ ⎟ = 137.3
⎛ ( 0.54 ) (15, 600k-in ) ⎝ 14.18" ⎠
2
⎞
⎜ − 0.09 ⎟
⎜ (1.0 ) (13, 450k-in ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
λ pw( Dcp ) = 83.76

-- 142 --
2 Dcp (2)(14.18") ?
= = 54.54 ≤ λ pw( Dcp ) = 83.76 OK, ∴ web is compact
tw 0.520"
Since the web is compact,
Mp 15, 600k-in
R pc = = = 1.160 (A6.2.1-4)
M yc 13, 450k-in
Mp 15, 600k-in
R pt = = = 1.160 (A6.2.1-5)
M yt 13, 450k-in
Investigate the compactness of the compression flange.
b fc 10.5"
λf = = = 7.836 (A6.3.2-3)
2t fc (2)(0.670")
E 29, 000ksi
λ pf = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.152 (A6.3.2-4)
Fyc 50ksi
Since λf < λpf, the flange is compact and,
M nc ( FLB ) = R pc M yc = (1.160 ) (13, 450k-in ) = 15, 600k-in (A6.3.2-1)
Investigate Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
b fc (10.5")
rt = = = 2.609" (A6.3.3-10)
⎛ 1 Dc tw ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ (14.18")(0.520") ⎞
12 ⎜1 + 12 ⎜ 1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3 b t ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ (10.5")(0.670") ⎠
⎟
⎝ fc fc ⎠
E 29, 000ksi
L p = 1.0rt = (1.0)(2.609") = 62.84" (A6.3.3-4)
Fyc 50ksi

-- 143 --
2
E J ⎛ Fyr S xc h ⎞
Lr = 1.95 rt 1 + 1 + 6.76 ⎜ ⎟ (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr S xc h ⎝ E J ⎠
⎛ ⎞
Fyr = min ⎜ 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw ⎟ ≥ 0.5Fyc Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi
S
(Pg 6-222)
⎝ S xc ⎠
Sxc = 269 in3
h = d − ( 1 2 ) ( t fc + t ft ) = 29.7"− 0.670" = 29.03"
3
D tw3 b fc t fc ⎛ t fc ⎞ b ft t 3ft ⎛ t ft ⎞
J= + ⎜⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ 1 − 0.63 ⎟⎟ (A6.3.3-9)
3 3 ⎝ b fc ⎠ 3 ⎝ b ft ⎠
(28.36")(0.520")3 ⎡ (10.5")(0.670")3 ⎛ ⎛ 0.670" ⎞ ⎞ ⎤

J= + (2) ⎢ ⎜ 1 − ( 0.63) ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ = 3.350 in
4
3 ⎣ 3 ⎝ ⎝ 10.5" ⎠ ⎠ ⎦
J = 3.350 in4 Æ J = 3.77 in4 from AISC Manual….use J = 3.77 in4
E 29, 000ksi
= = 828.6
Fyr 35ksi
S xc h ( 269 in ) ( 29.03")
3
= = 2, 071
J 3.77 in 4
2
1 ⎛ 2, 071 ⎞
Lr = (1.95 )( 2.609")( 828.6 ) 1 + 1 + 6.76 ⎜ ⎟ = 254.9" = 21.24 '
2, 071 ⎝ 828.6 ⎠
This value of Lr = 21.24’ agrees well with the value published in AISC on Page 3-15
⎡ ⎛ F S ⎞⎛ Lb − Lp ⎞⎤
M nc ( LTB ) = Cb ⎢1 − ⎜1 − yr xc ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ R pc Fyc ≤ R pc Fyc (A6.3.3-2)
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ R pc Fyc ⎟⎜ Lr − Lp
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦

-- 144 --
⎡ ⎛ ( 35ksi )( 269 in3 ) ⎞⎟ ⎛ 144"− 62.84" ⎞⎤⎥ (1.160 ) 13, 450k-in ≤ (1.160 ) 13, 450k-in
M nc ( LTB ) = Cb ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎜⎝ (1.16 ) (13, 450k-in ) ⎟⎠ ⎝ 254.9"− 62.84" ⎠ ⎥
( ) ( )
⎣ ⎦
= ( Cb )( 0.9656 ) (15, 600k-in ) = ( Cb ) (12,990k-in ) ≤ 15, 600k-in
2
⎛M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ 1 ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ≤ 2.3 (A6.3.3-7)
⎝ M2 ⎠ ⎝ M2 ⎠
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft
M BC ,mid = 1, 013k-ft
M 1 = 2M mid − M 2 ≥ M o = (2) (1, 013k-ft ) − (1, 080k-ft ) = 946k-ft ≥ 810k-ft
2
⎛ 946 ⎞ ⎛ 946 ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.061 ≤ 2.3
⎝ 1, 080 ⎠ ⎝ 1, 080 ⎠
= 1.061
M nc ( LTB ) = (1.061) (12,990k-in ) = 13, 780k-in ≤ 15, 600k-in
M nc ( LTB ) = 13, 780k-in

-- 145 --
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Mnc(FLB) and Mnc(LTB):
Since M nc ( LTB ) = 13, 780k-in < M nc ( FLB ) = 15, 600k-in , LTB governs the strength of the
compression flange.
M nc = M nc ( LTB ) = 13, 780k-in = 1,148k-ft
φM nc = (1.00) (1,148k-ft ) = 1,148k-ft
1
Check M u + f l S xc ≤ φ f M nc (A6.1.1-1)
3
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
1
Since M u + fl S xc = 1, 080k-ft < φ f M nc =1,148k-ft , the compression flange is adequate.
3
M nt = R pt M yt = (1.160) (13, 450k-in ) = 15, 600k-in = 1,300k-ft (A6.4-1)
φM nt = (1.00) (1,300k-ft ) = 1,300k-ft
1
Check M u + fl S xt ≤ φ f M nt (6.10.8.1.2-1)
3
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
1
Since M u + f l S xt = 1, 080k-ft < φ f M nt =1,300k-ft , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since both flanges are adequate, the section is adequate for flexure.
Note that the benefits of using Appendix A6 are illustrated here since the section was found
to be not adequate when the provisions in Section 6.10.8 were used to compute capacity.

-- 146 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #6a:
Problem:
A non-composite built-up girder made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48’. The beam is braced
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Section
6.10.8 to determine capacity.
PL16 x 3/4
Solution:
PL38 x 3/8
Ix = 10,730 in4
Iy = 513.2 in4
Sx = 543.1 in3
Sy = 64.15 in3
PL16 x 3/4
2 Dc ? E
Check ≤ 5.7 (6.10.6.2.3-1)
tw Fyc
Take D = 38”
D 38"
Dc = = = 19"
2 2
(2)(19") ? 29, 000ksi

( 38 ") 50ksi
I yc ?
Check ≥ 0.3 (6.10.6.2.3-2)
I yt

-- 147 --
For this example, the provisions of 6.10.8 will be used and we will work with stresses.

• Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Fnc(FLB)
• Compression Flange Lateral Buckling Fnc(LTB) Fnc
• Yielding of Tension Flange Fnt
b fc 16"
λf = = = 10.67 (6.10.8.2.2-3)
2t fc (2)( 3 4 ")
E 29, 000ksi
λ pf = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.152 (6.10.8.2.2-4)
Fyc 50ksi
Since λf < λp, the flange is non compact and,
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞⎤
Fnc ( FLB ) = ⎢1 − ⎜ 1 − yr ⎟⎜ f ⎟⎟ ⎥ Rb Rh Fyc (6.10.8.2.2-2)
⎜ ⎟⎜
⎣⎢ ⎝ Rh Fyc ⎠⎝ λ rf − λ pf ⎠ ⎦⎥
E
λrf = 0.56 (6.10.8.2.2-5)
Fyr
Fyr = min ( 0.7 Fyc , Fyw ) ≥ 0.5Fyc (Pg 6-109)
Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi
29, 000ksi
λrf = 0.56 = 16.12
35ksi
Rb = 1.00 (since the web is non-slender)
Rh = 1.00 (since the section is non-hybrid)
⎡ ⎛ 35ksi ⎞ ⎛ 10.67 − 9.152 ⎞ ⎤

= ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎥ (1.00)(1.00) ( 50 ) = 46.74
ksi ksi
ksi ⎟ ⎜
Fnc ( FLB )
⎣ ⎝ (1.00)(50 ) ⎠ ⎝ 16.12 − 9.152 ⎠ ⎦

-- 148 --
b fc (16")
rt = = = 4.220" (6.10.8.2.3-9)
⎛ 1 Dc tw ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ (19")( 38 ") ⎞
12 ⎜1 + ⎟⎟ 12 ⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ 3b t ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ (16")( 3 4 ") ⎠
⎝ fc fc ⎠
E 29, 000ksi
L p = 1.0rt = (1.0)(4.220") = 101.6" (6.10.8.2.3-4)
Fyc 50ksi
Fyr = min ( 0.7 Fyc , Fyw ) ≥ 0.5Fyc Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi (Pg 6-110)
E 29, 000ksi
Lr = π rt = (π)(4.220") = 381.6" (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr 35ksi
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞⎛ Lb − Lp ⎞⎤
Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb ⎢1 − ⎜1 − yr ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ Rb Rh Fyc ≤ Rb Rh Fyc (6.10.8.2.3-2)
⎜
⎢⎣ ⎝ Rh Fyc ⎟⎜ Lr − Lp
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ 35ksi ⎞ ⎛ 144"− 101.6" ⎞ ⎤

Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 ) ≤ (1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 )
ksi ksi
1.00 ) ( 50 ) ⎠ ⎝ 381.6"− 101.6" ⎠ ⎥

⎣ ⎝ (
⎢ ⎜ ksi
⎟
⎦
Fnc ( LTB ) = ( Cb )( 0.9546 ) ( 50ksi ) = ( Cb ) ( 47.73ksi ) ≤ 50ksi

-- 149 --
2
⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ 1 ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ≤ 2.3 (6.10.8.2.3-7)
⎝ f2 ⎠ ⎝ f2 ⎠ C
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft → f 2 = 23.86ksi B
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft → f o = 17.90ksi
M BC ,mid = 1, 013k-ft → f mid = 22.38ksi fmid f2
f1
f1 = 2 f mid − f 2 ≥ f o = (2) ( 22.38ksi ) − ( 23.86ksi ) = 20.90ksi ≥ 17.90ksi
2
⎛ 20.90 ⎞ ⎛ 20.90 ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.061 ≤ 2.3 → Cb = 1.061
⎝ 23.86 ⎠ ⎝ 23.86 ⎠
Fnc ( LTB ) = (1.061) ( 47.73ksi ) = 50.64ksi ≤ 50ksi → Fnc ( LTB ) = 50ksi
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Fnc(FLB) and Fnc(LTB):
Since Fnc ( LTB ) = 50ksi > Fnc ( FLB ) = 46.70ksi , FLB governs the strength of the compression
flange.
Fnc = Fnc ( FLB ) = 46.70ksi
φFnc = (1.00) ( 46.70ksi ) = 46.70ksi
1
Check fbu + f l ≤ φ f Fnc (6.10.8.1.1-1)
3
fbu = fC = 23.86ksi
1
Since fbu + f l = 23.86ksi < φ f Fnc =46.70ksi , the compression flange is adequate.
3

-- 150 --
Fnt = Rh Fyt = (1.0) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi (6.10.8.3-1)
φFnt = (1.00) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
1
Check fbu + f l ≤ φ f Fnt (6.10.8.1.2-1)
3
fbu = fC = 23.86ksi
1
Since fbu + f l = 23.86ksi < φ f Fnt =50.00ksi , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since both the compression flange and tension flange are adequate, the section is adequate
for flexure.

-- 151 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #6b:
Problem:
A non-composite built-up girder made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48’. The beam is braced
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Appendix A6
to determine capacity.
Solution:
2 Dc ? E
Check ≤ 5.7 (6.10.6.2.3-1)
tw Fyc
Take D = 38”
D 38"
Dc = = = 19"
2 2
(2)(19") ? 29, 000ksi

( 38 ") 50ksi
I yc ?
Check ≥ 0.3 (6.10.6.2.3-2)
I yt

-- 152 --
For this example, the provisions of A6 will be used and we will work with moments.

• Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Mnc(FLB)
• Lateral-Torsional Buckling Mnc(LTB) Mnc
• Yielding of Tension Flange Mnt
Compute Web Plasticity Factors, Rpc and Rpt (Section A6.2):
Investigate the classification of the web.
2 Dcp ?
Check ≤ λ pw( Dcp ) (A6.2.1-1)
tw
E
Fyc ⎛ Dcp ⎞
λ pw( Dcp ) = 2
≤ λ rw ⎜ ⎟ (A6.2.1-2)
⎛ 0.54M p ⎞ ⎝ Dc ⎠
⎜⎜ − 0.09 ⎟
R M ⎟
⎝ h y ⎠
E
λ rw = 5.7 = 137.3 (A6.2.1-3)
Fyc
M y = S x Fy = ( 543.1 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 27,160k-in = 2, 263k-ft

M p = Z x Fy = ( 600.4 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 30, 020k-in = 2,502k-ft
29, 000ksi
50ksi ⎛ 19" ⎞
λ pw( Dcp ) = = 93.68 ≤ 137.3 ⎜ ⎟ = 137.3
⎛ ( 0.54 ) ( 30, 020k-in ) ⎝ 19" ⎠
2
⎞
⎜ − 0.09 ⎟
⎜ (1.0 ) ( 27,160k-in ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
λ pw( Dcp ) = 93.68

-- 153 --
2 Dcp (2)(19") ?
= = 101.3 > λ pw( Dcp ) = 93.68 ∴ web is non compact
tw 3 "
8
Since the web is non compact,
⎡ ⎛ Rh M yc ⎞ ⎛ λ w − λ pw( Dc ) ⎞ ⎤ M p M p
R pc = ⎢1 − ⎜ 1 − ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤ (A6.2.2-4)
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ Mp ⎠⎝ λ rw − λ pw ( D
⎟ ⎥ M yc M yc
c ⎠⎦
)
Where,
⎛D ⎞
λ pw( Dc ) = λ pw( Dcp ) ⎜ cp ⎟ ≤ λ rw (A6.2.2-6)
⎝ Dc ⎠
⎛ 19 '' ⎞
= 93.68 ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 137.3
⎝ 19 '' ⎠
= 93.68 ≤ 137.3
⎡ ⎛ (1.00)(27,160k-in ) ⎞ ⎛ 101.3 − 93.68 ⎞ ⎤ (30, 020k-in ) (30, 020k-in )

R pc = ⎢1 − ⎜ 1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤
⎣ ⎝ (30, 020k-in ) ⎠ ⎝ 137.3 − 93.68 ⎠ ⎦ (27,160k-in ) (27,160k-in )
= 1.087 ≤ 1.105
= 1.087
⎡ ⎛ Rh M yt ⎞ ⎛ λ w − λ pw( Dc ) ⎞ ⎤ M p M p
R pt = ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤ (A6.2.2-5)
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ Mp ⎟
⎠ ⎝ λ rw − λ pw( Dc ) ⎠ ⎦⎥ M yt M yt
⎡ ⎛ (1.00)(27,160k-in ) ⎞ ⎛ 101.3 − 93.68 ⎞ ⎤ (30, 020k-in ) (30, 020k-in )
R pt = ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤
⎣ ⎝ (30, 020k-in ) ⎠ ⎝ 137.3 − 93.68 ⎠ ⎦ (27,160k-in ) (27,160k-in )
= 1.087 ≤ 1.105
= 1.087
Investigate the compactness of the compression flange.
b fc 16"
λf = = = 10.67 (A6.3.2-3)
2t fc (2)( 3 4 ")
E 29, 000ksi
λ pf = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.152 (A6.3.2-4)
Fyc 50ksi

-- 154 --
Since λf >λpf, the flange is non compact and,
⎡ ⎛ F S ⎞⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞ ⎤
M nc ( FLB ) = ⎢1 − ⎜1 − yr xc ⎟⎜ f
⎟⎜ λ rf − λ pf ⎟⎟ ⎥⎥ pc yc
R M (A6.3.2-2)
⎢⎣ ⎝⎜ R pc M yc ⎠⎝ ⎠⎦
⎛ ⎞
Fyr = min ⎜ 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw ⎟ ≥ 0.5 Fyc ; Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi (Pg 6-222)
S
⎝ S xc ⎠
Ekc
λrf = 0.95 (A.6.3.2-5)
Fyr
4 4
kc = = = 0.3974 (A6.3.2-6)
D 38''
tw 3 ''
8
λ = 0.95
( 29, 000 ) ( 0.3974 ) = 17.24
ksi
rf
( 35 ) ksi
⎡ ⎛ ( 35 )( 543.1 in ) ⎟⎞ ⎛ 10.67 − 9.152 ⎞⎥⎤ (1.087 ) 27,160

ksi 3
M nc ( FLB )= ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎜
⎢ ⎝⎜ (1.087 ) ( 27,160 ) ⎠⎟ ⎝ 17.24 − 9.152 ⎠ ⎥
⎟
k-in ( ) k-in
⎣ ⎦
= 27,550k-in = 2, 296k-ft
b fc (16")
rt = = = 4.220" (A6.3.3-10)
⎛ 1 Dc tw ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ (19")( 38 ") ⎞
12 ⎜1 + ⎟⎟ 12 ⎜ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ 3b t ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ (16")( 3 4 ") ⎠
⎝ fc fc ⎠
E 29, 000ksi
L p = 1.0rt = (1.0)(4.220") = 101.6" (A6.3.3-4)
Fyc 50ksi
2
E J ⎛ Fyr S xc h ⎞
Lr = 1.95 rt 1 + 1 + 6.76 ⎜ ⎟ (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr S xc h ⎝ E J ⎠
⎛ ⎞
Fyr = min ⎜ 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw ⎟ ≥ 0.5 Fyc Fyr = ( 0.7 ) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi (Pg 6-222)
S
⎝ S xc ⎠

-- 155 --
h = D + ( 1 2 ) ( t fc + t ft ) = 38"+ 3 4 " = 38.75"
D tw3 b fc t fc ⎛ ⎞ b ft t 3ft ⎛ ⎞
3
t fc t ft
J= + ⎜⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎟ (A6.3.3-9)
3 3 ⎝ b fc ⎠ 3 ⎝ b ft ⎠
(38")( 3 8 ")3 ⎡ (16")( 3 4 ")3 ⎛ ⎛ 3 " ⎞ ⎞⎤

J= + (2) ⎢ ⎜ 1 − ( 0.63) ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ = 5.035 in 4
3 ⎣ 3 ⎝ ⎝ 16" ⎠ ⎠ ⎦
E 29, 000ksi
= = 828.6
Fyr 35ksi
S xc h ( 543.1 in ) ( 38.75")
3
= = 4,180
J 5.035 in 4
2
1 ⎛ 4,180 ⎞
Lr = (1.95 )( 4.220")( 828.6 ) 1 + 1 + 6.76 ⎜ ⎟ = 396.8" = 33.06 '
4,180 ⎝ 828.6 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ F S ⎞⎛ Lb − Lp ⎞⎤
M nc ( LTB ) = Cb ⎢1 − ⎜1 − yr xc ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ R pc M yc ≤ R pc M yc (A6.3.3-2)
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ R pc M yc ⎟⎜ Lr − Lp
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ ( 35ksi )( 543.1 in 3 ) ⎞ ⎛ 144"− 101.6" ⎞ ⎤

⎢ ⎜
= Cb 1 − 1 − ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ (1.087 ) ( 27,160 ) ≤ (1.087 ) ( 27,160 )
k-in k-in
k-in ⎟ ⎜
M nc ( LTB )
1.087 ) ( 27,160 ) ⎠ ⎝ 396.8"− 101.6" ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ (
⎢ ⎜
⎦
= ( Cb )( 0.9488 ) ( 29,520k-in ) = ( Cb ) ( 28, 010k-in ) ≤ 29,520k-in

-- 156 --
2
⎛M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ 1 ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ≤ 2.3 (A6.3.3-7)
⎝ M2 ⎠ ⎝ M2 ⎠
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft
M BC ,mid = 1, 013k-ft
M 1 = 2M mid − M 2 ≥ M o = (2) (1, 013k-ft ) − (1, 080k-ft ) = 946k-ft ≥ 810k-ft
2
⎛ 946 ⎞ ⎛ 946 ⎞
Cb = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.061 ≤ 2.3
⎝ 1, 080 ⎠ ⎝ 1, 080 ⎠
= 1.061
M nc ( LTB ) = (1.061) ( 28, 010 k-in ) = 29, 720k-in ≤ 29,520k-in
M nc ( LTB ) = 29,520k-in = 2, 460k-ft
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Mnc(FLB) and Mnc(LTB):
Since M nc ( LTB ) = 2, 460k-ft > M nc ( FLB ) = 2, 296k-ft , ∴ FLB governs the strength of the
compression flange.
M nc = M nc ( FLB ) = 2, 296k-ft
φM nc = (1.00) ( 2, 296k-ft ) = 2, 296k-ft
1
Check M u + f l S xc ≤ φ f M nc (A6.1.1-1)
3
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
1
Since M u + fl S xc = 1, 080k-ft < φ f M nc =2,296k-ft , the compression flange is adequate.
3

-- 157 --
M nt = R pt M yt = (1.087) ( 27,160k-in ) = 29,520k-in = 2, 460k-ft (A6.4-1)
φM nt = (1.00) ( 2, 460k-ft ) = 2, 460k-ft
1
Check M u + fl S xt ≤ φ f M nt (6.10.8.1.2-1)
3
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
1
Since M u + f l S xt = 1, 080k-ft < φ f M nt =2,460k-ft , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since both flanges are adequate, the section is adequate for flexure.
Note that the benefits of using Appendix A6 are illustrated here. Even though the capacity
was found to be adequate in both Examples #6a and #6b, using Appendix A6, the capacity
was found to be 16% greater than the capacity found using the provisions in Section 6.10.8.

-- 158 --
AASHTO Shear Strength Example #1:
Problem:
Check the beam shown below to see if it has adequate shear strength and web strength to resist
the factored loads shown. The beam is a W27x94 made of M270-50 steel.
75kip 30kip
12' 12' 12'
Solution:
Draw the shear force diagram.
60kip
SFD(kip)
-15kip
-45kip
kip
From the diagram, Vu = 60 .
Referring to Section 6.10.9.2 of the Specification, Check Design Shear Strength:
Vn = CVp (6.10.9.2-1)
V p = 0.58Fy Dtw (6.10.9.2-2)
D = d − 2t f = 26.9"− (2)(0.745") = 25.41"
V p = (0.58)(50ksi ) [ (25.41")(0.490") ] = 361.1kip

AASHTO Shear Strength Example #1 Created July 2007: Page 1 of 2
-- 159 --
Since the web is unstiffened, k = 5.00.
Ek
=
( 29, 000 ) ( 5.00 ) = 53.85
ksi
Fy ( 50 )
ksi
Ek D 25.41"
1.12 = (1.12 )( 53.85 ) = 60.31 = = 51.86
Fy tw 0.490"
D Ek
Since = 51.86 < 1.12 = 60.31 , shear yielding governs and,
tw Fy
C = 1.00 (6.10.9.3.2-4)
Vn = CVp = (1.00)(361.1kip) = 361.1kip
φVn = (1.00)(361.1kip) = 361.1kip > Vu = 60kip O.K.

-- 160 --
AASHTO Shear Strength Example #2:
Problem:
A built-up section made of M270-50 steel, is used as a beam. Determine the design shear
capacity of the beam and determine if the beam can sustain a factored shear force of 242kip.
Solution:
Referring to Section 6.10.9.2 of the Specification:
Vn = CVp (6.10.9.2-1)
V p = 0.58Fy Dtw (6.10.9.2-2)
V p = (0.58)(50ksi ) [ (38")( 3 8 ") ] = 413.3kip
Since the web is unstiffened, k = 5.00.
Ek
=
( 29, 000 ) ( 5.00 ) = 53.85
ksi
Fy ( 50 )
ksi
Ek
1.12 = (1.12 )( 53.85 ) = 60.31
Fy
Ek D 38"
1.40 = (1.40 )( 53.85 ) = 75.39 = = 101.3
Fy tw 38 "
D Ek
Since = 101.3 > 1.40 = 75.39 , Elastic shear buckling governs and,
tw Fy
1.57 ⎛ Ek ⎞ (1.57 ) ⎛ ( 29, 000ksi ) ( 5.00 ) ⎞

C= 2 ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟ = 0.4437
( 50ksi )
(6.10.9.3.2-6)
( D / tw ) ⎜⎝ Fy ⎟⎠ (101.3) ⎜⎝ ⎟
2
⎠
Vn = CVp = (0.4437) (413.3kip) = 183.4kip
φVn = (1.00)(183.4kip) = 183.4kip < Vu = 242kip

-- 161 --
Try adding transverse stiffeners to the web to increase the shear strength. A panel aspect ratio of
1.25 to 1.50 looks good…
do d o 48"
1.25 → d o 1.25 D = (1.25)(38") = 47.5" say 48" ∴ = = 1.263
D D 38"
For stiffened webs,
5 5
k = 5+ 2
= 5+ = 8.134 (6.10.9.3.2-7)
(d o / D) (1.263) 2
Ek
=
( 29, 000 ) (8.134 ) = 68.68
ksi
Fy ( 50 )
ksi
Ek
1.12 = ( 68.68 )(1.12 ) = 76.92
Fy
Ek
1.40 = ( 68.68 )(1.40 ) = 96.15
Fy
D Ek
Since = 101.3 > 1.40 = 96.15 , Elastic shear buckling governs and,
tw Fy
1.57 ⎛ Ek ⎞ (1.57 ) ⎛ ( 29, 000ksi ) ( 8.134 ) ⎞

C= 2 ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟ = 0.7218
( 50ksi )
(6.10.9.3.2-6)
( D / tw ) ⎜⎝ Fy ⎟⎠ (101.3) ⎜⎝ ⎟
2
⎠
Vn = CVp = (0.7218) (413.3kip) = 298.3kip
φVn = (1.00)(298.3kip) = 298.3kip > Vu = 242kip

-- 162 --
The previous calculations were based on the buckling strength of the web. For interior panels
where:
2 Dtw
≤ 2.5 (6.10.9.3.2-1)
( b fct fc + b ft t ft )
(2)(38")( 38 ") 28.5
= = 1.188 ≤ 2.5 OK
[(16")( 3 4 ") + (16")( 3 4 ")] 24.0
Tension Field Action can be developed:
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.87(1 − C ) ⎥
Vn = V p ⎢C + (6.10.9.3.2-2)
2 ⎥
⎢ ⎛ do ⎞ ⎥
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎝ D ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
⎡ ⎤
⎢ (0.87)(1 − 0.7218) ⎥
Vn = (413.3 ) (0.7218) +
kip
= 360.4kip
⎢ 1 + (1.263)
2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
φVn = (1.00)(360.4kip) = 360.4kip

-- 163 --
-- 164 --
AASHTO Web Strength Example #1:
Problem:
Check the beam shown below to see if it has adequate shear strength and web strength to resist
the factored loads shown. The beam is a W27x94 made of M270-50 steel.
75kip 30kip
12' 12' 12'
Solution:
Draw the shear force diagram.
60kip
SFD(kip)
-15kip
-45kip
Referring to Section D6.5 of the Specification, Check the End Reactions

for Web Yielding and Web Crippling: (Assume that the bearing length, N, is 3-1/4”.)
Check Web Yielding
Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d from the end of the
member:
Rn = (2.5k + N ) Fywtw (D6.5.2-3)
Rn = ((2.5)(1.34") + 3.25")(50ksi )(0.490") = 161.7 kip
φRn = (1.0)(161.7 kip ) =161.7 kip > 60kip O.K.

AASHTO Web Strength Example #1 Created July 2007: Page 1 of 3
-- 165 --
Check Web Crippling
Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d/2 from the end of
the member.
N
Check :
d
3.25"
= 0.1208 ≤ 0.20
26.9"
⎡ ⎛ tw ⎞ ⎤ EFywt f
1.5
⎛ N ⎞
⎢1 + 3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
Therefore, (D6.5.3-3) controls: Rn = 0.40t 2
⎢ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎜⎝ t f ⎟⎠ ⎥
w
tw
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ 3.25" ⎞⎛ 0.490" ⎞ ⎤ (29, 000 )(50 )(0.745")

1.5 ksi ksi
Rn = 0.40(0.490") 2 ⎢1 + 3 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 26.9" ⎠⎝ 0.745" ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.490"
Rn = (0.09604 in 2 )(1.193)(1485ksi ) =170.2kip
φRn = (0.80)(170.2kip ) =136.2kip > 60kip O.K.
Check the Interior Concentrated Loads for Web Yielding and Web Crippling:
(Assume that the bearing length, N, is 3.25”)
Check Web Yielding
Since the applied load is located at a distance greater than d from the end of the member.
Rn = (5k + N ) Fywtw (D6.5.2-2)
Rn = ((5)(1.34") + 3.25")(50ksi )(0.490") = 243.8kip
φRn = (1.0)(243.8kip ) = 243.8kip > 75kip O.K.

-- 166 --
Check Web Crippling
Since the applied load is located at a distance greater than d/2 from the end of the
member.
1.5
⎛ N ⎞
⎢1 + 3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
Therefore, (D6.5.3-2) controls: Rn = 0.80tw2
⎢ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎜⎝ t f ⎟⎠ ⎥ tw
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ 3.25" ⎞⎛ 0.490" ⎞ ⎤ (29, 000 )(50 )(0.745")

1.5 ksi ksi
Rn = 0.80(0.490") ⎢1 + 3 ⎜
2
⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 26.9" ⎠⎝ 0.745" ⎠ ⎦⎥ 0.490"
Rn = (0.1921 in 2 )(1.193)(1485ksi ) = 340.3kip
φRn = (0.80)( 340.3kip ) = 272.2kip > 75kip O.K.
The Web Yielding and Web Crippling Strengths are Satisfactory

-- 167 --
AASHTO Web Strength Example #2:
Problem:
A built-up section made of M270-50 steel, is used as a beam. It was determined in AASHTO
Shear Strength Example #2 that intermediate stiffeners were required to develop adequate shear
strength in the web. Determine the required size of these intermediate stiffeners. And check the
web to see if an end reaction of 128kip can be supported.
Solution:
Design the intermediate stiffeners that were added to increase

the shear strength:
The moment of inertia of the intermediate stiffeners should satisfy the smaller of:
I t ≥ bt w3 J (6.10.11.1.3-1)
and
1.5
D 4 ρt1.3 ⎛ Fyw ⎞
It ≥ ⎜ ⎟ (6.10.11.1.3-2)
40 ⎝ E ⎠
where:
It - Moment of inertia of the stiffener pair about the mid-thickness of the web.
2
⎛ D ⎞ 2.5
J = 2.5 ⎜ ⎟ − 2.0 ≥ 0.5 use… J = − 2.0 ≥ 0.5 (6.10.11.1.3-3)
( do / D )
2
⎝ do / D ⎠

-- 168 --
2.5
J= − 2.0 = −0.4332 in 2 ≥ 0.5 take J = 0.50
( 48"/ 38")
2
b = smaller of do and D, b = 38”
ρ = larger of Fyw / Fcrs and 1.00
0.31E (0.31)(29, 000ksi )

Fcrs = 2
≤ Fys Fcrs = 2
= 35.11ksi ≤ 50ksi
⎛ bt ⎞ ⎛ 6" ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 3 "⎟
⎝ tp ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ Using a 6” wide stiffener is based on the
assumption that 6” bar stock can be
used, which should be readily available.
ρ = 50 / 35.11 ≥ 1.00 ρ =1.424 Base the width of 3/8” on engineering
judgment of minimum thickness of
btw3 j = (38")( 3 8 ")3 (0.5) = 1.002 in 4 stiffener.
1.5 1.5
D 4 ρt1.3 ⎛ Fyw ⎞ (38") 4 (1.424)1.3 ⎛ 50 ksi ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ksi ⎟
= 5.909 in 4
40 ⎝ E ⎠ 40 ⎝ 29, 000 ⎠
(ts )(2bs + tw )3
It = take bs = 6”
12
(t ) [ (2)(6") + 38 "]
3
It = s = (ts )157.9 in 3
12
btw3 J 1.002 in 4
tp ≥ = = 0.006345" …say ts = 3 8 "
157.9 in 3 157.9 in 3

-- 169 --
Referring to SectionD6.5 of the Manual, Check the End Reactions
for Web Yielding and Web Crippling:
The bearing length, N, is 9” and we’ll assume that 3/8” fillet welds connect the flanges and web.
This gives an effective “k” distance of 3/4” + 3/8” = 1.125”
Check Web Yielding
Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d from the end of the
member.
Rn = (2.5k + N ) Fywtw (D6.5.2-3)
Rn = ((2.5)(1.125") + 9")(50ksi )( 3 8 ") = 221.5kip
φRn = (1.0)(221.5kip ) = 221.5kip > 128kip O.K.
Check Web Crippling
Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d/2 from the end of
the member.
N
Check :
d
9"
= 0.2278 > 0.20
38"+ (2)( 3 4 ")
1.5
⎛
⎢1 + ⎜ 4 N ⎞
Therefore, (D6.5.3-4) controls: Rn = 0.40t 2
− 0.2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎜⎝ t f ⎟⎠ ⎥
w
tw
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ (4)(9") ⎞ ⎛ 3 8 " ⎞ ⎤ (29, 000ksi )(50ksi )( 3 4 ")

1.5
Rn = (0.40)( 8 ") ⎢1 + ⎜
3 2
− 0.2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ (38"+ (2)( 3 4 ") ⎠ ⎝ 3 4 " ⎠ ⎥⎦ ( 3 8 ")
Rn = (0.05625 in 2 )(1.252)(1, 703ksi ) =119.9kip
φRn = (0.80)(119.9kip ) = 95.92kip <128kip No Good.
The web strength is satisfactory with regard to web yielding but not for web crippling.
Bearing stiffeners will need to be added. (Technically speaking, stiffeners are required by
AASHTO at all bearing locations on built-up sections anyways…)

-- 170 --
Design the bearing stiffeners that need to be added to increase the web crippling strength:
Check local buckling of the bearing stiffener:
E
bt ≤ 0.48t p take Fy = 50ksi (6.10.11.2.2-1)
Fy
Taking Fy = 50ksi here is a conservative
29, 000ksi assumption since I am not sure what
bt ≤ 0.48t p = 11.56t p take bs = 7” material will actually be used.
50ksi
bt 7"
tp ≥ = = 0.6055" take ts = 5 8 " (7” x 5/8” bar stock may be used)
11.56 11.56
Check the bearing stiffeners as an effective column section:
I = ( 112 ) ⎡( 5 8 ")( 7"+ 3 8 "+ 7") + ( 6.75"− 5 8 ")( 3 8 ") ⎤

3 3
⎣ ⎦
= 154.7 in 4
A = ⎡⎣( 5 8 ")( 2 )( 7") + ( 6.75")( 3 8 ") ⎤⎦ = 11.28 in 2
I 154.7 in 4
r= = = 3.704"
A 11.28 in 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ (0.75)(38") ⎞
⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 7.695
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ 3.704" ⎠
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ 7.695 ⎞ ⎛ 36 ⎞
2 2 ksi
λ=⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ksi ⎟
= 0.007448 Inelastic Buckling (6.9.4.1-3)
⎝ r π ⎠ E ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000 ⎠
Taking Fy = 36ksi here is a conservative
assumption since I am not sure what
material will be used.
Pn = 0.66λ Fy As
( )
= 0.66( 0.007448) ( 36ksi )(11.28 in 2 ) = 404.8kip (6.9.4.1-1)
φPn = ( 0.90 ) ( 404.8kip ) = 364.3kip
In this solution, it is assumed that the bearing stiffener is located at the middle of the 9”
wide plate. Thus, there is at least 4.5” of web between the stiffener and the end of the
girder, which is greater than 9tw.

-- 171 --
Check bearing stress between the end of the bearing stiffeners and the loaded flange:
Rn = 1.4 Apn Fys (6.10.11.2.3-1)
The corners of the stiffeners are clipped 1”

horizontal and 2 1/2” vertical to provide clearance
for the flange-to-web welds
Apn = (2)(7"− 1") ( 5 8 ") = 7.50 in 2
Rn = (1.4)(7.50 in 2 )(36ksi ) = 378.0kip
φRn = (1.00)(378.0kip ) = 378.0kip
The capacity of the bearing stiffeners is governed by the “equivalent column”

capacity. φRn = 364kip, which is greater than the reaction of 128kip.

-- 172 --
Just for fun ☺, lets check the capacity of 2 pairs of 7” x 5/8” interior bearing stiffeners:
The local buckling check will be the same as for the single pair of bearing stiffeners.
Check the bearing stiffeners as an effective column section:
I = ( 112 ) ⎡ (2) ( 5 8 ")( 7"+ 3 8 "+ 7") + ( (2)(3.375") + 7"− (2) ( 5 8 ") ) ( 3 8 ") ⎤ = 309.5 in 4
3 3
⎣ ⎦
A = ⎡⎣( 5 8 ")( 4 )( 7") + ⎡⎣(2) ( 3.375") + 7"⎤⎦ ( 3 8 ") ⎤⎦ = 22.66 in 2
I 309.5 in 4 ⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ (0.75)(38") ⎞
r= = = 3.696" ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 7.711
A 22.66 in 2 ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ 3.696" ⎠
⎛ KL ⎞ Fy ⎛ 7.711 ⎞ ⎛ 36 ⎞
2 2 ksi
λ=⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.007479 Inelastic Buckling (6.9.4.1-3)
⎝ r π ⎠ E ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 29, 000
ksi
⎠
( )
Pn = 0.66λ Fy As = 0.66( 0.007479) ( 36ksi )( 22.66 in 2 ) = 813.2kip (6.9.4.1-1)
φPn = ( 0.90 ) ( 813.2kip ) = 731.9kip
The bearing stress between the end of the bearing stiffeners and the loaded flange would be twice
that calculated for a single pair of stiffeners: φRn = (2)(378.0kip) = 756.0kip.
The strength is governed again by the “equivalent column” capacity, φRn = 732kip.

-- 173 --
-- 174 --
AASHTO Connection Example #1:
Problem:
A C12x30 is used as a tension member as is shown in the sketch below. The channel is made of
M270-36 material and is attached to the gusset plate with 8, 7/8” diameter M164 (A325) bolts.
The gusset is 5/8” thick and made of M270-36 steel. Calculate the design capacity, φPn, of the
connection considering the failure modes of bolt shear, bolt bearing, and block shear. Also
compute the load which will cause slip of the connection.
Solution:
Section A-A
Shear Strength of the Bolts:
Assume that the threads are included in the

shear plane of the connection.
3" 6" 3"
Rn = 0.38 Ab Fub N s (6.13.2.7-2)
1.5"
⎛π⎞
Ab = ⎜ ⎟ ( 7 8 ") = 0.6013 in 2
2
3"
⎝4⎠
3"
For A325 bolts, Fub = 120ksi
3"
Bolts are in single shear so Ns = 1 A A
( )( )
Rn = (0.38) 0.6013 in 2 120ksi (1) = 27.42 bolt
kip
C12 x 30
(
φRn = (0.80) 27.42 bolt
kip
)
= 21.94 bolt
kip
Pu
(
For all 8 bolts, φRn = (8 bolts) 21.94 kip
bolt ) = 175.5 kip

AASHTO Connection Example #1 Created July 2007: Page 1 of 4
-- 175 --
Check Bearing Strength:
Interior Bolts Bearing on the Channel Web:
Lc = 3"− ( 2 )( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 2.063" Since Lc = 2.063” > 2d = 1.75”,
Rn = 2.4dtFu ( )
Rn = (2.4) ( 7 8 ") (0.510") 58ksi = 62.11 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-1)
Interior Bolts Bearing on the Gusset Plate:
Lc = 3"− ( 2 )( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 2.063" Since Lc = 2.063” > 2d = 1.75”,
Rn = 2.4dtFu ( )
Rn = (2.4) ( 7 8 ")( 5 8 ") 58ksi = 76.13 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-1)
End Bolts Bearing on the Channel Web:
Lc = 1.5"− ( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 1.031" Since Lc = 1.031” < 2d = 1.75”,
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu (
Rn = (1.2) (1.031") (0.510") 58ksi = 36.60 bolt
kip
) (6.13.2.9-2)
End Bolts Bearing on the Gusset Plate: (Assume that the end distance on the gusset is 11/2”)
Lc = 1.5"− ( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 1.031" Since Lc = 1.031” < 2d = 1.75”,
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu ( )
Rn = (1.2) (1.031")( 5 8 ") 58ksi = 44.85 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-2)
For all 8 Bolts:
(
Rn = (2 bolts) 44.85 bolt
kip
) (
+ (4 bolts) 62.11 bolt
kip
)
kip
(
= 411.3kip )
( )
φRn = (0.80) 411.3kip = 329.1kip

-- 176 --
Since the channel web is thinner than the gusset plate and they’re made of the same material,
block shear of the channel will govern over block shear of the gusset plate.
Check Block Shear in the Channel Web:
Atg = (6")(0.510") = 3.060 in 2
Atn = ⎡⎣(6") − (2) ( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 18 ") ⎤⎦ (0.510") = 2.550 in 2
Avg = (2) [ (1.5") + (3)(3") ] (0.510") = 10.71 in 2
Avn = (2) ⎡⎣ (1.5") + (3)(3") − (3.5) ( 7 8 "+ 18 ") ⎤⎦ (0.510") = 7.140 in 2
?
Atn ≥ 0.58 Avn
?
2.550 in 2 ≥(0.58)(7.140 in 2 ) = 4.141 in 2 NO!
∴ Rn = 0.58Fu Avn + Fy Atg (6.13.4-2)
( )( ) ( )(
Rn = (0.58) 58ksi 7.140 in 2 + 36ksi 3.060 in 2 = 350.3kip )
( )
φRn = (0.80) 350.3kip = 280.3kip
The Shear Strength of the Bolts Governs, φRn = 176kip

-- 177 --
Check the Slip Capacity of the Connection:
Rn = K h K s N s Pt (6.13.2.8-1)
Kh = 1.00 (for standard holes)
Ks = 0.33 (assume Class A surface)
Ns = 1
Pt = 39kip (from Table 6.13.2.8-1 for M164 Bolts)
( )
Rn = (1.00)(0.33)(1) 39kip = 12.87 bolt
kip
For All 8 Bolts:
(
kip
)
= 103.0kip

-- 178 --
Problem:
An 8” long WT 10.5 x 66 is attached to the bottom flange of a beam as is shown below. This
hanger must support a factored load of 120kip. Given that 4, 1” diameter M164 (A325) bolts are
used to attach the hanger to the beam, investigate the adequacy of the bolts and tee flange.
Solution:
Prying must be investigated in this situation:
⎛ 3b t 3 ⎞
Qu = ⎜ − ⎟ P (6.13.2.10.4-1)
⎝ 8a 20 ⎠
gt 7"
b= − k1 = − 1 1 8 " = 2.375" (k1 = 11/8” for W21 x 132)
2 2
a = ( 1 2 ) ( b f − gt ) = ( 1 2 )(12.4"− 7") = 2.700"
⎛ (3)(2.375") (1.04")3 ⎞
Qu = ⎜ − ⎟ Pu = 0.2736 Pu
⎝ (8)(2.700") 20 ⎠
Tu = Qu + Pu = 1.274 Pu = (1.274) (120kip ) = 152.8kip
Tensile Resistance of the Bolts:
Tn = 0.76 Ab Fub (6.13.2.10.2-1)
⎛π⎞
Ab = ⎜ ⎟ (1") = 0.7854 in 2
2
⎝4⎠
Fub = 120ksi
Tn = (0.76) ( 0.7854 in 2 )(120ksi ) = 71.63 bolt

kip
(
φTn = (0.80) 71.63 bolt
kip
)
= 57.30 bolt
kip
For All 4 Bolts: (

φTn = (4 bolts) 57.30 bolt
kip
)
= 229.2kip OK

-- 179 --
Check the Strength of the Flange of the WT:
Assume that a plastic mechanism forms between the bolt lines and stem.
Q T T Q
Moment Equilibrium about at the fillet:
⎛ Pb⎞
∑ M → 2M u =⎜ u ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Tu
Mu
Mu
⎛ (120kip ) (2.375") ⎞
Mu = ⎜ ⎟ Pu/2
⎜ 4 ⎟ b
⎝ ⎠ Pu
= 71.25 k-in
Lt 2 ⎛ (8")(1.04") ⎞
For Safety, φM p ≥ M u . Mp = Fy = ⎜ ⎟ ( 50 ) = 108.2
ksi k-in
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠
φM p = (1.00) (108.2 ) = 108.2k-in
k-in
OK

-- 180 --
Problem:
Assuming an unfactored fatigue load of 60kip, determine the fatigue life of the tension bolts in the
previous example.
Solution:
For Safety, γ ( Δf ) ≤ ( ΔF )n (6.6.1.2.2-1)
γ ( ΔP ) (0.75) ⎡⎣(1.274 ) ( 60 ) ⎤⎦
kip
γ ( Δf ) = = = 18.24ksi
Abolts (4) ( 0.7854 in 2 )
⎛ A ⎞ 3 ( ΔF )TH
1
( ΔF )n =⎜ ⎟ ≥
⎝N⎠ 2
( ΔF )TH 31.0ksi
For infinite life, ( ΔF )n = = = 15.5ksi
2 2
Since γ ( Δf ) = 18.24ksi > ( ΔF )n = 15.5ksi , the bolts will have a finite life
⎛ A ⎞3
For finite life, γ ( Δf ) ≤ ( ΔF )n =⎜ ⎟
⎝N⎠
A 17.1× 108 ksi3

N≤ = = 281,800 cycles
( γ ( Δf ) ) (18.24 )
3 ksi 3
Note that if prying is not included, γ ( Δf ) = 14.32ksi and the calculations

would incorrectly show that the bolts have an infinite fatigue life.

-- 181 --
Problem:
Suppose that the hanger depicted in Examples #2 and #3 is subjected to a force that is applied at
an angle as is shown below. Determine if the connection is adequate in this configuration.
Solution:
2 Pu
Vu = = 0.8944 Pu = 107.3kip
5
107.3kip
Vu = = 26.83 bolt
kip
4 bolts
1.274 Pu
Tu = = 0.5694 Pu = 68.33kip
5
68.33kip
Tu = = 17.08 bolt
kip
4 bolts
Assume that the threads are included in the shear plane of the connection.
Vn = Rn = 0.38 Ab Fub N s (6.13.2.7-2)
( )( )
Vn = (0.38) 0.7854 in 2 120ksi (1) = 35.81 bolt
kip
2
kip
Vu 26.83 bolt ⎛ V ⎞
= = 0.7491 , ∴Tn = 0.76 Ab Fub 1− ⎜ u ⎟ (6.13.2.11-2)
⎝ φVn ⎠
kip
Vn 35.81 bolt
⎛ ( 26.83 kip bolt ) ⎞

2
Tn = (0.76) ( 0.7854 in )(120 ) 1− ⎜ = 25.11 bolt

⎜ (0.80) ( 35.81 kip bolt ) ⎟⎟
2 ksi kip
⎝ ⎠
(
φTn = (0.80) 25.11 bolt
kip
)
= 20.09 bolt
kip
Since φTn = 20.09 bolt

kip
> Tu = 17.08 bolt
kip
, the bolts are OK for the loading shown.

-- 182 --
Check Bearing of the Flange of the WT:
It is given that the WT is 8” long. Since the minimum spacing is 3”, we’ll assume that an
end distance of 2” is provided resulting in a spacing of 4” bolt-to-bolt.
Interior Bolts:
Lc = 4"− ( 2 )( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 2.938"
Since Lc = 2.938” > 2d = 2”,
Rn = 2.4dtFu (6.13.2.9-1)
( )
Rn = (2.4) (1") (1.04") 65ksi = 162.2 bolt
kip
End Bolts:
Lc = 2"− ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.469"
Since Lc = 1.469” < 2d = 2”,
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu (6.13.2.9-2)
( )
Rn = (1.2) (1.469") (1.04") 65ksi = 119.1 bolt
kip
For all 4 Bolts:
(
kip
) (
kip
= 562.8kip )
( )
φRn = (0.80) 562.8kip = 450.1kip
Since φRn = 450kip > Vu = 107 kip , the flange of the WT will be OK in bearing.
Note that since the flange thickness of the W24x176 is greater than that of the
WT10.5x66 and they are made of the same material, bearing of the WT will govern
over bearing of the W24x176.

-- 183 --
Check Shear in the Stem of the WT:
Rn = 0.58 Ag Fy (6.13.5.3-2)
Rn = (0.58) [ (8")(0.650") ] ( 50ksi ) = 150.8kip
φRn = (1.00) (150.8kip ) = 150.8kip
Since φRn = 150.8kip > Vu = 107.3kip , the stem will be satisfactory in shear.

-- 184 --
Problem:
An L6 x 4 x 1/2, M270-36, is welded to a 3/8” thick gusset plate made of M270-50 steel. The
long leg of the angle is attached using two, 8” long fillet welds. The capacity of the angle was
previously computed as φPn = 163kip based on Gross Yielding. Determine the weld size required
to develop the full capacity of the member.
Solution:
Design the Welds:
Use an E70 Electrode since the

gusset has a strength of Fu = 65ksi.
The maximum weld size is 1/2” - 1/16” = 7/16”.
Since the gusset and angle are both less than 3/4” thick, the
minimum weld size that can be used is 1/4”.
φRn , weld = 0.6φe 2 Fexx Aw ≥ φPn , member
φRn, weld = ( 0.6 )( 0.80 ) ( 70ksi ) × ⎡⎣(0.7071) ( w ) ⎤⎦ ( 2 )( 8") ≥ 163kip
163kip
w≥ kip
= 0.4288" → Say 7
16 "
380.1 inch

-- 185 --
Check Tension for the Gusset:
Check tension on the Whitmore

section: Since the overall width of
the gusset is not given, I’ll check the
Whitmore width assuming that it
governs. If the overall width is less
than the Whitmore width, these
calculations will be unconservative.
Compute the width of the Whitmore section:
Lw = 6"+ ( 2 )( 8") Tan ( 30° ) = 15.24"
( )
φPn = φFy Ag = (0.95) 50ksi ⎡⎣(15.24")( 3 8 ") ⎤⎦ = 271.4kip
( )
φPn = φFu Ae = (0.80) 65ksi ⎡⎣(15.24")( 3 8 ") ⎤⎦ (1.00 ) = 297.1kip (Taking U = 1.00)
Check Block Shear in the Gusset Plate:
Atg = Atn = (6") ( 3 8 ") = 2.250 in 2 Avg = Avn = (2) ( 8")( 3 8 ") = 6.000 in 2
? ?
Atn ≥ 0.58 Avn → 2.250 in 2 ≥(0.58)(6.000 in 2 ) = 3.480 in 2 NO!
∴ Rn = 0.58Fu Avn + Fy Atg (6.13.4-2)
( )(
Rn = (0.58) 65ksi 6.000 in 2 + 50ksi ) ( )( 2.250 in ) = 338.7
2 kip
( )
φRn = (0.80) 338.7 kip = 271.0kip
Use 7/16” x 8” Fillet Welds made with an E70 Electrode

-- 186 --
AASHTO Connection Example #6a:
Problem: Use the elastic vector method to compute the maximum force on any bolt in the
eccentrically loaded bolt group shown in the figure below. The bolts are all the
same size. (Example 4.12.1 from Salmon & Johnson)
P
4" 3"
A B
3"
C D
3"
E F
Solution:
→ T = ( 24kip ) ( 3"+ 2") = 120k-in

Tr
τ=
J
J = ∑ Ad 2 = A∑ d 2
⎡
( ) + ( 2)( 2") ⎤⎥⎦ ⎛⎜⎝ π4 ⎞⎟⎠ (1")
2
J = ⎢( 4 ) (2")2 + (3") 2
2 2
⎣
J = 47.12 in 4
Corner Bolts: τ =
Tr (120
=
k-in
)( (2") 2 + (3") 2 )
4
J 47.12 in
τ = 9.182ksi
⎛π⎞
V = ( 9.182ksi ) ⎜ ⎟ (1") = 7.211kip
2
⎝4⎠

AASHTO Connection Example #6a Created July 2007: Page 1 of 2
-- 187 --
Force acts perpendicular to line drawn from bolt to C.G.
Breaking force into horizontal and vertical

components…
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Vy = ⎜ ⎟ (V ) = ⎜ ⎟ ( 7.211 ) = −4.000
kip kip
⎝ 3.606 ⎠ ⎝ 3.606 ⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
Vx = ⎜ ⎟ (V ) = ⎜ ⎟ ( 7.211 ) = 6.000
kip kip
⎝ 3.606 ⎠ ⎝ 3.606 ⎠
Add evenly distributed vertical force to the vertical,

torsional force for Bolt B…
−24kip
Vy = −4.000 kip
+ = −8.000kip
6
Vx = 6.000kip
Vtotal = Vx 2 + Vy 2 = (−8.000kip ) 2 + (6.000kip ) 2 = 10.00kip
Check These Results with a Spreadsheet Solution:
Px: 0 xCG: 0
Py: -24 yCG: 0
ex: 5
Σd:
2
ey: 0 60.00
T= -120.0 Vmax = 10.0

2
Bolt x y d Vx Vy Vtotal
A -2.00 3.00 13.00 -6.0 4.0 6.0
B 2.00 3.00 13.00 -6.0 -4.0 10.0
C -2.00 0.00 4.00 0.0 4.0 0.0
D 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.0 -4.0 8.0
E -2.00 -3.00 13.00 6.0 4.0 6.0
F 2.00 -3.00 13.00 6.0 -4.0 10.0
Everything checks out OK.

AASHTO Connection Example #6a Created July 2007: Page 2 of 2
-- 188 --
AASHTO Connection Example #6b:
Problem: Use the simplified equations to solve the previous example problem. (Example
4.12.1 from Salmon & Johnson)
P
4" 3"
A B
C D
E F
Solution:
T = ( 24 kip ) ( −3"− 2") = −120 k-in
∑d = ( 4 ) ⎡⎣ (2") 2 + (3") 2 ⎤⎦ + ( 2 )( 2")

2 2
∑d 2
= 60.00 in 2
Looking at Bolt B:
⎛ ( − 120 k-in ) ( 3") ⎞

VB , x = −⎜ ⎟ = 6.000 kip
⎜ 60.00 in 2
⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ( − 120 ) ( 2") ⎞
k-in
VB , y =⎜ ⎟ = − 4.000 kip
⎜ 60.00 in 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
⎡ ⎛ − 24 kip ⎞⎤
VB ,total = ( 6.000 )kip 2
+ ⎢ ( − 4.000 kip ) + ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
VB ,total = 10.00 kip

AASHTO Connection Example #6b Created July 2007: Page 1 of 1
-- 189 --
Problem: Detail a splice between two non-composite W30 x 99 M270 Gr 50. Take Mu at
the location of the splice as 810k-ft and take φMn as 1,300k-ft.
Solution:
The splice is designed for the larger of:
M u , Beam + φM n, Beam 810k-ft + 1,300k-ft

= = 1, 055k-ft
2 2
(
0.75 φM n, Beam = ( 0.75 ) 1,300k-ft = 975.0k-ft )
Since 1,055k-ft > 975.0k-ft, Mu,Splice = 1,055k-ft
A) Flange Splice:
In this case, it makes no difference which flange is the “controlling flange” and which one is the
“non-controlling flange,” (Since the beam is non-composite and we are assuming that moment
could be either positive or negative).
For the Controlling flange:
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ f cf ⎞
Fcf = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ + αφ f Fyf ⎟⎟ ≥ 0.75 αφ f Fyf (6.13.6.1.4c-1)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ Rh ⎠
f cf =
(810 ) (12 )(
k-ft in
ft
29.7"
2 2 )
− 0.670"
= 35.36ksi
4
3,990 in
Rh = 1.00, since the beam is non-hybrid.
α = 1.00. Since we are assuming that φMn = φMp, Fn = Fyf
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 35.36 ⎞
( ) ⎟⎟ ≥ ( 0.75)(1.00 )(1.00 ) ( 50 )
ksi
Fcf = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ + (1.00 )(1.00 ) 50ksi ksi
⎝ ⎠⎝
2 ⎜ 1.00 ⎠
= 42.68ksi ≥ 37.50ksi → Fcf = 42.68ksi

-- 190 --
For the Non-Controlling Flange:
f ncf
Fncf = Rcf ≥ 0.75 αφ f Fyf (6.13.6.1.4c-3)
Rh
f ncf = f cf = 35.36ksi
Fcf 42.68ksi
Rcf = = = 1.207
f cf 35.36ksi
Fncf = (1.207 )
35.36ksi
1.00
≥ ( 0.75 )(1.00 )(1.00 ) 50ksi ( )
= 42.68ksi ≥ 37.50ksi → Fncf = 42.68ksi
For the Compression Flange:
Pu ,Comp = Fcf Ae
In compression, Ae is taken as the gross area of the flange.
Ae = Ag = (10.5")( 0.670") = 7.035 in 2
( )(
Pu ,Comp = 42.68ksi 7.035 in 2 = 300.3kip )
For the Tension Flange:
Pu ,Ten = Fcf Ae
⎛φ F ⎞
In tension, Ae = ⎜ u u ⎟⎟ An ≤ Ag (6.13.6.4c-2)
⎜ φ y Fy
⎝ ⎠
For 1” diameter bolts, An = ⎡⎣(10.5") − ( 2 )(1 18 ") ⎤⎦ ( 0.670") = 5.528 in 2

-- 191 --
(
⎛ ( 0.80 ) 65ksi ) ⎞⎟ 5.528 in ≤ 7.035 in
Ae = ⎜ ( ) 2 2
(
⎜ ( 0.95 ) 50ksi
⎝ ) ⎟⎠
= 6.052 in 2 ≤ 7.035 in 2 → Ae = 6.052 in 2
( )(
Pu ,Ten = 42.68ksi 6.052 in 2 = 258.3kip )
Proceed assuming that the flange splice will consist of plate on both the outside and inside of the
flange. Assume that the flange force will be equally distributed between in the inner and outer
plates (we’ll check the validity of this assumption later). Also assume that the outer splice plate
will be 10.5” wide (the same width as the flange) with two rows of 1” diameter M164 (A325)
bolts.
258.3kip 300.3kip
Pu ,Ten = = 129.1kip Pu ,Comp = = 150.2kip
2 2
For the Outer Flange Splice Plate:
Gross Yielding (Tension):
φPn = φ y Fy Ag ≥ Pu ,Ten (6.8.2.1-1)

( )
φPn = ( 0.95 ) 50ksi (10.5") ( touter ) ≥ 129.1kip
129.1kip
touter ≥
( 0.95) ( 50ksi ) (10.5")
≥ 0.2589" → say 5
16 "
Net Section Fracture (Tension):
φPn = φu Fu AnU ≥ Pu ,Ten (6.8.2.1-2)

( )
φPn = ( 0.80 ) 65ksi ⎡⎣(10.5") − ( 2 )(1"+ 18 ") ⎤⎦ ( touter ) (1.00 ) ≥ 129.1kip
129.1kip
touter ≥
( 0.80 ) ( 65ksi ) ( 8.25")
≥ 0.3010" → say 5
16 "

-- 192 --
Gross Yielding (Compression):
φPn = φc Fy Ag ≥ Pu ,Comp (6.13.6.1.4c-4)

( )
φPn = ( 0.90 ) 50ksi (10.5") ( touter ) ≥ 150.2kip
150.2kip
touter ≥
( 0.90 ) ( 50ksi ) (10.5")
≥ 0.3179" → say 3
8"
For the Inner Flange Splice Plates:
The widths of the inner splice plates will be roughly equal the flange width of the section minus
the thickness of the web and fillets.
Winner = b f − 2k1 = 10.5"− ( 2 )(1 116 ") = 8.375"
Take the width of each of the two inner plates as 4”.
Gross Yielding (Tension):
φPn = φFy Ag ≥ Pu ,Ten (6.8.2.1-1)

(
φPn = ( 0.95 ) 50ksi ) ( 2)( 4.00") ( t Inner ) ≥ 129.1kip
129.1kip
tinner ≥
( 0.95) ( 50ksi ) ( 2 )( 4.00")
≥ 0.3297" → say 3
8"
Net Section Fracture (Tension):
φPn = φFu AnU ≥ Pu ,Ten (6.8.2.1-2)

(
φPn = ( 0.80 ) 65ksi ) ( 2) ⎡⎣( 4.00") − (1"+ 1
8" )⎤⎦ ( tInner ) (1.00 ) ≥ 129.1kip

-- 193 --
129.1kip
tinner ≥
( 0.80 ) ( 65ksi ) ( 5.75")
≥ 0.4318" → say 7
16 "
Gross Yielding (Compression):
φPn = φc Fy Ag ≥ Pu ,Comp (6.13.6.1.4c-4)

(
φPn = ( 0.90 ) 50ksi ) ( 2)( 4.00") ( t Inner ) ≥ 150.2kip
150.2kip
t Inner ≥
( 0.90 ) ( 50ksi ) ( 2 )( 4.00")
≥ 0.4172" → say 7
16 "
For a flange splice with inner and outer splice plates, the flange design force at the strength limit
state may be assumed divided equally to the inner and outer plates and their connections when
the areas of the inner and outer plates do not differ by more than 10% (Commentary, Page 6-
191).
AOuter = (10.5")( 3 8 ") = 3.938 in 2 AInner = ( 2 )( 4.00")( 7 16 ") = 3.500 in 2
AOuter − AInner ( 2 ) ( 3.938 in 2 ) − ( 3.500 in 2 )

= = 11.76%
AAve ( 3.938 in ) + ( 3.500 in )
2 2
Since the difference area is greater than 10%, either (1) the assumption that the flange force is
evenly divided between the outer and inner plates must be modified, or (2) the inner plate
thickness must be increased to 1/2”, which would result in a difference in area between the outer
and inner plates of less than 2%. The second option will be selected for the case of this
example.
Outer Flange Splice Plate: 101/2” x 3/8” Inner Flange Splice Plates: 4” x 1/8”

-- 194 --
Check Bolt Shear in the Flange Splice:
Assume that the threads are included in the shear plane of the connection. Bolts are in double
shear since both inside and outside splice plates are used.
Rn = 0.38 Ab Fub N s (6.13.2.7-2)
⎛π⎞
Ab = ⎜ ⎟ (1") = 0.7854 in 2
2
For A325 bolts, Fub = 120ksi
⎝4⎠
( )(
Rn = (0.38) 0.7854 in 2 120ksi (2) = 71.63 bolt
kip
)
(
φRn = (0.80) 71.63 bolt
kip
= 57.30 bolt
kip
)
Determine the number of flange bolts required:
300.3kip
n fb = kip
= 5.24 bolts → say 6 bolts
57.30 bolt
24 1/2"
2"
10 1/2"
6 1/2"
2"
2 1/2" 3 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 1/2" 2 1/2" 3 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 1/2"

1
/2" gap between ends of beams
PL 241/2” x 101/2" x 3/8"

W30 x 99 W30 x 99
PL 241/2" x 4" x 1/2" Each Side

1" dia M164 Bolts (12 places)

-- 195 --
Check Bolt Bearing in the Flange Splice:
Interior Bolts Bearing on the Beam Flange:
Lc = 3 1 2 "− ( 2 )( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 2.438" Since Lc = 2.433” > 2d = 2.0”,
Rn = 2.4dtFu ( )
Rn = (2.4) (1") (0.670") 65ksi = 104.5 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-1)
Interior Bolts Bearing on the Splice Plates:
Lc = 3 1 2 "− ( 2 )( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 2.438" Since Lc = 2.433” > 2d = 2.0”,
Rn = 2.4dtFu ( )
Rn = (2.4) (1") ( 83 "+ 12 ") 65ksi = 136.5 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-1)
End Bolts Bearing on the Beam Flange:
Lc = 2 1 2 "− ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969" Since Lc = 1.969” < 2d = 2.0”,
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu ( kip

)
Rn = (1.2) (1.969") (0.670") 65ksi = 102.9 bolt (6.13.2.9-2)
End Bolts Bearing on the Splice Plates:
Lc = 2 1 2 "− ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969" Since Lc = 1.969” < 2d = 2.0”,
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu ( )
Rn = (1.2) (1.969") ( 83 "+ 12 ") 65ksi = 134.4 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-2)
For all 6 Bolts:
(
kip
) (
kip
)
kip
(
= 623.9kip )
( )
φRn = (0.80) 623.9kip = 499.1kip OK

-- 196 --
Check Slip of the Flange Splice:
Bolted connections for flange splices shall be designed as slip-critical connections for the flange
design force. As a minimum, for checking slip of the flange splice bolts, the design force for the
flange under consideration shall be taken as the Service II design stress, Fs, times the smaller
gross flange area on either side of the splice.
Take the Service II moment as 548k-ft
Pslip = Fs Ag where Fs =
fs
=
( )
548k-ft (12 inft )( 29.7"
2 − 2 )
0.670"
= 23.92ksi (6.13.6.1.4c-5)
Rh (
(1.00 ) 3,990 in 4
)
( )
Pslip = 23.92ksi (10.5")( 0.670") = 168.3kip
The slip resistance of a single bolt is taken as:
Rn = K h K s N s Pt (6.13.2.8-1)
Kh = 1.00 (for standard holes)
Ks = 0.33 (assume Class A surface)
Ns = 2
Pt = 51kip (from Table 6.13.2.8-1 for M164 Bolts)
( )
Rn = (1.00)(0.33)(2) 51kip = 33.66 bolt
kip
Determine the number of flange bolts required:
168.3kip
n fb = kip
= 5.00 bolts → 6 bolts will work
33.66 bolt

-- 197 --
Check Block Shear of the Beam Flange:
3 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 1/2"
Atg = ( 2 )( 2")( 0.670") = 2.680 in 2
2"
Shear
Atn = ( 2 ) ⎡⎣ 2"− ( 12 ) (1"+ 18 ") ⎤⎦ ( 0.670") = 1.926 in 2
Tension
6 1/2"
Avg = ( 2 )( 3 1 2 "+ 3 1 2 "+ 2 1 2 ")( 0.670") = 12.73 in 2
Shear
Avn = ( 2 ) ⎡⎣9 1 2 "− ( 2.5 )(1"+ 18 ") ⎤⎦ ( 0.670") = 8.961 in 2
2"
?
Atn ≥ 0.58 Avn
?
1.926 in 2 ≥ (0.58)(8.961 in 2 ) = 5.198 in 2 NO!
∴ Rn = 0.58Fu Avn + Fy Atg (6.13.4-2)
(
Rn = (0.58) 65ksi 8.961 in 2 + 50ksi)( ) ( )( 2.680 in ) = 471.8
2 kip
(
φRn = (0.80) 471.8kip = 377.5kip ) OK

-- 198 --
B) Web Splice:
The web splice is to be designed for the following actions at the Strength Limit:
1. Vuw - The direct shear force.

2. Mvuw - The moment on the web bolts caused by the eccentricity of Vuw
3. Muw - The portion of the bending moment in the beam that is carried by the web.
4. Huw - The horizontal force resulting from the relocation of the beam moment from the
ENA location to the mid-height of the beam.
The shear force in the beam at the location of the splice is Vu = 45kip and the nominal shear
capacity of the beam is φVn = 427.7kip.
1. Determine the direct shear force acting on the web splice, Vuw:
?
Vu < 0.5φvVn
( )
?
45kip < ( 0.5 )(1.00 ) 427.7 kip = 213.8kip
Since Vu < 0.5φvVn ,
(
Vuw = 1.5Vu = (1.5 ) 45kip = 67.5kip ) (6.13.6.1.4b-1)
2. Determine the moment, Mvuw, that is caused by the eccentricity of the direct shear, Vuw:
Assuming the arrangement of bolts shown on Page 12, the distance from the CG of the
bolt group on one side of the splice to the CL of the splice is,
e = ( 12 ) ( 3 1 2 ") + 2 1 2 "+ ( 12 ) ( 1 2 ") = 4.50"
M vuw = e Vuw = ( 4.50") 67.5kip ( ) I used a gap of 1/2” here to be

= 303.8k-in = 25.31k-ft conservative. I understand that most
splices will use much narrower gaps
- these calculations will be conservative
for smaller gaps.

-- 199 --
3. Determine the portion of the beam moment that is carried by the web splice, Muw:
tw D 2
M uw = Rh Fcf − Rcf f ncf (C6.13.6.1.4b-1)
12
Fcf = 42.68ksi (Positive since it’s in tension)
Rcf = 1.207 (from Before)
f ncf = −35.36ksi (Negative since it’s in compression)
⎡ ( 0.520")( 28.36")2 ⎤
M uw =⎢
⎢⎣ 12 ⎥⎦
( )
⎥ (1.00 ) 42.08ksi − (1.207 ) −35.36ksi( )
( )
= 34.85 in 3 85.36ksi = 2,975k-in = 247.9k-ft
4. Determine the horizontal force that results from moving the beam moment, Huw:
tw D
H uw = Rh Fcf + Rcf f ncf (C6.13.6.1.4b-2)
12
⎡ ( 0.520")( 28.36") ⎤
H uw = ⎢ ( )
⎥ (1.00 ) 42.68 + (1.207 ) −35.36
ksi ksi
( )
⎣ 12 ⎦
( )
= 1.229 in 2 0.000ksi = 0.00kip
In this case, the ENA is at the mid-height of the beam. Since Huw is the horizontal force
that results from the eccentricity of the ENA relative to the mid-height of the beam, it
makes sense that Huw is zero.

-- 200 --
The total moment acting on the web splice is,
M Total = M vuw + M uw = 303.8k-in + 2,975k-in = 3, 279k-in
The total actions acting on the web splice are as shown below on the left.
To determine the forces acting on the bolts using the Elastic Vector Method, tables in the AISC
Manual of Steel Construction will be used for preliminary investigations. These tables are set up
to account for the shear force, Vuw, but not the moment, MTotal. This can be accommodated by
computing a fictitious shear force, P, that when applied over the eccentricity, e, results in the
same actions as the actually applied shear and moment.
3, 279k-in
P= = 728.7 kip
4.50"
2 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 3/4"
1 2
P = 728.7kip
G
e = 41/2"

-- 201 --
-- 202 --
From Table 7-8 on Page 7-38 of the 13th Ed. of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction,
Pu 728.7 kip
Cmin = = = 12.72
φrn 57.30 bolt
kip
From the Table for e = 4.00”, S = 3.00”, and for 8 bolts in a row, C = 13.2
From the Table for e = 5.00”, S = 3.00”, and for 8 bolts in a row, C = 12.2
The average of these two values is 12.7. Although this is slightly smaller than 12.72, the
proposed configuration will probably still work since our horizontal spacing is 31/2” instead
of 3”.
Elastic Vector Method for the Web Splice:
( ) ( ) ( ) (
Σd 2 = ( 4 ) ⎡ ( 4 ) ( d x ) + d y , D + d y ,C + d y , B + d y , A ⎤ )
2 2 2 2 2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Σd 2 = ( 4 ) ⎡( 4 )(1.75") + (1.5") + ( 4.5") + ( 7.5") + (10.5") ⎤ = 805 in 2
2 2 2 2 2
⎣ ⎦
Examine Bolt A2:
VT , X =
T y
=
(
3, 279k-in (10.5") )
= 42.77 kip
Σd 2
805 in 2
VT ,Y =
T x
=
(
3, 279k-in (1.75") )
= 7.128kip
Σd 2
805 in 2
The direct shear force is,
VD ,Y =
( 67.5 ) = 4.219
kip
kip
bolt
16 bolts
( 42.77 ) + ( 7.128
kip 2
)
2
VTotal = kip
+ 4.219kip = 44.25kip
From this, an actual value of C can be computed, which

will be useful when investigating slip resistance.
PTotal 728.7 kip

C Actual = = kip
= 16.47
Pbolt 44.25 bolt

-- 203 --
The calculations shown on the previous page have been validated using the
spreadsheet shown here.
M: 2975
Px: 0 xCG: 0
Py: 67.5 yCG: 0
ex: 4.5
Σd:
2
ey: 0 805.00
T= 3278.75 Vmax = 44.2459

2
Bolt x y d Vx Vy Vtotal
A1 -1.75 10.50 113.31 42.7663 -7.1277 42.8651
B1 -1.75 7.50 59.31 30.5474 -7.1277 30.6856
C1 -1.75 4.50 23.31 18.3284 -7.1277 18.5578
D1 -1.75 1.50 5.31 6.1095 -7.1277 6.7667
E1 -1.75 -1.50 5.31 -6.1095 -7.1277 6.7667
F1 -1.75 -4.50 23.31 -18.3284 -7.1277 18.5578
G1 -1.75 -7.50 59.31 -30.5474 -7.1277 30.6856
H1 -1.75 -10.50 113.31 -42.7663 -7.1277 42.8651
A2 1.75 10.50 113.31 42.7663 7.1277 44.2459
B2 1.75 7.50 59.31 30.5474 7.1277 32.5866
C2 1.75 4.50 23.31 18.3284 7.1277 21.5563
D2 1.75 1.50 5.31 6.1095 7.1277 12.8867
E2 1.75 -1.50 5.31 -6.1095 7.1277 12.8867
F2 1.75 -4.50 23.31 -18.3284 7.1277 21.5563
G2 1.75 -7.50 59.31 -30.5474 7.1277 32.5866
H2 1.75 -10.50 113.31 -42.7663 7.1277 44.2459

-- 204 --
Check Flexural Yielding of the Web Splice Plates:
Take Muw = 3,262k-in
M y ⎡ 12 ⎤⎛ M d ⎞ 3M
σ= =⎢ 3 ⎥⎜ ⎟ = 2 ≤ φFy
p
I
⎣ ( )( )
⎢ d p 2t p ⎥⎝
⎦
2 ⎠ d pt p
Solve for tp:

3M
tp ≥ 2 =
(
( 3) 3, 262k-in )
= 0.2787"
d p φFy ( 26.5")2 (1.00 ) 50ksi ( )
Use one PL261/2” x 171/2” x 5/16” each side of web.
Check Shear Yielding of the Web Splice Plates:
Take Vuw = 67.5kip
Vuw ≤ φVn = ( φ )( 0.58 ) d p( )( 2t p )( Fy )

( )
= (1.00 )( 0.58 )( 26.5") ⎡⎣( 2 )( 516 ") ⎤⎦ 50ksi = 480.3kip OK
Check Shear Rupture of the Web Splice Plates:
Take Vuw = 67.5kip
(
Vuw ≤ φVn = ( φ )( 0.58 ) d p ,net )( 2t p ) ( Fu )
( )
= ( 0.80 )( 0.58 ) ⎡⎣( 26.5") − ( 8 )(1 1 8 ") ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( 2 )( 516 ") ⎤⎦ 65ksi = 329.9kip OK

-- 205 --
Check Bearing of the Bolts in the Web Splice:
Edge Bolts Bearing on the Beam Web:
Lc = 2 1 2 "− ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969" Since Lc = 1.969” < 2d = 2.0”,
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu ( )
Rn = (1.2) (1.969") (0.520") 65ksi = 79.85 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-2)
Edge Bolts Bearing on the Splice Plates:
Lc = 2 1 2 "− ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969" Since Lc = 1.969” < 2d = 2.0”,
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu ( )
Rn = (1.2) (1.969")( 2 )( 516 ") 65ksi = 95.99 bolt
kip
(6.13.2.9-2)
Summary of Splice Plate Bearing:
Bearing on the beam web governs.
Rn = 79.85 bolt
kip
(
φRn = ( 0.80 ) 79.85 bolt
kip
)
= 63.88 bolt
kip
OK

-- 206 --
Check Slip of the Bolts in the Web Splice:
Take the Service II moment as 548k-ft. From the slip check on the flange splice, Fs and fs were
determined to be 23.92ksi and Pslip was determined to be 168.3kip. Take the Service II shear force
at the location of the splice to be Vsw = 30.4kip.
The web splice is to be designed for the following actions at the Service II Limit
1. Vsw - The direct shear force.

2. Mvsw - The moment on the web bolts caused by the eccentricity of Vsw
3. Msw - The portion of the bending moment in the beam that is carried by the web.
4. Hsw - The horizontal force resulting from the relocation of the beam moment from the
ENA location to the mid-height of the beam.
1. The direct shear force acting on the web splice is given as, Vsw = 30.4kip:
2. Determine the moment, Mvsw, that is caused by the eccentricity of the direct shear, Vsw:
Assuming the arrangement of bolts shown on Page 12, the distance from the CG of the
bolt group on one side of the splice to the CL of the splice is,
e = ( 12 ) ( 3 1 2 ") + 2 1 2 "+ ( 12 ) ( 1 2 ") = 4.50"
M vsw = e Vsw = ( 4.50") 30.4kip ( )

= 136.8k-in = 11.40k-ft

-- 207 --
3. Determine the portion of the beam moment that is carried by the web splice, Msw:
tw D 2
M sw = f s − f os (C6.13.6.1.4b-1 mod)
12
⎡ ( 0.520")( 28.36")2 ⎤
M sw =⎢
⎢⎣ 12
( ) (
⎥ 23.92ksi − −23.92ksi
⎥⎦
)
( )
= 34.85 in 3 47.84ksi = 1, 667 k-in = 138.9k-ft
4. Determine the horizontal force that results from moving the beam moment, Hsw:
tw D
H sw = f s + f os (C6.13.6.1.4b-2 mod)
12
⎡ ( 0.520")( 28.36") ⎤
H sw = ⎢ ( ) (
⎥ 23.92 + −23.92
ksi ksi
)
⎣ 12 ⎦
( )
= 1.229 in 2 0.000ksi = 0.00kip
The total moment acting on the web splice is,
M Total = M vsw + M sw = 136.8k-in + 1, 667 k-in = 1,804k-in
The fictitious shear force, P, that when applied over the eccentricity, e, results in the same
actions as the actually applied shear and moment is determined as,
1,804k-in
P= = 400.8kip
4.50"
The largest bolt force in the web splice due to the Service II combination can be determined as,
PTotal 400.8kip
PBolt = = = 24.34 bolt
kip
C 16.47
kip
This force is well below the slip capacity of 33.66 bolt that was computed on Page 8. OK

-- 208 --
Final Splice Detail:
The final splice configuration is shown below.
Technically speaking, fatigue should also be checked for beam flanges and flange splice plates at
the location of the splice.
Outer Flange Splice Plate: PL 241/2” x 101/2" x 3/8" Each Flange
2"
6 1/2"
2"
2 1/2" 3 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 1/2" 2 1/2" 3 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 1/2"
2"
2"
Inner Flange Splice Plates: PL 241/2" x 4" x 1/2" Each Flange

2"
2"
1" dia M164 Bolts (12 Places Each Flange)
W30 x 99 W30 x 99
Web Splice Plates: PL 261/2” x 171/2" x 5/16" Each Side of Web
1" dia M164 Bolts (32 Places)

2 3/4"
7 Spaces @ 3"
2 3/4"
2 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 1/2" 2 1/2" 3 1/2" 2 1/2"

-- 209 --

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LRFD Steel Design

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design

Created July 2007

The University of Cincinnati

It may not be reproduced, distributed, sold,

July 31, 2007

Case Study: 2-Span Continuous Bridge.......................................................................................1

Case Study: 1-Span Simply-Supported Bridge .........................................................................63

Case Study: 1-Span Truss Bridge...............................................................................................87

Ad-Hoc Tension Member Examples

Ad-Hoc Compression Member Examples

Ad-Hoc Flexural Member Examples

Ad-Hoc Shear Strength Examples

Ad-Hoc Connection and Splice Examples

42' - 0" Out to Out of Deck

39' - 0" Roadway Width

23/4" Haunch (typ)

3'-0" 3 spaces @ 12' - 0" = 36' - 0" 3'-0"

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

DC dead loads (structural components) include:

DW dead loads (structural attachments) include:

2.1: Dead Load Calculations

Steel Girder Self-Weight (DC1): (Add 15% for Miscellaneous Steel)

(a) Section 1 (Positive Bending)

A = (15”)(3/4”) + (69”)(9/16”) + (21”)(1”) = 71.06 in2

(b) Section 2 (Negative Bending)

A = (21”)(1”) + (69”)(9/16”) + (21”)(2-1/2”) = 112.3 in2

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

Haunch Self-Weight (DC1):

Average width of haunch: ( 1 2 ) ⎡⎣(16.2"+ (2)(9") ) + 16.2"⎤⎦ = 25.2"

Barrier Walls (DC2):

⎛ (2 each) ( 640 plf ) ⎞

Wearing Surface (DW):

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

Unfactored Dead Load Shear Diagrams from SAP

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

Max (+) Moment Max (-) Moment

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

Unfactored Moving Load Shear Envelopes from SAP

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

Max (+) Moment Max (-) Moment

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

Tandem: ( 25 ) ( 33.00 ) + ( 25 ) ( 31.11 ) = 1, 603

Single Truck: ( 8 ) ( 26.13 ) + ( 32 ) ( 33.00 ) + ( 32 ) ( 26.33 ) = 2,108

Lane Load: ( 0.640 ) ( 2, 491 ) = 1,594

(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33 ) (1, 603 k-ft

(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane: (1.33 ) ( 2,108 k-ft

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

32kip 32kip 32kip 32kip

Tandem: ( 25 ) (18.51 ) + ( 25 ) (18.45 ) = 924.0

Single Truck: ( 8 ) (17.47 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) = 1,318

( 8 ) (17.47 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) + ...

Lane Load: ( 0.640 ) ( 3,918 ) = 2,508

(IM)(Tandem) + Lane: (1.33 ) ( 924.0 k-ft

(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane: (1.33 ) (1,318 k-ft

(0.90){(IM)(Two Trucks) + Lane}: ( 0.90 ) ⎡⎣(1.33 ) ( 2,630 k-ft

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example AASHTO-LRFD 2007

2.3: Braking Force

The Breaking Force, BR, is taken as the maximum of:

A) 25% of the Design Truck

BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 8kip + 32kip + 32kip ) = 18.00kip

B) 25% of the Design Tandem

BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 25kip + 25kip ) = 12.50kip