Matter - is any substance that has mass and takes up space; this includes atoms and anything

made up of these, but not other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound.
Element - is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons - i.e.
the same atomic number. Elements are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot
be broken down using chemical methods. Elements can only be changed into other elements
using nuclear methods.

Compound - is an entity consisting of two or more atoms, at least two from different elements,
which associate via chemical bonds.

Atom - is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical
element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms
are very small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short
scale).

Molecule - is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However,
in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used less
strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

Atomic Nucleus - is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of
an atom, Almost all of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus, with a very small
contribution from the electron cloud. Protons and neutrons are bound together to form a nucleus
by the nuclear force.

Electron - is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β− , with a negative elementary electric

charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally
thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure.

Proton - is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p+ , with a positive electric charge of

+1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons,
each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as
"nucleons".

Neutron - is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0, with no net electric charge and
a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons, each with mass
approximately one atomic mass unit, constitute the nucleus of an atom, and they are collectively
referred to as nucleons.

Valence Electron - is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the
formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one
valence electron in order to form a shared pair. The presence of valence electrons can
determine the element's chemical properties, such as its valence—whether it may bond with
other elements.

Electric charge - is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when
placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric
charges: positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like
charges repel and unlike attract. An absence of net charge is referred to as neutral. An object is
negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and is otherwise positively charged or
uncharged. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C).

Electric current - is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by
moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and
electrons such as in an ionised gas (plasma).The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the
ampere, which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per
second. Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.

Electric potential (also called the electric field potential or the electrostatic potential) - is the
amount of work needed to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point
inside the field without producing any acceleration. This value can be calculated in either a static
(time-invariant) or a dynamic (varying with time) electric field at a specific time in units of joules
per coulomb (J C−1), or volts (V). The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.

The ohm - is defined as an electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a
constant potential difference of 1 volt, applied to these points, produces in the conductor a
current of 1 ampere, the conductor not being the seat of any electromotive force.
The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance.

Electric Conductance - is the measure of how easy the electric current flows in an electrical
circuit. It's the inverse of electric resistance. SI unit of electric conductance is siemens (S). It's
also called mho (spelled backwards of ohm, resistance unit). Other units are millisiemens,
microsiemens, ampere/volt, kilosiemens, megasiemens.
Conventional current – is electric current. Ammeters measure conventional current. In other
words, ammeters sum all the different types of charge-flows together, and report the total. In
particular, a clamp-on ammeter directly measures Conventional Current. Electron-flow is a
subset of “Electric Current” or “Conventional Current.” A negative charge, flowing backwards,
gives a positive (forward) result. An ammeter cannot tell the difference between positives
flowing forwards, versus negatives flowing backwards.
Electron flow - is what we think of as electrical current. We are familiar with two types of
electron flow, Direct Current, or DC, and Alternating Current, or AC. Direct Current is the kind of
electrical flow we get from batteries and solar cells, when electrons travel in only one direction.
Electric power - is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electric power is usually produced
by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries.
Electrical energy - is the energy newly derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy.
When loosely used to describe energy absorbed or delivered by an electrical circuit (for
example, one provided by an electric power utility) "electrical energy" talks about energy which
has been converted from electric potential energy. This energy is supplied by the combination
of electric current and electric potential that is delivered by the circuit.
Conductor - is an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current in one or
more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors. Electrical current is
generated by the flow of negatively charged electrons, positively charged holes, and positive or
negative ions in some cases.
Semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of
a conductor, such as copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Their resistance decreases as
their temperature increases, which is behavior opposite to that of a metal. Their conducting
properties may be altered in useful ways by the deliberate, controlled introduction of impurities
("doping") into the crystal structure. The behavior of charge carriers which
include electrons, ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis
of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics.
Electrical insulator - is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very
little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field. This contrasts with
other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current more easily.
The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity
than semiconductors or conductors.
Ohm's law - states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of
proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes
this relationship. where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the
voltage measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the
conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is
constant, independent of the current.

Alternating current (AC) - an electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at
regular intervals, typically used in power supplies.

Direct current (DC) - is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by
sources such as batteries, power supplies, thermocouples, solar cells, or dynamos. The electric
current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC).
1. A circuit is the path that an electric current travels on, and a simple circuit contains
three components necessary to have a functioning electric circuit, namely, a source of
voltage, a conductive path, and a resistor. Circuits are driven by flows. Flows are
ubiquitous in nature, and are often the result of spatial differences in potential energy.

2. A closed circuit has a complete path for current to flow. An open circuit doesn't, which
means that it's not functional.

3. Open-circuit voltage (abbreviated as OCV or VOC ) is the difference of electrical

potential between two terminals of a device when disconnected from any circuit.[1] There
is no external load connected. No external electric current flows between the terminals. It
is sometimes given the symbol Voc.
4. A short circuit is a low-resistance path, usually made unintentionally, that bypasses
part of a circuit. This can happen when two bare wires in a circuit touch each other. The
part of the circuit bypassed by the short circuit ceases to function, and a large amount of
current could start to flow.

5. In a series circuit, the same current flows through all the components. The total voltage
across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component, and the total
resistance is the sum of the resistances of each component.

6. A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through. Voltage is the same
across each component of the parallel circuit. The sum of the currents through each
path is equal to the total current that flows from the source.
1. An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance, the
opposition to an electric current. Micro-ohmmeters (microhmmeter or microohmmeter)
make low resistance measurements. Megohmmeters (also a trademarked
device Megger) measure large values of resistance. The unit of measurement for
resistance is ohms (Ω).

2. A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between

two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in
proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of
voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.
A voltmeter in a circuit diagram is represented by the letter V in a circle.
3. An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure
the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name.
Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range,
are designated as milliammeters or microammeters.

4. The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate
of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used
for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are
required for radio frequency measurements.
 UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CALOOCAN CAMPUS

ASSIGNMENT #1
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY

GAMBOA, ARIEL C.
20151157958
III – ME
NEE 220 – 1CE

DATE PERFORMED:
June 16, 2017
DATE SUBMITTED:
June 19, 2017

ENGR. HIPOL
INSTRUCTOR