12 DETEMINANTS & MATRICES PART 1 of 6 PDF

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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
Available Online : www.MathsBySuhag.com
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 + 5 = 6)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
6. 39 Yrs. Que. from IIT-JEE(Advanced)
7. 15 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE (JEE Main)
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Determinant
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1. Definition :
Let us consider the equations a 1x + b1y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0
page 2 of 54
a y a2 a1 a2
 – 1 = =–  =  a1b2 – a2b1 = 0
b1 x b2 b1 b2
a1 b1
we express this eliminant as =0
a2 b2
a1 b1
The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
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a2 b2
Its value is given by: D = a1 b2  a2 b1
2. E x p a ns io n of D et er m i na nt :
a1 b1 c1
The symbol a 2 b 2 c 2 is called the determinant of order three.
a3 b3 c 3
Its value can be found as:
b2 c 2 b c1 b1 c1
D = a1  a2 1 + a3 OR
b3 c3 b3 c 3 b2 c 2
b2 c 2 a2 c 2 a2 b2
D = a1  b1 + c1 ... & so on.
b3 c3 a3 c 3 a3 b3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ; R 1, R2, R3 or C1, C2, C3.
3. Minors:
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after
deleting the row & the column in which the given element stands. For example, the minor of a 1 in
a1 b1 c1
b2 c 2 a1 c 1
a 2 b 2 c 2 is & the minor of b2 is .
b3 c 3 a3 c 3
a3 b3 c 3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a determinant of order three will have “9
minors”.
4. Cofactor:
Cofactor of the element aij is Cij = (1)i+j. Mij ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the
particular element lies.
Note that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as:
D = a11M11  a12M12 + a13M13
OR D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on.
5. Transp ose of a D et erm inant :
The transpose of a determinant is a determinant obtained after interchanging the rows & columns.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a 3
D = a2 b2 c 2  DT  b1 b 2 b 3
a 3 b3 c 3 c1 c 2 c 3
6. Sy m m et ri c , S kew -S y m m e t r ic , A sy m m et ri c D et er m i na nt s:
(i) A determinant is symmetric if it is identical to its transpose. Its i th row is identical to its i th
column i.e. aij = aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '
(ii) A determinant is skew-symmetric if it is identical to its transpose having sign of each element
inverted i.e. aij = – aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '. A skew-symmetric determinant has all elements
zero in its principal diagonal.
(iii) A determinant is asymmetric if it is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
7. Prop ert ies of D et erm ina nt s:
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c 1 a1 a 2 a 3
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2  b1 b 2 b 3 = D
a3 b3 c 3 c1 c 2 c 3
(ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c 2
Let D = a 2 b 2 c 2 & D = a1 b1 c1 Then D =  D.
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3
NOTE : A skew-symmetric deteminant of odd order has value zero.
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(iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column then its value is zero,
0 0 0
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero,
a1 b1 c1
page 3 of 54
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant
is multiplied by that number, i.e.
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc 1
D = a2 b2 c 2 and D = a 2 b 2 c 2
Then D= KD
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3
(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a1x b1y c1z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c 2  a2 b 2 c 2  a2 b 2 c 2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3
(vii) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) a
constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1 b1 c1 a1  ma 2 b1  mb 2 c 1  mc 2
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2 and D = a2 b2 c2 . Then D= D.
a3 b3 c 3 a 3  na1 b 3  nb1 c 3  nc1
a b c
Example : Simplify b c a
c a b
abc abc abc
Solution. Let R1  R1 + R2 + R3  b c a
c a b
1 1 1
= (a + b + c) b c a
c a b
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a
c a ab b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a) 2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b 2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a 2 – b2 – c2)
= 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
a b c
Example : Simplify a2 b2 c 2
bc ca ab
a2 b2 c2
1 3 3
Solution. Given detereminant is equal to = a b c3
abc
abc abc abc
a2 b2 c2
abc
= a3 b3 c3
abc
1 1 1
Apply C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3
2 2 2 2 2
a b b c c
3 3 3 3
= a b b c c3
0 0 1
ab bc c2
2 2 2 2
= (a – b) (b – c) a  ab  b b  bc  c c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab + abc + ac + b + b C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
2 2 3 2
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
page 4 of 54
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) Use of factor theorem.
USE OF FACTOR THEOREM TO FIND THE VALUE OF DETERMINANT
If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x  a) is a factor of the determinant.
a b c
2 2 2
Example : Prove that a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) by using factor theorem.
bc ca ab
Solution. Let a = b
a b c
2
 D= a b2 c 2 = 0 Hence (a – b) is a factor of determinant
bc ac ab
Similarly, let b = c, D = 0
c = a, D = 0
Hence, (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) is factor of determinant. But the given determinant is of fifth
order so
a b c
a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) ( (a2 + b2 + c2) + µ (ab + bc + ca))
bc ca ab
Since this is an identity so in order to find the values of  and µ. Let
a = 0, b = 1, c = – 1
– 2 = (2) (2 – µ)
(2 – µ) = – 1. ........(i)
Let a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
1 2 0
1 4 0 = (–1) 2 (– 1) (5 + 2µ)
0 0 2
 5 + 2µ = 2 .......(ii)
from (i) and (ii)  = 0 and µ = 1
a b c
Hence a 2 b2 c2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca).
bc ca ab
Self Practice Problems
0 ba c a
1. Find the value of  = a  b 0 c b . Ans. 0
ac bc 0
b 2  ab b  c bc  ac
2 2
2. Simplify ab  a a  b b  ab . Ans. 0
bc  ac c  a ab  a 2
abc 2a 2a
2b bc a 2b
3. Prove that = (a + b + c)3.
2c 2c c ab
1 a bc
4. Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab
8. M u l t i p li c a t io n O f T wo D e t e r m i n a n t s :
a1 b1 1 m1 a1 1b1 2 a1m1b1m 2

 
a2 b 2 2 m2 a 2  1b 2  2 a 2 m1b 2 m 2
a1 b1 c1  1 m1 n1 a1 1  b1 2  c1 3 a1m1  b1m 2  c 1m 3 a1n1  b1n 2  c1n3
a2 b2 c 2 ×  2 m2 n 2 = a 2  1  b 2  2  c 2  3 a 2m1  b 2m 2  c 2m 3 a 2n1  b 2n 2  c 2n3
a3 b3 c3  3 m3 n 3 a3 1  b3 2  c 3 3 a 3m1  b3m 2  c 3m 3 a 3n1  b3n 2  c 3n3
We have multiplied here rows by rows but we can also multiply rows by columns, columns by rows and
columns by columns.
If  = |aij| is a detereminant of order n, then the value of the determinant |A ij | =  n – 1. This is also known
as power cofactor formula.

1 2 3 0 1 8
Example : Find the value of × and prove that it is equal to .
1 3 1 4  6 12
page 5 of 54
1 2 3 0
Solution. ×
1 3 1 4
1 3  2  1 1 0  2  4
=
 1 3  3  (1)  1 0  3  4
1 8
= = 60
 6 12
a1x1  b1y1 a1x 2  b1y 2 a1x 3  b1y 3
Example : Prove that a 2 x1  b 2 y1 a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 a 2 x 3  b 2 y 3 = 0
a 3 x 1  b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2  b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3  b3 y 3
Solution. Given determinant can be splitted into product of two determinants
a1x1  b1y1 a1x 2  b1y 2 a1x 3  b1y 3 a1 b1 c1 x1 x 2 x3
i.e. a x
2 1  b y
2 1 a x
2 2  b y
2 2 a x
2 3  b y
2 3 = a 2 b 2 c 2 × y1 y 2 y3 = 0
a 3 x 1  b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2  b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3  b3 y 3 a3 b3 c 3 0 0 0
(a1  b1 )2 (a1  b 2 )2 (a1  b 3 )2
Example : Prove that (a 2  b1 )2 (a 2  b 2 )2 (a 2  b 3 )2
(a 3  b1 )2 (a3  b 2 )2 (a 3  b 3 )2
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1).
(a1  b1 )2 (a1  b 2 )2 (a1  b 3 )2
Solution. (a 2  b1 )2 (a 2  b 2 )2 (a 2  b 3 )2
(a 3  b1 )2 ( a3  b 2 ) 2 (a 3  b 3 )2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  2a1b1 a1  b 2  2a1b 2 a1  b 3  2a1b 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
= a 2  b1  2a 2b1 a 2  b 2  2a 2b 2 a 2  b 3  2a 2b 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
a 3  b1  2a 3b1 a 3  b 2  2a 3b 2 a 3  b 3  2a 3b 3
2
a1 1  2a1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
= a 2 1  2a 2 × b1 b2 b3
2
a 3 1  2a 3 b1 b2 b3
2 2
1 a1 a1 1 b1 b1
2 2
= 2 1 a2 a2 × 1 b2 b2
2 2
1 a3 a3 1 b3 b 3
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1)
cos( A  P) cos( A  Q) cos( A  R)
Example : Prove that cos(B  P) cos(B  Q ) cos(B  R) = 0
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)
cos( A  P) cos( A  Q) cos( A  R)
Solution. cos(B  P) cos(B  Q ) cos(B  R)
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)
cos A cos P  sin A sin P cos A cos Q  sin A sin Q cos A cos R  sin A sin R
= cos B cos P  sin B sin P cos B cos Q  sin B sin Q cos B cos R  sin B sin R
cos C cos P  sin C sin P cos C cos Q  sin C sin Q cos C cos R  sin C sin R
cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R
cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R
= × = 0 × 0 = 0.
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0
1. Find the value of 
2bc  a 2 c2 b2
c2 2ca  b 2 a2
Ans. (3abc – a3 – b3 – c3)2
b2 a2 2ab  c 2
page 6 of 54
1 cos(B  A ) cos( C  A )
2. If A, B, C are real numbers then find the value of  = cos( A  B) 1 cos(C  B) . Ans.0
cos( A  C) cos(B  C) 1
9. Su m m a t i on o f D et erm in a n t s
f(r) g(r ) h(r )
Let (r) = a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b 3
where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are constants indepedent of r, then
n n n
n

r 1
f (r ) 
r 1
g(r )  h(r )
r 1

r 1
(r ) = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
Here function of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other then that
row or column should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have elements dependent on
r then first expand the determinant and then find the summation.
n
2r  1 nCr 2r
Example : Evaluate  x cos 2  y
r 1 n2 n n1
2 1 2  2
n n n
r
n  (2r  1)  n Cr 2
Solution : D
r 1
r = r 1
x
r 1
cos2  y
r 1
n2 n n 1
2 1 2  2
n2 2n  1 2n 1  2
= x cos 2  y =0
n2 2n  1 2n 1  2
n 2 n2 n2
Cr 2 Cr 1 Cr
Example : Dr = 3 1 1
2 1 0
n
evaluate D
r 2
r
n 2 n2 n2
n n Cr 2 Cr 1 Cr
Solution : D r = 
r2
3 1 1
r 2 2 1 0
n 2
C0  n2 C1  ....  n 2Cn 2 n2
C1  n 2C 2  ....  n2Cn 2 n2
C 2  n 2C3  ....  n2Cn 2
= 3 1 1
2 1 0
2n2 2n 2  1 2n2  1  n
= 3 1 1
2 1 0
2n2  2n1  2 2n 2  1 2n 2  1  n

C1  C1 – 2 × C2 = 1 1 1
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" &0"should" with
1 "I Will". Ineffective
0 People don't.
2n 2  2n1  2 2n 2  1  n
= (–1)
1 1
= 2n – 1 – n – 3
r 1 1 0 n
Example : If  r = 2 r 3  r , find r 
page 7 of 54
r 1 1  2 r  1
Solution. On expansion of determinent, we get

n
Dr = (r –1) (3 – r) + 7 + r 2 + 4r = 8r + 4  
r 1
r = 4n (n + 2)
Self Practice Problem
n r 1 x 6
1. Evaluate 
r 1
Dr (r  1) 2
y 4n  2 Ans. 0
3 2
(r  1) z 3n  3n
10. Int eg ra t ion of a d et erm ina nt
f ( x) g( x) h( x )
a1 b1 c1
Let (x) =
a2 b2 c2
where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are constants independent of x. Hence
b b b
b

a
f ( x ) dx 
a
g( x) dx  h(x) dx
a
 ( x ) dx = a1 b1 c1
a a2 b2 c2
Note : If more than one row or one column are function of x then first expand the determinant and then
integrate it.
cos x 1 0 /2
Example : If f(x) = 1 2 cos x 1 , then find

0
f ( x ) dx 
0 1 2 cos x
Solution. Here f(x) = cos x (4 cos2x – 1) –2 cos x
= 4 cos3x – 3 cos x = cos 3x
/2 /2
sin 3 x  1
so 
0
cos 3 x dx =
3  0
=–
3
 2  1 2  2  2  3 1
6 4 3
Example : If  =
x x 2
x 3
, then find  (x ) dx
0
1 2  1 2  2 2  3
6 4 3
Solution.  (x ) dx
0
=
1 1 1
2 3
 x dx  x
0 0
dx x
0
dx
 2  1 2  2  2  3  2  1 2  2  2  3
6 4 3 1 6 4 3
= 1 1 1 = =0
12 6 4 3
2 3 4
11. D i ff er en t i a t io n of D et er m i na nt :
f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x)
Let (x) = g1( x) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h2 ( x) h3 ( x )
f1( x ) f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x ) f1( x ) f 2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
then (x) = g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1 ( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x) h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x) h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x)

3 2 1
2 3
If f(x) = 6 x 2x x 4 , then find the value of f(a).
page 8 of 54
Example :
1 a a2
3 2 1
2
Solution. f(x) = 12 x 6 x 4x3
1 a a2
3 2 1
3 2 1
2 2
f(x) = 12 12 x 12 x  f(a) = 12 1 a a = 0.
1 a a2 1 a a2
Example : Let  be a repeated root of quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomial of
degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
A( ) B( ) C( )
divisible by f(x).
A( ) B( ) C( )
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
Solution. Let g(x) = A( ) B( ) C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
 g(x) = A( ) B( ) C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )
Since g() = g() = 0
 g(x) = (x – )2 h(x) i.e.  is the repeated root of g(x) and h(x) is any polynomial
expression of degree 3. Also f(x) = 0 have repeated root . So g(x) is divisible by f(x).
Example : Prove that F depends only on x 1, x 2 and x 3
1 1 1
F= x1  a1 x 2  a1 x 3  a1
2 2 2
x1  b1x1  b 2 x 2  b1x 2  b 2 x 3  b1x 3  b 2
and simplify F.
0 0 0
dF
Solution : = x1  a1 x 2  a1 x 3  a1
da1
x12  b1x1  b 2 x 22  b1x 2  b 2 x 32  b1x 3  b 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 1 1 1 + x1  a1 x 2  a1 x 3  a1 = 0
x12  b1x1  b 2 x 22  b1x 2  b 2 x 32  b1x 3  b 2 0 0 0
Hence F is independent of a1.
dF dF
Similarly = = 0.
db1 db 2
Hence F is independent of b1 and b2 also.
So F is dependent only on x 1, x 2, x 3
1 1 1
Put a1 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0  F = x1 x2 x3
x12 x 22 x 32
= (x 1 – x 2) (x 2 – x 3) (x 3 – x 1).
ex sin x
Example : If = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cos x n(1  x )
Solution : Put x = 0 in
ex sin x
= A + Bx + Cx 2 + .......
cos x n(1  x )
1 0
 =A A = 0.
1 0
Differentiating the given determinant w.r.t x, we get
ex cos x ex sin x
+  sin x 1 = B + 2 C x + ......
cos x n(1  x )
page 9 of 54
1 x
Put x = 0, we get
1 1 1 0
+ =0
1 0 0 1
 B = –1 + 1 = 0
 A = 0, B = 0
Self Practice Problem
x x 1 x
 2x x  1 1
1. If = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d. Find
x 1 1 x
(i) d Ans. [– 1]
(ii) a+b+c+d Ans. [– 5]
(iii) b Ans. [– 4]
12. Cra m er' s Ru le: Sy st em of Linea r E q u a t ions
(i) Two Variables
(a) Consistent Equations: Definite & unique solution. [ intersecting lines ]
(b) Inconsistent Equation: No solution. [ Parallel line ]
(c) Dependent equation: Infinite solutions. [ Identical lines ]
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then:
a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are inconsistent &
a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2
(ii) Three Variables
Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1............ (I)

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2............ (II)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3............ (III)
D D D
Then, x = 1 , Y = 2 , Z = 3 .
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c 1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
a b2 c 2 d b2 c 2 a d2 c 2 a b 2 d2
Where D = 2 ; D1 = 2 ; D2 = 2 & D3 = 2
a3 b3 c 3 d3 b 3 c 3 a 3 d3 c 3 a 3 b 3 d3
(iii) Consistency of a system of Equations
(a) If D  0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3  0, then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution.
(b) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only.
(c) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations have either infinite solutions or no
solution.
(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)

(d) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
(e) If a given system of linear equations have Only Zero Solution for all its variables then the given equations
are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
(iv) Three equation in two variables :
If x and y are not zero, then condition for a 1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 &
a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
Example: Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Solution. Let D = 2 3 4
page 10 of 54
3 4 5
apply C1  C1 – C2 , C2  C2 – C3
1 1 3
D = 1 1 4 = 0 D = 0
1 1 5
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4
0 4 5
C3  C3 – C2
1 2 1
D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1
R1  R1 – R2 , R2  R2 – R3
 2 1 0
D1 = 3 1 0 = 5
0 4 1
D = 0 But D1  0 Hence no solution
*Example : Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=1
2x + 2y + 2z = 3
3x + 3y + 3z = 4
1 1 1
Solution.  D= 2 2 2 =0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
 Let z = t
x+y=1–t
2x + 2y = 3 – 2t
Since both the lines are parallel hence no value of x and y Hence there is no solution of the
given equation.
*Example : Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=2
2x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x + 3y + 3z = 6
1 1 1
2 2 2
Solution.  D= =0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the system will have infinite solutions.
Let z = t 1, y = t 2  x = 2 – t1 – t2
where t 1, t 2  R.
Example : Consider the following system of equations
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z = 
Find values of  and  if such that sets of equation have
(i) unique solution (ii) infinite solution
(iii) no solution
Solution. x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z = 
1 1 1
1 2 3
D=
1 2 
Here for  = 3 second and third rows are identical hence D = 0 for  = 3.
6 1 1
10 2 3
D1 =
 2 
1 6 1
page 11 of 54
1 10 3
D2 =
1  
1 1 6
1 2 10
D3 =
1 2 
If  = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for µ = 10
(i) For unique solution D  0 i.e. 3
(ii) For infinite solutions
D=0  =3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0  µ = 10.
(iii) For no solution
D=0  =3
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero  µ  10.
*1. Solve the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 2
3x + 4y + 5z = 3
Ans. x=1+t y = –2t z=t where t  R
2. Solve the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
x–y–z=0 Ans. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
3. Solve: (b + c) (y + z)  ax = b  c, (c + a) (z + x)  by = c  a, (a + b) (x + y)  cz = a  b
where a + b + c  0.
c b ac ba
Ans. x = ,y= ,z=
a bc a bc a b c
4. Let 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 5y + 6 = 0, 2x 2 + 6xy + 5y2 + 8x + 12y + 1 + t = 0, if the system of equations
in x and y are consistent then find the value of t. Ans. t = 7
13. Ap p lic a t io n of D et erm i na nt s:
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x r, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
x1 y 1 1
1 x2 y2 1
D= If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2 x y 1
3 3
x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x 2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c

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fo/u fopkjr Hkh# tu] ugha vkjEHks dke] foifr ns[k NksM+s rqjar e/;e eu dj ';keA

Address : Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Near Patidar Studio,

= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]

a1 b1 1 m1 a1 1b1 2 a1m1b1m 2

as power cofactor formula.

2n2  2n1  2 2n 2  1 2n 2  1  n

Solution. On expansion of determinent, we get

Self Practice Problem

Example : If f(x) = 1 2 cos x 1 , then find

h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x) h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x) h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x)

Differentiating the given determinant w.r.t x, we get

Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1............ (I)

(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)

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