29.

Give the definition of Deuterostomes

Blastopore develops into anus, radial cleavage
30. What does the name Echinodermata means?
It means spiny skin
31. Name all five classes in the Phylum Echinoderms.
Asteroidea = Sea Stars
Holothuroidea = Sea Cucumber
Echinoidea = Sea Urchin
Ophiuroidea = Brittle stars
Crinoidea = Sea lilies
32. Yes/No. Do echinoderms have an endoskeleton?
Yes, they have a dermal endoskeleton (unique)
33. What is the water vascular system and what are its functions?
Movement, feeding, gas exchange, and protection.
34. True/False. Echinoids have a compact body enclosed in a test.
True
35. True/False. Sea stars have a primarily bilateral symmetry and secondarily radial
symmetry.
True
36. Name the class in Echinoderms that has an elongated oral-aboral axis.
Holothuroidea
37. True/False. All Chordates are vertebrates.
False
38. Name 4 hallmarks of Chordata and specify their anatomical position and their
function. (Draw a diagram)
Hollow dorsal nerve cord: will become the spinal cord and brain
Notochord: emerges from a mesodermal layer, will become vertebral column. This
allows the existence of the dorsal and ventral surface.
Pharyngeal gilt slits: respiration
Post anal muscular tail: movement

39. What major anatomical structures distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates’

chordates?
The presence of a vertebral column, and cranium.
40. Name at least 4 major characteristics of the subphylum Vertebrata.
Vertebral column, thick skin, thyroid glands, cranium
41. True/false. In Vertebrates the vertebral column is a mesodermal and notochord
derivative.
True
42. True/false. All members of Agnatha have a cranium and vertebrae.
False
43. What characteristics distinguish Myxini from Petromyzontida?
Myxini (hagfish) are scavengers, while Petromyzontida (lampreys) are parasitic
44. True/false. Gnathostomata includes some fishes and tetrapods.
True
45. See hand out
46. True/ false. Sharks and rays belong to the Subclass Elasmobranchii.
True
47. Define the terms: Oviparous and Ovoviviparous. Give examples of fishes (use
common names) for both.
Oviparous = egg laying = Perch
Ovoviviparous = egg hatches inside the body (yolk sac) = Sharks
48. What is the function of the lateral line?
It is a sensory system in aquatic vertebrae that detects movement and vibrations in
surrounding water.
49. Name the types of dermal scales in all bony fishes.
Ganoid, Cycloid, and Ctenoid scales.
50. Which of the following is Not True about Osteichthyes?
a) Mouth terminal
b) Placoid scales present (not true)
c) Swim bladder present
d) Two chambered heart
e) Operculum to cover the gills
51. True/false. All tetrapods belong to Gnathostomata
True
52. Name the major biological characteristics of Amphibians.
Variable body forms, smooth glandular skin (no scales), large mouth, respiration
through gills/lungs,
53. True/false. Metamorphic means having aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults?
False
54. True/false. Frogs are amniotes because their eggs contain yolk.
False,
55. True/false. Salamanders are paedomorphic.
True
56. Compare and contrast Caudata and Anura.
Caudata: have a tail, not vocal, exhibit Neotony.
Anura: No tail, hopping legs, vocal.
57. True/false. Tetrapods show external Metamerisim and cephalization.
True
58. Name all classes that belong to Amniotes group.
Aves, Reptiles, and Mammals contain an amnion layer
59. Name the four extra embryonic membranes and their functions.
Amnion = Cushion and protection
Chorion = Gas exchange
Allantois = Nitrogenous waste
Yolk Sac = Nutrition
60. Compare/contrast the anapsid, diapsid, and synapsid types of skulls.
Anapsid = No temporal openings
Diapsid= two temporal openings
Synapsid = 1 temporal openings (mammals)
61. True/false. Testudines have an anapsid skull and shed their skin?
False
62. Give the general characteristics of class reptilian.
3 chambered heart, alligator 4-chambered heart, and breath only through lungs, tough
keratin skin covered in scales, ectothermic = get heat from environment
63. True/false. The scales in reptiles are epidermal.
True
64. Give the definition of a kinetic skull.
Skull with movable joints to seize and manipulate prey
65. Snakes belong to what order and what suborder?
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
66. What are the 2 types of skin derivatives in Aves?
Feathers and scales
67. True/false. Flying birds have an ossified endoskeleton with air cavities.
True
68. True/false. All birds have a well-developed sternum with keel.
False, The ostrich has no keel
69. Circle all that are false about Aves?
a) Endothermic
b) 4 chambered heart
c) Adults with teeth
d) Diaphragm present
e) Altricial young
f) Forelimbs modified for grasping
g) Incubation external
70. True/false. Feathers evolved as a mean for thermal insulation.
True
71. Name some of the orders and the representatives in the Aves that you observed in
the lab.
Order: Falconiformes = Marsh Hawk
Order: Anseriformes = Ducks and Geese
Order: Gaviiformes = Loons
72. True/false. Monotremes are oviparous and lack gestation.
True
73. Give an example of a marsupial that you observed in the lab.
Subclass: Theria
Order: Marsupalia = Opossum
74. True/false. The forelimb in Order Chiroptera is an example of an analogous
structure.
False, It’s a homologous structure
75. Name all the orders in Infraclass Eutherians that you observed in the lab.
O-Chiroptera = Bats
O-Rodentia = Rats, squirrels
O-Carnivora = Skunks
76. All about the pig dissection.
Identify the pointed/pinned structure, belongs to what organ system, what is the
function.
Organ systems:
Digestive system
Mouth
Tongue function: Vocalization and manipulating food
Esophagus (located dorsal to the trachea); Function: just a shoot that connects the
mouth to the stomach.
Liver: many functions
Gallbladder (gland): digestion of fats Glands
Pancreas: Exocrine (insulin) and Endocrine
Stomach, function: digestion and storage
Small intestine: Function, absorption, well vascularized
The connection between the small and large intestine
The cecum: Function, bacterial storage
Large Intestine: storage and water absorption
Colon:
Anus:

Respiratory System:
Nostrils:
Nasal pharynx:
Larynx: Respiration
Trachea: passageway to the lungs
Lungs: Functionless in a fetal pig, respiration is done through the umbilical cord.
The Respiratory system is confined to the thoracic cavity, does not cross the diaphragm

Circulatory System:
Oxygenated blood comes from the mother via the umbilical vein
Blood to the heart = Vein
Blood away from the heart = Artery
4 chambered heart = Atria and ventricles
From the left ventricle you have the aortic arch
Spleen: Production of red blood cells

Urinary System
Kidneys = filtration
Ureters
Bladder = storage
Urethra

Reproductive system
Testis
Epididymis
Generated Questions
1. Name five hallmarks shared by all chordates, and explain the function of each. Be
very specific.
Dorsal hollow nerve tube/chord = will become the spinal cord and brain (central
nervous system)
Pharyngeal gill slits = respiration, or filter feeding
Post anal tail = movement
Endostyle = thyroid gland
Notochord = support, emerges from mesodermal layer, allows the existence of a dorsal
and ventral surface. Will become the vertebral column.
2. What is the constellation of characteristics possessed by Echinoderms this is found in
NO OTHER PHYLUM? Name them, be very specific.
Dermal Endoskeleton
Water vascular system
Madreporite
Five part radial symmetry around a central disk
3. See handout
4. What characteristics distinguish the Myxini and Petromyzones from all other fishes?
Be very specific.
Jawless, no paired fins, pore like gill openings, no scales.
5. What mode of reproduction in fishes is described by each of the following terms, give
examples of fish using these modes?
Oviparous = Perch
Viviparous = Dogfish, a shark, also rays (give birth to live young)
6. Name three major characteristics of the Class Amphibians related to their external
and internal anatomy. Be very specific
Moist skin, 3 chambered heart, vertebral metamorphosis
7. Name the skin derivatives for the following: perch, penguin, and pig.
Perch = scales, Penguin = feathers, Pig = hair
8. True/false. All amniotes have a diaphragm. Explain your choice with examples.
False, only mammals have a diaphragm
9. What structures distinguish vertebrates from invertebrate’s chordates?
Well-developed vertebrate, and lack a cranium