CONTENTS

Review
4-1 Past participle
4-2 Forms of the present perfect
4-3 Meanings of the present perfect
4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect
4-5 Using since and for
4-6 Present perfect progressive
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore
4-9 Past perfect

1
 Review and Preview

PRESENT AND PAST VERBS take

love
find
be
give

Jenna _____
loves her dog. His name __
is Max.

Jenna’s grandfather ____

gave Max to her. Her

grandfather _____
found him at an animal shelter.

Jenna _____
takes very good care her dog.

He __
is a great dog.
2
 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

She has forgotten his name.

3
 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
finish finished finished
REGULAR
VERBS stop stopped stopped
wait waited waited
see saw seen
IRREGULAR make made made
VERBS
put put put
past perfect tense
present perfect tense
4
 4-1 LET’S PRACTICE

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

FORM PAST PARTICIPLE

stop stopped stopped

go went gone
take took taken
write wrote written

5
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

He has finished all his work.

6
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(a) I have worked very hard this year.

(b) The students have worked hard.

(c) Alex has worked very hard.

STATEMENT: have/has + past participle

7
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home.

(e) She’s/He’s gone home.

(f) It’s been hot all week.

CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve

pronoun + has =k’s

8
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I have not gone home yet.

(h) Fatima has not gone home.

NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

9
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I haven’t gone home yet.

(h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.

NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION:
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t

10
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(i) Have you read

the report?

11
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(j) Has Marcy gone home?

(k) How long have you worked there?

QUESTION :
have/has + subject + past participle

12
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(l) No, I haven’t. I

have only read a Have you read all
few pages. of this article?

SHORT ANSWER:
have/haven’t

13
 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(m)
Has Kyung Yes, she has. She
finished her did it after school.
homework?

SHORT ANSWER:
has/hasn’t

14
 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT you

touch
ever

Have you ever touched a snake?

___________________

15
 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT touch

never

I’ve never touched

No, ________________
a snake.

16
 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
Justin
see
_________________
Has Justin ever seen a shark? ever

17
 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

Yes, he ___.
has He saw one near Cape Town,
South Africa.

18
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

Tyler has taken his Zoe hasn’t walked

first steps. by herself yet.

19
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED

BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME

20
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?

occurred before now or

sometime in the past

21
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?

before now now

X X
time?

22
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

activity repeated
before now, unspecified past times

23
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

before now now

X XX X

24
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN

IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE
PRESENT.

25
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.
(g) I have played the violin for six years.
I learned to play six years ago, and I still
play it.
since
present perfect +
for

past present

26
 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2:
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.

now
8:00

x x

x
27
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

Kyung has already taken the test.

MEANING #1: Something happened before

now at an unspecified time.

OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present.

28
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

I’ve been studying since 8 AM.

MEANING #1: Something happened

before now at an unspecified time

OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present

29
 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE

Rosa has been to Italy three times.

MEANING #1: Something happened

before now at an unspecified time

OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present

30
 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

I had an angel fish I have had many other

when I was a child. fish since then.

31
 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
specific time

PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.

unspecified time

32
 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
specific time

PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.

unspecified time

33
 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.

for activity began & ended in past

PRESENT PERFECT
since
(f) Eli has been camping for last Monday.
9 days.

for / since activity began & continues

34
 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ?

We have been in Tokyo
many times.
PRESENT
UNSPECIFIED
PERFECT

35
 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ?

Barry has never been to Tokyo.

PRESENT
UNSPECIFIED
PERFECT

36
 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ?

Gina went to Tokyo
last month.

SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

37
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

I have been here since 6:00 AM.

38
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(a) I have worked here
since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
since 2006.
since May 9, 2007.
since yesterday.
since last week.

Since Specific point in time

39
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

present perfect + since

(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.

present progressive NOT used

40
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

present perfect + since

(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.

simple present NOT used

41
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

present perfect + since

(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.

INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.

simple past NOT used

42
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

MAIN CLAUSE SINCE-CLAUSE

(present perfect) (simple past)
(f) I have known her since I was fifteen.
(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.

Since time clause

43
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

for fifty minutes.

for five hours.
for ten days.
(h) I have worked here for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.
For length of time

44
 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(i) I have worked here for twelve years.

I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.

present perfect + for + length of time

past present

(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.

simple past
past present

45
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

3 hours
she was six

Mary has been playing the piano

she was six
since ___________.
Mary has been playing the piano
three hours
for ___________.

46
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

he started school
15 years

Alejandro has studied English

he started school
since ________________.
Alejandro has studied English
fifteen years
for __________________.

47
 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE

for
since
I have driven a taxi _____
since 2006.
My uncle has driven a taxi ____
for thirty years.

48
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Dee has been working

for ten hours.

49
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(a) Dee has been working since

6 o’clock.

(b) She has been working for

ten hours.

STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing

50
4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(c) How long has she been working?

QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing

51
 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right now
duration of time not mentioned

Mary has been playing the piano right now.

52
 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(e) Mary has been playing since noon.

(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

began in past
in progress right now
time expressed

Mary is playing the piano since noon.

53
 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.

(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.

(i) CORRECT: She has owned it

for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning
it for one month.

non-action verbs progressive tenses

54
 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
use
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

is using the phone.

My sister _________

has been using it for three

She _____________
hours. I need to make a call.

55
 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR dance
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

are dancing
Her parents __________.

have been dancing

They ________________
together for over thirty years.

56
 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR go
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

going
Where are you _______for
the summer holiday?

going to the beach.

I am ______

have been going to the beach

I ______________
every summer since I was a child.
57
 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

These guys are hiking.

They have been hiking for several days.

58
 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
They have been hiking for several days.
duration of present activities,
action verbs

PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
repeated activities
unspecified times in the past
59
 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.

(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking
many mountains.

60
 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(d) The guys have known each other for

ten years.

(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing

each other for ten years.

duration of present activities,

non-action verbs

61
 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(f) I have been studying medicine for one year.

OR

(g) I have studied medicine for one year.

same meaning

62
 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(h) Rolf has been running every day since he

was a child.

OR

Rolf has run every day since he was a child.

usual, habitual activities

either tense okay

63
 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT

(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I

visited Mexico.
OR
I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited
Mexico.

usual, habitual activities

either tense okay

64
 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT
live
How long has
___ your family ______
lived here?

We __________
have lived here for ten years.

65
 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

live
How long has been living here?
___ your family _________

have been living here for ten years.

We _____________

66
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

I already fed the dog.

67
 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

ALREADY
(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago.
I already fed the dog.

happened before now

Position: midsentence

68
 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

YET
(b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t
fed him yet.

did not happen before now

Position: end of sentence

69
 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

STILL
(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.

70
 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

STILL
(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.

situation continues to exist

Position: midsentence
71
 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

ANYMORE
(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired.
I don’t work anymore.

does not continue

Position: end of sentence

72
 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

ALREADY affirmative
(a) I already fed the dog. sentences

YET
(b) I haven’t fed him yet. negative
ANYMORE sentences
(f) I don’t work anymore.

STILL affirmative
(c) He is still hungry. or negative
(e) It still isn’t raining. sentences
73
 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE

She doesn’t have any money. already

yet
She _______
already spent it all. still
anymore

74
 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE

I did some homework, but I already

yet
still have more to do.
______ still
anymore

75
 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE

We used to be friends, but we had an argument.

We don’t like each other ________.
anymore

already
yet
still
anymore

76
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

When they arrived

at the store, it had
already closed.

77
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

(a) When they arrived at the store, it had

already closed.

two events in the past

1st event - Past Perfect
2nd event – Simple Past

78
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

(b) The store had already closed when

they arrived.

FORM: had + past participle

79
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

(c) It’d closed.

She’d gone home.
He’d gone home.
They’d gone home.
We’d gone home.
You’d gone home.

CONTRACTION:
I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

80
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

before
before

noon
noon
now
now

X X X X

(d) I’m not cooking now. (e) I was not cooking at noon.
I’ve already ordered I had already ordered
pizza. pizza.

occurred before now, occurred before another

at an unspecified time time in the past

81
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT

he came
waiting

arrived
arrived
began

pizza
pizza

home
X X X X

(f) I was waiting when (g) The pizza had arrived

the pizza arrived. when he came home.

in progress at a particular completed before a

time in the past particular time in the past

82
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

I had already gone to bed

when it started snowing. 1st
a. it started snowing ____
2nd 2nd

b. I went to bed ____

1st

83
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

I tried to go shopping, but the

1st
store had closed. 2nd
a. store closed ____
1st

2nd
b. tried to go shopping ____

84
 4-9 PAST PERFECT

A friend called to suggest a good movie.

She had seen it last Friday.
1st
a. the friend saw the movie ____
1st
2nd
b. the friend called ____
2nd

85
 PHOTO CREDITS

Images used under license from:

• Shutterstock, Inc.

8686