Heavy equipment

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Further information: Equipment (disambiguation)

Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parking near a highway construction site

Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parking near a
quarry in Israel.

Bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parking near a quarry.

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing

construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known
as, heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment,
heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics. They usually comprise five equipment systems:
implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information.[1] Heavy equipment
functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input
force applied and force exerted is multiplied.[2] Currently most equipment use hydraulic drives
as a primary source of motion.

Contents
 1 History
 o 1.1 From horses, through steam, to diesel

 2 Types

o 2.1 Images

 3 Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools

 4 Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

 5 Structure

 6 Powertrain

 7 Control and Information

 8 Heavy equipment operator

 9 Equipment cost

o 9.1 Operating cost

 10 Models

 11 Notable Manufacturers

 12 See also

 13 References

History
Further information: History of construction and History of steam road vehicles

JCB 3CX backhoe loader

A wheeled bulldozer in an open pit coal mine

 

A portable engine; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles

An early gasoline-powered tractor

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st
century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his
treatise De architectura. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield
was patented by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam, to diesel

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under
human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn
machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester.
The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine
core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During
the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy
equipment. Kerosene, ethanol andengines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant.
Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th
century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a
present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first
mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler from
1901. Tracks became extensively used for tanks during World War I, and after the war they
became commonplace for civilian machinery such as the bulldozer. The largest engineering
vehicles, and the largest mobile land machines altogether, are bucket-wheel excavators, built
from the 1920s.

"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving
machine: the hand shovel - moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and
wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated
to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In
antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—
were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane,
levers, and ignorant to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not
lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose
materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an
independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the
technology of that time."[3]

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.

Nowadays such is the importance of the machinery, transport companies- in particular Van der
Vlist have developed specific equipment to be able to efficiently transport the equipment to
and from sites.

Types
These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. Some
contractors place numbers on the side of their equipment corresponding to the category -
Grader '02' - followed by a sequential number that usually corresponds to the number
purchased.

Track-type

 Agricultural tractors

 Air-track

 Bulldozer

 Snowcat

 Track skidder

 Track-type tractors (Bulldozer)

 Tractor

 Military engineering vehicles

Grader

 Grader

SkidSteer

 Skid steer loader

Excavator

 Compact excavator

 Dragline excavator
  Dredging

 Excavator (wheel)

 Excavator (bagger, digger)

 Slurry wall excavator

 Front shovel

 Reclaimer

 Steam shovel

 Suction excavator

 Trencher (machine)

 Yarder

Backhoe

 Backhoe loader, Backhoe

Timber

 Feller buncher

 Harvester

 Skidder

 Track harvester

 Wheel forwarder

 Wheel skidder

PipeLayer

 Pipelayer

Scraper

 Fresno scraper

 Scraper

 Wheel tractor-scraper
Mining

 Construction & mining tractor

 Construction & mining trucks

Articulated

 Articulated hauler

 Articulated truck

 Water wagon

Compactor

 Wheel dozers – soil compactors

 Soil stabilizer

Loader

 Loader

 Skip loader (skippy)

 Wheel loader (front loader, integrated tool carrier)

Track Loader

 Track loader

Material Handler

 Aerial work platform / Lift table

 Boomtruck

 Cherry picker

 Crane

 Forklift

 Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount) & Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)

 Reach stacker

 Telescopic handlers
Paving

 Asphalt paver

 Asphalt plant

 Cold planer

 Concrete batch plant

 Cure rig

 Paver

 Pneumatic tire compactor

 Roller (road roller or roller compactor)

 Slipform paver

 Vibratory compactor, Compactor

 Stomper:concrete drop hammer

Underground

 Roadheader

 Tunnel boring machine

 Underground mining equipment

Hydromatic Tool

 Ballast tamper

 Attachments

 Drilling machine

 Pile driver

 Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)

 Venturi-mixer

Highway

 Dump truck
  Highway 10 yard rear dump

 Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple

 Highway end dump and side dump

 Highway transfer, Transfer train

 Highway transit-mixer

 Lowboy (trailer)

 Street sweeper

Images

The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is

characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment
and construction materials, such as, earth.

Normally the bucket is pulled toward the excavator to excavate material. The
uncommon "thumb" attachment on this Caterpillar enables 'grabbing' objects, for
example, during demolition.

The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R.



Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump,
mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis
while withdrawn.

Wheel loader

Grader (plowing snow here)

Landfill compactor (tamping tip)

A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic
rams.

Reconditioned Caterpillar 825G Soil Compactor

 

Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder

 Military engineering vehicles

The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a

combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R.

The militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in Poland which is subsidiary of
LiuGong China

Military scraper

PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008)

Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools

 auger

 backhoe
 bale spear

 broom

 bulldozer blade

 clam shell bucket

 cold plane

 demolition shears

 equipment bucket

 excavator bucket

 forks[disambiguation needed]

 grapple

 hydraulic hammer, hoe ram

 hydraulics

 hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)

 landscape tiller

 material handling arm

 mechanical pulverizer, crusher

 multi processor

 pavement removal bucket

 pile driver

 power take-off (PTO)

 quick coupler

 rake

 ripper

 rotating grab
  sheep's foot compactor

 skeleton bucket

 snow blower

 stump grinder

 stump shear

 thumb

 tiltrotator

 trencher

 vibratory plate compactor

 wheel saw

Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

Main articles: Off-the-road tire and Caterpillar track

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many
types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements,
tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what
equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire
selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of
off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earth moving
machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six
categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML
mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use
on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction
project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Structure
"This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for
implements, and allows the machine to travel over uneven ground. The machine’s
frame, articulation, and steering for wheeled equipment are the major parts of this
system."[1]

Powertrain
 internal combustion engine

 transmission
  steering (tracked equipment)

 brakes

Control and Information

"The control and information systems. These systems enable the operator to direct and
control all the other systems and provide information to guide operations or to
monitor the performance and health of the equipment."[1]

Heavy equipment operator

Main article: Heavy equipment operator

A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and
construction projects.[4][5] Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and
there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.

Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such
workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about
safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.

Equipment cost
[6]

 purchase expense

 salvage value

 tax savings from depreciation

 major repairs and overhauls

 property taxes

 insurance

 storage

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The
annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are
simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:

m = some year in the future example:

N = equipment useful life (years)
N=5
and Dn = Annual depreciation amount
purchase price = $350,000
Dn = purchase price / N
m = 3 years from now
Book value (BV) in year m
BV3 = $350,000 - ( 3 x $350,000/5) =
$140,000
BVm = purchase price - (m x Dn)

Operating cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the
equipment. These costs are as follows:[7]

 F.O.G.  tires
 repairs
o fuel  3rd party service
o repair parts contract
o lubricants, lube oils,
filters (oil, air, fuel, o repair labor  replacement of
hydraulic), and grease high-wear items

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a
minor repair. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension
in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major
and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used.
Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment well minor repairs are costed to a
project. Another common costing stratagie is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only
frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep there
costing structure closely guarded[citation needed] as it can impact the bidding strategies of their
competition.

Models
Main article: Model construction vehicle

Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each
vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular
manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.

Notable Manufacturers
The largest manufacturers based on 2011 revenue data as published by KHL Group:[8]
1. Caterpillar Inc. 2. Komatsu 3. Volvo Construction Equipment 4. Hitachi- Hitachi, Ltd. 5.
Liebherr Group 6. SANY Group Company Ltd. 7. Zoomlion 8. Terex 9. Doosan Infracore
(formerly Daewoo Heavy Industries & Machinery) - including Solar brand 10. Deere &
Company 11. XCMG

Other manufacturers include:

 Atlas Copco

 Bharat Earth Movers Limited (India)

 Bobcat Company

 CASE

 Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant

 CNH Global

 Demag

 Doosan Group

 Fiat-Allis

 Hyundai Heavy Industries

 Ingersoll Rand

 JCB

 Kubota

 Kobelco

 LiuGong

 Madill

 MARAIS

 Navistar International Corporation

 NCK

 New Holland

 Track Marshall
  Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)

 Paccar

 Poclain

 Rototilt

 Shantui

 ST Kinetics

 Takeuchi Manufacturing

 Wacker Neuson

 hidromek

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Construction vehicles.

See also
 Construction equipment theft

 Non-road engine