S.

NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 Acknowledgement

2 Abstract

3 Introduction

4 Aim

5 Paint ingredients

6 Modern paint industry

7 Main raw materials

8 Theory

9 Chrome Yellow

10 Efficiency of Chrome Yellow

11 Prussian Blue

12 Efficiency of Prussian Blue

13 Application

14 Conclusion

15 Bibliography

16
Abstract
Paints are liquids or liquefiable compositions which after application to a
substrate in a thin layer is converted to a dense and thick solid film. Paints are
made up of pigments, fillers, solvent and additives. The equipment’s required for
preparation are mixers, mills, and filters. They require a series of steps in
manufacturing. These are solvent based and water based. Paints have a wide
range of applications in industries and household work. Paints are applied on the
surface. It form a semi solid film on that surface and harden and thus protect the
surface.
Introduction
Paint is a liquid or liquefiable composition which after a application to a substrate
in a thin layer is converted to a dense and thick solid film .It is most commonly
used to protect, colour or provide texture to objects. Paints have a long range of
colours . They may or may not be transparent and have added pigments and
binders. When applied they form a semi solid thin film on that surface and harden
after sometime and thus protect the surface.
Aim
Paint ingredients

The pigment is one of the main and important constituent of the paint. These are
granular solids integrated into the paint to contribute colour, toughness, texture
or simply to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes
instead of or in combination with pigments. In general, pigments should be
opaque to ensure good covering power and chemically inert to secure stability,
hence long life. Pigments should be nontoxic, or at least of very low toxicity, to
both the painter and the inhabitants. Finally, pigments must be wet by the film-
forming constituents and be of low cost.

Hiding pigments protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light.
Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, Prussian blue, red iron oxide etc..
Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic types.

Natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica’s, and
talc’s. Synthetics include engineered molecules, calcites clays, fixe, precipitated
calcium carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silica’s.

Modern paint industry:

The paints industry is a branch of the chemical industries sector. Paints have been
divided into five categories:

 Solvent-based paints
 Water-based paints
 Varnishes; clear coatings.
 Printing inks.
 Resins (for paints and varnishes manufacture).

Therefore, there are different production lines, plants can have as few as one or
two production lines or all of them. Production method and plant structure is
given in detail below.
Raw materials for paints

1. Main Raw Materials

Liquid paint is a composite of a finely divided pigment dispersed in a liquid

composed of a resin or binder and a volatile solvent. Therefore, paints are
manufactured from three main constituents; pigments, binders, and solvents. In
addition to give the paints specific properties for specific purposes or applications
some additives are also used.

The liquid portion of the paints is known as the vehicle. Vehicles are composed
of non-volatile and volatile parts:
 Non-volatile;
 Solvent-based paints: oils and/ or resins plus driers and additives.
 Lacquers: celluloses, resins, plasticizers, and additives.
 Water-based paints: styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, acrylic,
other polymers and emulsions, copolymers plus additives.
 Volatile
 Ketones, esters, alcohol, aromatics, and aliphatic.

2. Other Raw Materials

 Preservatives are also used in the manufacture of water-based paints to

prolong their life time.
 Water-alkali solutions and solvents for equipment cleaning and washing,
between batches.
 Detergents and antiseptics for floor cleaning.
Theory

1. Pigments

A pigment is a finely divided material which contributes to optical and other

properties of paints. Pigments may be classified according to their composition
or source which they are obtained from. However the most common and useful
classification is that colour pigments can be made using simple chemical
reactions and techniques.

2. Poster Paints

Grinding a pigment or a mixture to a very fine powdered and then suspending

the powder in a very fine liquid makes poster paint so as to a uniform suspension.
For making poster paints the pigments made by various chemical reactions are
thoroughly mixed with the medium. Sometimes the paint hardens but the
addition of lukewarm water to it can soften it.

3. Medium
Medium used for making paints is made by mixing 30ml of clear glue with 10ml
of water and adding a drop of liquid detergent to it.

Chrome Yellow

Chemically known as LEAD CHROMATE (PbCrO4) the yellow pigment is

obtained as follows:

Procedure
1. Dissolve 7gm of Potassium Chromate in 50mL water and 10gm Lead Nitrate
in 100mL water in Two Separate Beakers.
 2. Pour the Potassium Chromate Solution in the Lead Nitrate and stir
continuously.
3. Lead Chromate separate’s as precipitate and is the required pigment.
4. Filter the precipitate and dry the pigment
. Reaction Involved-
K2CrO4 + Pb (No3)2 PbCrO4 + 2KNO3

Efficiency
Total mass of reactants used = (Excluding the mass of water used for dilution)
Mass of Paint/Pigment Obtained =
Efficiency in formation of yellow colour =

Prussian blue
Chemically known as Complex Ferro Cyanide (Fe4 [ Fe(CN)6]3)
Procedure
1 Make A solution of 5gm of Hydrated Iron (III) Chloride in 50mL of water.
2. Make a solution of 10gm of Potassium Ferro Cyanide in 75mL of water.
3. Add Iron Chloride solution into Potassium Ferro Cyanide(K4[Fe(CN)6])
solution while stirring briskly.
4. A dark blue colour very fine powdered type substance precipitates.
5. Filter the precipitate and wash it with water. It takes a long time to filter this
substance.
Reaction involved
3 K4[Fe(CN)6] + 4FeCl3 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

Efficiency
Total mass of reactants used =
(Excluding mass of water used for dilution)
Mass of Paint/Pigment obtained=
Efficiency In Formation of Blue Pigment Obtained is=

Application
Paint application by spray is the most popular method in industry.

Conclusion

Fine Poster Paints Were obtained using various Chemicals and Reactants.