Mobile and Wireless Communication

Complete Lecture Notes #5

Lecture # 5
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Student Lecture Notes
Worst Case Design
Worst Case Design
 Increasing N from 7 to 12, brings C/I above the 18dB level. However,
the system capacity is decreased.

 Reduction of capacity by 7/12 for taking care of the worst case

situation when CIR 17.4 dB is not justified because this situation will
occur very rarely.

 Conclusion:
Co-Channel Interference controls the link performance which then
decides Frequency Reuse Plan, and System Capacity.
Adjacent Channel Interference

 Interference from channels that are adjacent in frequency, primary

reason for that is Imperfect Receive Filters which cause the adjacent
channel energy to leak into your spectrum.

 Problem is severer if the user of adjacent channel is in close

proximity→ Near-Far Effect

 Near-Far Effect: The other transmitter (who may or may not be of the
same type) captures the receiver of the subscriber.

 Also, when a Mobile Station close to the Base Station transmits on a

channel close to the one being used by a weaker mobile: The BS faces
difficulty in discriminating the desired mobile user from the “bleed
over” of the adjacent channel mobile.
Near-Far Effect: Case 1
Near-Far Effect: Case 2
Minimization of ACI

(1) Careful Filtering ---- min. leakage or sharp transition

(2) Better Channel Assignment Strategy
 Channels in a cell need not be adjacent: For channels within a cell,
Keep frequency separation as large as possible.

 Sequentially assigning cells the successive frequency channels.

 Also, secondary level of interference can be reduced by not assigning

adjacent channels to neighboring cells.

 For tolerable ACI, we either need to increase the frequency separation

or reduce the pass band BW
Power Control for Reducing Interference

 Power levels transmitted by every subscriber unit are under constant

control by the Base Station.

 Mobile Station should transmit minimum power to maintain quality

link on reverse channel.

 This has benefits of longer Battery Life at the Mobile Station Reduced
reverse SIR.

 In CDMA systems, it is extremely important to control the power, as

the neighboring cells are using the same channel
Improving Capacity in Cellular Systems

 Cost of a cellular network is proportional to the number of Base

Stations. The income is proportional to the number of users.

 Ways to increase capacity:

 New spectrum –expensive.
 Architectural approaches: cell splitting, cell sectoring, micro cell zones.
 Dynamic allocation of channels according to load in the cell (non uniform
distribution of channels).
 Improve access technologies
Cell Splitting

 Cell Splitting is the process of subdividing the congested cell into

smaller cells (micro cells), Each with its own base station and a
corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power.

 Cell Splitting increases the capacity since it increases the number of

times the channels are reused.
EXAMPLE

 The area covered by a circle with radius R is four times the area
covered by the circle with radius R/2

 The number of cells is increased four times

 The number of clusters the number of channels and the capacity in the
coverage area are increased, due to more no of channels per unit area

 Cell Splitting does not change the co-channel re-use ratio

Q =D/R
Transmit Power

 New cells are smaller, so the transmit power of the new cells must be
reduced
 How to determine the transmit power?
 The transmit power of the new cells can be found by examining the
received power at the new and old cell boundaries and setting them
equal

 Pr[at old cell boundary] α Pt1R –n

 Pr[at new cell boundary] α Pt2(R/2) –n

 where Pt1 and Pt2 are the transmit powers of the larger and smaller cell
base stations,
EXAMPLE

 Take n=4, we get

Pt2= Pt1/16

 We find that the transmit power must be reduced by 16 times or 12 dB

in order to use the micro cells to cover the original area. While
maintaining the same S/I
An example of cell splitting

 Base stations are placed at corners of the cells, and the area served by
base station A is assumed to be saturated with traffic (i.e., the blocking
of base station A exceeds acceptable rates)

 New BSs are therefore needed in

the region to increase No of channels
in the area

 Note in the figure that the original base

station A has been surrounded by six
new microcells.
An example of cell splitting

 Smaller cells are added in such a

way as to preserve the frequency
reuse plan of the system

 For example the microcell base

stations labelled G is placed
halfway between the two larger
stations utilizing the same channel
set G.
Cell Splitting
Cell Sectoring

 Another way to reduce the number of cells in a cluster and therefore

increase capacity is through sectoring.
 Sectoring refers to use of directional antennas.
 Three (3) 120 degrees sectors are shown as an example

Sectoring keeps the cell radius unchanged and

seek methods to decrease the D/R ratio
 Cell Sectoring

•Mobile in centre cell will experience

Interference from only 2 cells not 6

•Improvement of 6dB in S/I

•Alternatively we can reduce the reuse factor

Cell Sectoring

 The reduction in interference offered by sectoring enable the planners

to reduce the cluster size N

 The penalty for improved S/I and the resulting capacity improvement
from the shrinking cluster size is an increased number of antennas at
each base station and a decrease in trunking efficiency due to channel
sectoring at base station.

 As sectoring reduces the coverage area of a particular group of

channels
A Microcell zone concept

Sectoring requires increased number of handoffs that results increased

load on the switching and control link elements of the mobile system

Solution: Microcell Concept

 In this scheme zone sites are connected to single base station, multiple
zones and a single base station make up a cell.

 Mobile travels within the cell and is served by the zone with the
strongest signal
A Microcell zone concept

Advantage :
 A handoff is not required at the MSC when the mobile travels between the
zones within the cell, as it retains the same channel

 The base station simply switches the channel to different zone site

 The cell maintains the particular coverage radius , co channel interference is

reduced since large base station is replaced by low powered zone transmitters
on the edges of the cell

 Decreased co channel interference reduce the signal quality that leads to

increase in capacity without degradation in trunking efficiency caused by
sectoring.
A Microcell zone concept

 Dz is the minimum distance between the active co channel zones and

Rz is the zone radius.

 Let each individual hexagon represents a zone while each group

of three hexagons represents a cell

 The zone radius is equal to one hexagon radius

 Capacity is related to distance between the co channel cells D and not

zones.
A Microcell zone concept

 For a Dz/Rz value of 4.6 it can be seen from the geometry of the fig.
that the value of co channel reuse ratio D/R is equal to 3.

 R is radius of cell and is twice the length of hexagon.

 D/R = 3 corresponds to N=3