LF antenna is used for radio frequencies in the range of 30 kHz–300 kHz.

As its
wavelengths range from ten kilometres to one kilometre, respectively, it is also known as the
kilometre band or kilometre wave.

LF radio waves exhibit low signal attenuation, making them suitable for long-distance
antenna communication.

main use is for aircraft beacon, navigation (LORAN), information, and weather systems.

2types: active LF Antenna, Passive LF Antenna

VLF

Very low frequency antennas is used for radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 3 to 30
(kHz), corresponding to wavelengths from 100 to 10 kilometres, respectively.

Due to its limited bandwidth, audio transmission is highly impractical in this band, and
therefore only low data rate coded signals are used. The VLF band antennas is used for a few
radio navigation services, government time radio and for secure military communication.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Uses of antenna array synthesis:

Microwave imaging,sonar,navigation systems

antenna array synthesis principle:

Antenna array is a configuration of multiple antennas arranged to achieve a given radiation

pattern.

Antenna synthesis is the inverse process of antenna synthesis. In antenna array synthesis,
input or source distribution is determined for a specified radiation pattern.

synthesis method depends on the category of requirements. (1) The array radiation pattern
exhibits a desired distribution in the visible region - beam shaping.for this Fourier series
method is used to synthesise. (2) The array radiation pattern has low sidelobes and a
narrow main beam.Here Dolph-Chebyshev method is used to synthesize