Marine and coastal engineering

Services for terminals, ports, harbours, coastal development and special marine structures
 Anton Petersen Ole Juul Jensen Thomas Dahlgren
Senior Vice President Director Vice President Sanjeev Dhar
Bridge, Tunnel and Marine Marine and Coastal Marine and Foundation Marketing, Marine
Structures Engineering Engineering India
+45 56 40 28 88 +45 56 40 29 06 +45 56 40 26 69 +91 124 409 2500
ape@cowi.com ojj@cowi.com thda@cowi.com svd@cowi.in

Stanley M. White, P.E.

President
Managing Engineer Dale E. Berner, P.E. Jesper S. Damgaard, Mogens A. Hviid
Ocean and Coastal President Managing Director Senior Project Director
Consultants, Inc. Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. Gulf Marine +974 55 879 246 (Qatar)
+1 203 268 5007 +1 510 839 8972 +9714 339 7075 +961 70 580 800 (Lebanon)
stwh@ocean-coastal.com deb@gerwick.com jeda@cowi.com mah@cowi.com

COWI’s services • Development assistance

COWI currently provides services
within 33 areas of engineering, en-
vironmental science and economics.
• Welfare economics and services
• Public administration
• Social development and HRD
• Urban and regional development
• Environmental and social due diligence
• Geographical information systems and IT
• Mapping
• Energy planning and systems
• Environmental policy and regulation
• Natural resources management
• Environmental protection

Economics Environmental science

• Health, safety and

Engineering environment

• Municipal and hazardous waste

• Transport planning and management
• Water and wastewater
• Cadastre and land administration
• Production and process plants
• Bridges • Residential buildings • Oil and gas
• Tunnels • Educational buildings • Coastal engineering
Snøhvit terminal, Norway.
Picture on front page:

• Ports and marine structures • Hospitals and health buildings

• Roads • Cultural and sports buildings
Photo: Allan Klo

• Airports • Industrial buildings

• Railways and metros • Commercial buildings
• Telecommunications
 3
COWI group
COWI A/S is a leading international consul-
tancy firm founded in 1930.
The COWIfonden (the COWI foundation)
is the majority shareholder and is totally in-
dependent of any third parties. The founda-
tion supports research and development in
various fields of consultancy activities. CO-
WI’s head office is in Kongens Lyngby, 12
km north of Copenhagen, Denmark.
COWI is a multidisciplinary firm provid-
ing services of the highest quality in the
fields of engineering, environmental science
and social economics.
COWI employs more than 6,100 staff of
which 3,200 are based outside Denmark in
subsidiaries, branch offices or projects of-
fices. A high percentage of the employees
are professionals holding PhD, MSc or BSc
degrees in civil, structural, geotechnical, me-
chanical or electrical engineering and other
academic areas such as geology, hydrology, Marine and coastal engineering gen, Denmark; Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. (BCG),
chemistry, biology, agronomy, sociology, The COWI group provides consultancy and Oakland, California, USA; Ocean and
economics and planning. design services within the field of marine, Coastal Consultants, Inc. (OCC), Trumbull,
The annual turnover is at present (2011) geotechnical and coastal engineering from Connecticut, USA; COWI India, New Delhi
EUR 575 million (USD 825 million). About five centres of excellence with a total of 18 and Chennai and in COWI’s offices in UAE
2/3 of the company’s turnover is generated offices for marine staffs and works. The and Qatar.
outside Denmark in more than 100 coun- total staff in this field of engineering is pres- COWIs marine and coastal teams are thus
tries around the world. ently about 330 and increasing. The total collaborating in a very integrated fashion to
annual turnover on international marine develop and deliver the services for our cli-
Transportation and coastal projects is approximately USD ents. For many projects this means that we,
COWI has more than 80 years experience 60 million which makes COWI a leading in- by use of today’s ways of communication,
in transportation consultancy covering all ternational company in this specialised field. are able to ensure that we can call upon our
phases of infrastructure projects from initial best expertice in the company irrespectively
planning and feasibility studies over design, Marine and coastal centres of the country of the project, the client and
construction and commissioning to mainte- COWI’s marine and coastal engineering cen- the COWI office responsible for specific
nance management and rehabilitation. tres reside in COWI’s head office, Copenha- project.
 Key staff and contact information:

4 Marine and coastal consultancy services

and expertise covering all project phases
Investigation phase
• Geotechnical investigations
• Bathymetry & topography
• Underwater engineer diver inspections
• Condition surveys
Feasibility phase Jørgen S. Steenfelt Jes Bojsen Abild Jørgen Juhl Jan Rønberg Camilla Odgaard Brian Foged Lars Hansson
• Generation and development of ideas jos@cowi.com jba@cowi.com jju@cowi.com jkro@cowi.com cmn@cowi.com bfo@cowi.com lrh@cowi.com
• Feasibility studies
• Studies of infrastructure needs
• Layout studies
• Assessment of design data
• Remediation concept development
• Cost estimation
• Construction and procurement scheduling
• Environmental impact assessment
Design phase Torben Bang Kaj Nykjær Jensen Stig Balduin Andersen Thomas Gierlevsen Jørn H. Thomsen Karsten N. Madsen Henrik Hostrup-Pedersen
• Establishment of design basis tba@cowi.com knj@cowi.com sia@cowi.com thgi@cowi.com jot@cowi.com kom@cowi.com hhp@cowi.com
• Study of oceanographically conditions
• Design data studies
• Geotechnical assessments
• Durability design
• Civil and structural design
• Mechanical and electrical installations
• Operational risk assessment
Tender phase
• Development of tender design Hanne L. Svendsen Christoffer Truelsen Daniel James Kennedy Mads Jørgensen Christoffer Brodbaek Sam Yao, Dr. Ted Trenkwalder
hsv@cowi.com chtr@cowi.com dake@cowi.com mpj@cowi.com cxb@gerwick.com sy@gerwick.com twt@gerwick.com
• Management of tender procedures
• Value engineering
• Preparation of contract for construction
Construction phase
• Construction management
• Quality, environmental and safety management
• Construction risk management
• Interface coordination
• Programme and budget control
Henrik Dahl John E. Chapman Bryan N. Jones Douglas A. Gaffney Abdelaziz Abdalla Rabie Stephen A. Famularo Usama M. Saied
• Site supervision hkd@gerwick.com joch@ocean-coastal.com brjo@ocean-coastal.com doga@ocean-coastal.com asar@cowi.com safa@cowi.com usax@cowi.com
• Contract and claims management
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
• O&M management systems
• Inspection of structures and installations
• Ranking of maintenance and reinvestment
needs
• Repair and strengthening design

Carsten Sørensen P. N. Ananth Ashish Lamba Bradley Allen Syler Bushra Hussain Hossam Abdella Nigel Pickering
cns@cowi.com pnan@cowi.com ahl@cowi.in brsy@cowi.com buhu@cowi.com hoal@cowi.com nipi@cowi.com

Marine and coastal The COWI Group
has, over the past
consultancy years, strengthened
and developed its
capabilities in marine and coastal engineering
both by organic growth and acquisitions.
The organic growth has taken place both by
hiring staff with international experience and
many new graduates. The staff in the six cen-
tres of excellence and sixteen offices is truly in-
ternational with a multicultural background in
education, language and nationality.
Experience
The COWI Group possesses extensive interna-
tional experience in all aspects of port, marine
and coastal engineering. This experience is
documented by the many successful, completed
projects on six continents of the world, from
California in the west to Korea and Australia
in the east and from Tierra del Fuego, Argen-
tina in the south to Greenland in the north.
Focus has been on developing the relation-
ship with our clients with the aim of providing
added value to the clients’ projects.
The very diverse, multidisciplinary and multicul-
tural background and professional experience
have been brought to bear for the benefit of
our clients and the projects we work on.
Quality management
COWI’s marine and coastal services are ISO
9001 certified. All design activities are carried
Quality management system
certificate and certification
conditions, ISO 9001
5
out in accordance with the individual project
quality plan tailored to meet the specific re-
development of particular in-house knowledge.
Marine terminals, ports, waterfronts, man-
quirements of each project. made islands, breakwaters can be mentioned as
special fields of experience.
Services and expertises
COWI’s services cover the whole life cycle of Clients
a project from the early ideas over studies and COWI works for public and private infra-
design to the operation phase and rehabilita- structure owners as well as for contractors. We
tion or decommissioning. advocate a close dialogue with the contractor
Our services range from professional advice (BOT and design-build projects) in order to
on a specific problem to comprehensive plan- take all data into account and to optimise the
ning and total engineering design and imple- design and construction.
mentation of large scale projects. Understanding our client’s needs and combin-
Our involvement in complex and demanding ing this with our knowledge and experience to
marine projects over the years has led to the successful project completion is our goal.
Main types of marine and coastal structures
Ports and harbours Marine terminals Special marine structures
• Container terminals • Oil and gas (LNG) terminals • Foundations for offshore wind
• General cargo • Bulk terminals turbines
• Ferry and roll-on-roll-of berths • Cruise terminals • Water intake and outfall structures
• Access channels and waterways • Confined disposal facilities
Coastal/waterfront development
• Navy • Locks and dams
• Land reclamation
• Small craft harbours • Dry docks
• Coastal flood mapping
• Fishing harbours
• Coastal protection
• Supply bases
• Man-made islands
• Marinas and pleasure craft
• Dredging
harbours
• Breakwaters
• Beaches
6
 7

Marine terminals Oil and gas Contractor's designer,

Shoaiba new tanker terminal,
COWI offers com- Saudi Arabia
pletely integrated ser-
vices relating to oil and gas marine terminals.
This includes layout planning, operational and
maintenance philosophy, marine construction,
electrical systems and mechanical installations.
We plan and manage site investigations, un-
dertake the assessment of geophysical data and
define design parameters. We analyse meteoro-
logical and oceanographic data and use numer-
ical wave and hydrodynamic modelling software
to define design water levels and wave condi-
tions and to calculate wave disturbance at the
terminal. COWI uses selected sub-consultants
for vessel manoeuvring studies to define dimen- Liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, Idku, Egypt
sions for approach channels and turning basins.
Planning of the berthing head arrangement is
based on the project specific vessel range to-
gether with loading/unloading requirements.
We perform in-house dynamic mooring analy-
ses including vessel downtime assessment.
Facilities design includes berth and loading
facilities, breakwaters, access trestle and pipe
racks/conveyors. Physical model tests are made
by subconsultants, who have worked with
COWI for ages.
In addition, facilities design includes tug
berths, construction docks, buildings, electrical
and mechanical installations, including security
features and emergency shutdowns.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

project, Idku, Egypt
 Services • Design of pipe racks and
bridges
• Offshore geotechnical
investigations • Design of buildings, road/
drainage and associated
• Bathymetric and topographic infrastructure
8 investigations
• Mooring and berthing analysis Project period
and layout
2003 - 2009
• Dredging plans
• Materials specifications Clients

• Design of block wall structures Technip, Chiyoda, Snamprogetti,

Archirodon Construction, Qatar
• Design of pile-supported Petroleum, Fluor Corporation,
structures Exxon Mobil
• Design of up to 11 arm loading
structure and associated
structures

Ras Laffan Marine Terminals, Qatar
Ras Laffan Port, Qatar was built in the early
1990s and is now becoming the world’s larg-
est liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporting port.
The port was designed as an export facility for
LNG, Condensate and Sulphur derived from
the processing of gas landed from the North
Field Gas Reservoir situated 67 km NNE of
the Port. Ras Laffan is currently expanding the
original port facilities and has identified the
Expansion of port of Ras Laffan
need for both new LNG berths as well as new
multi-user liquid product berths from which
gas-to-liquids (GTL) products can be exported.
COWI has, so far, been involved in the plan-
ning, design and construction of the following
marine terminals:
• Liquid product berths 1A and 1B
• Liquid product berths 3A and 3B
• LNG berth 3
• LNG berth 4
• LNG berth 5
• LNG berth 6
The liquid product berths were designed to
enable simultaneous berthing, mooring and
loading of two vessels from 20,000 to 300,000
DWT. The berths have a common approach
jetty with approach road and have pipe racks
on either side leading from the lee breakwa-
ter to the loading platform area. The loading
platform accommodates 11 loading arms for
each berth. The berths are constructed using
mass concrete blocks and consist of breasting
and mooring dolphins, quick release hooks,
catwalks for access to the mooring dolphins,
navigation lights, fenders, fire fighting facilities,
ship-to-shore gangway and lighting amongst
other topside facilities. The buildings consist of
a common control building, an electrical sub-
station and a firewater pump house as well as
pipe racks and other piping structures.
The LNG berths were designed to enable
berthing of LNG carriers up to 267,000 m3.
LNG berths 3, 4 and 6 were constructed using
mass concrete blocks some of which weigh up
to 700 t. The berths consist of a loading plat-
form with topside structures and equipment,
mooring and breasting dolphins, catwalks,
berth furniture as well as an access causeway.
LNG berth 5 was also designed for LNG
tankers up to 267,000 m3 but by using pile
supported structures and constructed outside
the existing main breakwater before the new
main breakwater was in place. Due to the
rough seas during construction, pile supported
structures were selected for this berth.
 9

Ruwais third NGL train jetty project, Abu

Dhabi, UAE
The GASCO plant is expanding the export fa-
cilities at their Ruwais plant in Abu Dhabi, UAE
with a third train export line and the construc-
tion of two new berths for export of natural gas
liquid (NGL). The berths shall accommodate LPG
carriers with a capacity of up to 125,000 m3.
The work included design of jacket structures to
be installed in 10-17 m water depth, design of
module support frames to accommodate topside
Services
• Review of project basis including berth layout study and
the geotechnical investigations
• Execution of dynamic mooring analysis
• Preliminary and detailed design of steel structures
• Construction support
• Design of jacket structures to be placed on 10 - 17 m
water depth
• Design of module support frames to be supported by the
jacket structures

facilities and design of a 700 m long access tres- • Design of 0.7 km E-W trestle and access platforms
tle to the new loading berths.
Project period
2006 - 2010

Client
Archirodon Construction
(Overseas) Co. S.A.
10

Large liquid terminal port,

New York Harbour, USA Services
Consulting engineering services for a large multi- • Underwater investigation with PE-
divers
purpose liquid terminal facility in the New York
Harbour area have been provided since 1994, • Moored vessel analysis

including marine engineering, dredging, permit- • Hydrographic survey

ting, and program management services. The • Maintenance dredging
facility has six recently dredged deepwater tanker Project period
berths and twelve barge berths. The services Ongoing
include underwater investigation with registered
professional engineer (PE) divers. In the last 5 Client
years we have been responsible for rehabilitation Large Liquid Terminal Operator
of piers and wharfs, emergency repairs, dredging,
and environmental remediation.
New York Harbour liquid terminal facility

Gabbro berth Mesaieed, Qatar

 11

Bulk terminals
Like other ports and port terminals the study
and design of bulk terminals rely on general
marine engineering and special expertise on the
systems for handling of bulk. The latter is nor-
mally tailored to the actual type of bulk mate-
rial to be loaded or unloaded at the terminal.
Otherwise bulk handling terminals can be
made at long quays like general cargo or con-
tainer berths or at jetty structures quite similar
to the ones used for oil and gas terminals.
The design thus requires knowledge of the
requirements associated with the specific type
of bulk material and the various types of han-
dling systems, ranging from traditional grab
handling to various types of conveyor belts to
systems using pipes for pumping of the mate-
rial in question.
The designer works with suppliers of such
special systems to develop optimum solutions.
COWI undertakes all types of services for Olivine terminal, Greenland
bulk terminals ranging from planning, layout Ruwais sulphur expansion, Abu Dhabi,
studies, hydraulic studies, surveys, environmen- UAE Services
tal assessments, feasibility studies, conceptual TAKREER has been expanding the production • Met-ocean study
and detailed design, tender documents, con- and berth facilities at their plant in Ruwais • Dynamic mooring analysis
tracting and contract supervision and manage- with a new berth for the export of granulated • Detailed design of marine facility
ment. sulphur. The new berth accommodates vessels
• Tendering and construction support
up to 65,000 DWT. The project involved con-
Project period
struction of berthing and mooring dolphins,
quadrant beam and support trestle, landrecla- 2006 - 2009

mation and pivot foundation for shiploader. Client

Also met-ocean study, dynamic mooring
Pegasus TSI Inc.
analysis, detailed design of marine facility, ten-
TAKREER Sulphur Plant dering and construction support are included.
in Ruwais, UAE
 12

Photo: Mogens Bech


Ports and harbours The services for
ports and harbours
are thus multidis-
ciplinary in nature and include, in principle,
the same studies and design tasks and types
of civil engineering structures as other marine
structures. However, of special importance is
the specific use of the ports and harbours and
which boats or ships they shall accommodate.
Each type of vessel and operation and type of
loading or unloading equipment has its specific
requirements. Such requirements come from
experience and are defined in the International
Navigation Association (PIANC) guides, such
as “Criteria for Movements of Moored Ships
is Harbours”, the preparation of which was
headed by COWI staff.
13
Port of Copenhagen COWI, together with the client, have im-
The Port of Copenhagen A/S undertook a large plemented a commercial document control
port development project that includes a new program. Through the internet, this gives all
ferry terminal in Søndre Frihavn (Southern project participants full accessibility and con-
Free Port) and planned for construction of trol of digital documents and drawings from
commercial and residential buildings on the the planning phase to the final phase.
former DANLINK sites. The development in-
cludes relocation of ferries operated by DFDS
Seaways away from the congested Copenhagen
City.
As the client’s representative COWI provided
multidisciplinary services and project manage-
ment, which included the following compo-
nents:
• Planning and design of quay structures and
piers in 9 m water depths
Services • EIA
• Dredging plans
• Traffic analysis on the terminal area • Project management • Cost estimate
• Testing of the proposed layout using 3D real • Conceptual design • Digital document
management
time ship navigation simulation at the Danish • Prequalification of
contractors
Maritime Institute (FORCE) Project period
• EIA (environmental impact assessment) and • Tender documents
2000 - 2003
environmental screening • Contracting and supervision
• Estimate of construction costs including • Review of contractor’s Client
maintenance using successive calculation design Port of Copenhagen A/S
• Soil logistics (recycling of polluted soil as • Traffic analysis
landfill within the project area).
14
Container terminals
Container terminals are normally made in con-
nection with a long straight quay as the termi-
nal requires quite a width perpendicular to the
quay to make room for container cranes at the
quay front and for transport laterally along the
quay and finally for storing/stacking of con-
tainers in the container yard.
Container vessels are becoming larger and
larger and the latest development in vessel size
implies vessels up to 400 m in length and a
draft fully loaded in the order of 16 m, thus re-
quiring depth at the quay front of about 17 m.
The quay structures for a container terminal
are thus quite similar to the ones used for other
types of port terminals with the exception that,
most often, the crane rails require piles as
foundation. These piles can be an integrated
part of the quay structure. Otherwise the de-
signer of a container terminal works closely
with the operator to develop a tailored optimal
system for the specific terminal including the
requirements to container cranes and the spe-
cial type of equipment required for moving and
stacking of containers such as straddle carriers.
A container yard has very heavy traffic and the
design of the heavy duty pavement requires
special attention.
Services
• Planning of the terminal operational
concept
• Site surveys
• Environmental assessment
• Design of marine works
• Specification of container handling
equipment. Preparation of tender
documents and tender assistance
• Design of onshore works including
pavement, roads, mechanical,
electrical and buildings
Project period
2007 - 2010
Client
Mesaieed Industrial City
Detailed design of container terminal, Qatar
Berths 7A and 7B container terminal,
phase 1 and 2, Mesaieed, Qatar
QP/MIC has expanded the berth 7 at Mesaieed
Port (located 40 km southeast of Doha, Qatar)
into a dedicated container terminal.The berth is
for 4,000 TEU Panamax vessels. The new quay
wall is a block wall designed with un-reinforced
precast blocks for a water depth 13.5 m. The
quay wall is supporting rail for STS-cranes. The
landside rail is supported by a reinforced crane
beam on bored concrete piles.
New container terminal, Port Atonome de Cotonou, Benin
Services • Construction document design
• Existing structure condition • Construction assistance
survey and assessment
Completed
• Bollard and fender systems 15
improvements 2007
• Crane girder and piling
strengthening Client
• Wharf embankment bulkhead Port of Oakland
design
• Operational and seismic
analyses

Wharf embankment
strengthening berths
35-37, Port of Oakland,
CA, USA
As part of the Port of Oak-
land “15 m channel deep-
ening project,” the port has
strengthened the Evergreen
Terminal (berths 35/37) with the construction
of a new waterside crane girder and sheet pile
bulkhead wall. As the prime consultant for
the structural analysis and design of wharf im-
provements we performed: new concrete crane
girder, concrete piling, steel sheet pile bulkhead
wall, fenders, bollards, crane rail, crane an-
chors, crane stops, seismic monitoring, cable
trench and utility vaults and trenches.
The work included development of design
criteria for future crane loads, vessel moorings,
seismic and geotechnical analyses, electrical de-
sign of crane and communication require-
ments, mechanical design of potable and fire
water, drafting, construction phasing, cost esti-
mates, and specification writing.
16
Marinas and small craft harbours
The planning, development and design of ma-
rinas and small craft harbours utilises COWI's
experience in geotechnics, hydraulics and ma-
rine/coastal structures.
For marina design COWI has experience in
developing the project from the initial surveys
and studies through preliminary and detailed
design to tendering and construction comple-
tion.
COWI has in-house experience covering the
core competencies required for marina plan-
ning and design which are:
• Demand studies consisting of transport trend
analyses, traffic forecasting, financial evalua-
tion and boat mix assessments
• Layout planning and studies including ter-
restrial and bathymetric surveys, geotech-
nical investigations, environmental impact
assessments, numerical modelling of various
hydraulic aspects such as sedimentation and
wave disturbance assessment, definition of
spatial requirements, optimisation of berth
layouts and protection measures such as
breakwaters and slope protection
• Infrastructure design being the design and
specification of pontoons, walkways, access
ramps, moorings, navigation aids, slipways,
shiplifts, maintenance and service areas, utili-
ties and security, buildings and roads and
fuel and pump-out facilities
Improvement of navigation conditions
and future expansion of the Port of
Frederikshavn, Denmark
The Port of Frederikshavn is among the 10
largest ports in Denmark and has plans for fur-
ther expansion.
The improve navigation condition and to
meet the future demands, COWI has developed
concept designs for a new foreharbour and a
furture expansion of the northern part of the
Port.
Services
• Numerical modelling of wave disturbance and
current conditions for optimisation of new
foreharbour
• Analysis of expected down time due to wave
disturbance
• Assessment of sedimentation conditions
• Full bridge navigation simulations with new
foreharbour
• Numerical modelling of sediment spill and
spreading during dredging operations
• Geotechnical investigations
• Conceptual design of new foreharbour, incl.design
of two new breakwaters and breakwater head
caissons
• Conceptual design of future expansion
• Investigation of legal bindings, regional and local
planning aspects and requirements to an EIA for
the port expansion
Project period
2006 - 2008
Client
Port of Frederikshavn, Denmark
 17

Wave disturbance modelling in harbour Wave height coefficients

Halul Harbour refurbishment, Qatar

Halul Harbour is located on the southern side of Services
Halul island 80 km east of Qatar. The refurbish- • Numerical wave
ment of the harbour commenced with a review modelling

of hydraulic design conditions and numerical • Physical modelling

wave disturbance modelling to determine the • Engineering design of
environmental parameters for the breakwater marine structures

design. • Technical specifications

and drawings Tuborg Syd waterfront
The wave disturbance modelling was under- development, Denmark
taken using MIKE 21 BW. Several different ar- Project period
rangements of the western breakwater were 2001 - 2002
modelled to minimise the wave disturbance
within the harbour. Based on these findings and Client
with consideration to navigation, optimisation of Archirodon Construction
(overseas) Co. S.A. Dubai
the breakwater layout was then completed.
Following the agreement of the layout detailed
design of the western breakwater was completed
using CORE-LOC units as the primary armour.
Further, 3D physical modelling was used to con-
firm the breakwater design. Technical and mate-
rial specifications were also produced.
18

Coastal engineering and Coastal engineering
Coastal engineering is a
waterfront development special field within civil
engineering. It includes
the physical processes of
the sea and coastal regions and the movements
of sediments due to the water in motion. It
further includes the interaction between in-
terventions and man-made structures and the
physical environment.
It is this complexity that makes coastal engi-
neering such a special field compared to many
other civil engineering disciplines and what fas-
cinates coastal engineers. The engineer or de-
signer often has to be imaginative and exercise
personal judgement in calculations in order to
arrive at correct and yet still acceptable struc-
tural solutions.
Palace Seawall, Muscat, Oman
19
The structures are founded on the sea bed or
on the shoreline and exposed to water level
changes, currents and wave impacts. Further,
the site and the area around the structures are,
in many cases, subject to morphological chang-
es which have to be analysed and understood
prior to construction. It is our strong aim “to
work with nature rather than against it”. This
may be taken as our mission statement within
coastal engineering.
It is, therefore, natural for us to try and min-
imise the use of man-made structures on a
shoreline and attempt to use beach nourish-
ment wherever possible. In line with this mis-
sion we will, when working on marine projects,
seek solutions attempting to minimise human
intervention, i.e. placing a port or similar in-
stallation where it requires the least movement
of materials, by, for example, selecting the site
and distance from the shoreline such that the
quantities in breakwaters and other structures
as well as dredging and filling volumes are min-
imised. Further, it is our aim to seek solutions
that involve the smallest possible changes in
the natural, physical as well as flora and fauna
environment.
Numerical models are more and more used
as a tool and COWI has strong in-house capa-
bilities in this field as described elsewhere.
20
Irish Rail sea defence works
A significant section of the Irish rail network
lies close to the shoreline and is subject to
ongoing coastal erosion, instability of coastal
defence structures and wave overtopping, espe-
cially along the east coast between Dublin and
Wicklow.
Iarnród Éireann (The National Irish Rail
Company) is currently implementing a long-
term plan for protection of the coastal rail-
ways, as part of the Cuttings and
Embankments programme.
Since 2000, COWI has carried out a feasibil-
ity study for coastal defence works as part of
this Cuttings and Embankments Programme.
The study produced a 10-year strategy, in
which geotechnical and coastal defence works
were planned and prioritised. The project pro- Heavy rock berm structures have been applied
gramme included the following coastal projects: to the coastal defences in areas of steep rocky
• Malahide Causeway headland where the railway line runs in a series
• Sorrento Point of embankments and rock cuttings supported
• Bray Head at their base by masonry retaining structures.
• Ballygannon (south of Greystones) At several locations, the railway runs on top
• Kilcoole of what is thought to be ancient littoral berm
• The Breaches formations. These are fronted by sandy beach
• Six Mile Point (Newcastle) and with low hinterland. At these locations,
• Five Mile Point the coastline is subject to rapid coastal erosion.
• Rogerstown Causeway Therefore, new revetments have been estab-
• Merrion Gates to Blackrock lished. In order to preserve the amenity of the
• Rosslare Strand beaches, the new revetments have been partially
burried into the beach and the reconstructed
A variety of geotechnical and coastal defence dunes have been planted with marram grass.
works are adopted in order to suit the local site At other locations, rock and concrete block re-
conditions. vetments behind the beach protect the track.
Services
• Feasibility study
• Design of protection works
• Tendering and contracting
of work
• Construction supervision
Project period
2000 - 2009
Client
Iarnród Éireann
 21

Breakwater projects
COWI is an international name in the design
of breakwaters. Our experience reaches from
fundamental scientific research to numerical
model studies and physical model testing to de-
sign and supervision of construction.
COWI’s staff has more than 35 years experi-
ence from over 150 international breakwater
projects in 5 continents. The experience in-
cludes all types of breakwaters from rubble
mound to caisson. In addition, the experience
includes an extensive variety of armour units
such as quarry rock, cubes, grooved cubes, do-
los, tetrapods, accropodes, and CORE-LOC.
COWI uses its in-house capabilities in nu-
merical modelling of wave propagation as the
basis for defining design waves and then for
the configuration of breakwaters and to per-
form conceptual analyse and design. We spec-
ify and supervise 2D flume tests and 3D Main breakwater armoured with CORE-LOC.
physical model tests. LNG project at Idku, Egypt
If ground conditions are poor, state-of-the-
art soil structure interaction analysis software
is used to analyse the breakwater foundation
and define soil improvement works as neces-
sary.
We also study and design caisson breakwa-
ters including numerical and physical model-
ling, soil-structure interaction modelling and
design of the caissons using IBDAS, COWI’s
own integrated design and analysis software
tool.

Rock breakwaters for coastal protection

Placing of CORE-LOC
22

Waterfront developments The Lagoons, Dubai, UAE Dellis Cay development, British West Indies
Waterfront developments include both the de- The Lagoons was a landmark project, and The developer ‘O Property Collection’ is currently
velopment of existing ports and harbours for situated at the end of Dubai Creek, north east developing a multiple facility tourist complex with
residential purpose and the study and design of of the Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary. It com- low-level hotels and condos on the island of Dellis
large-scale dredging and reclamation works. prised of seven man-made landscaped islands Cay, part of the Turks & Caicos Islands.
We specialise in developing projects from representing the seven Emirates of the UAE, In 2006 COWI was
master planning, surveys, environmental im- which, together, provide extensive navigable appointed as marine
pact assessments, design of edge structures and waterfront. It is a mixed use waterfront devel- consultant, utilizing our
reclamation, preparation of tender documents opment to accommodate both high-rise and services to review all
to supervision and construction management. low-rise residential and commercial buildings, existing documentation
five star hotels, resorts, marinas, a planetarium, of the project, interview
a theatre and art centre as well as the iconic associated parties and
Opera House on the existing island. prepare a preliminary
Positioned adjacent to Dubai Festival City, assessment of the exist-
with the Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary to the ing Master Plan. As-
south-west and the sixth crossing to the north, sessment & Design of
the development holds a prime location along marine works associ-
the Dubai Creek. ated with Dellis Cay Development, Turks & Caicos,
Transportation around the islands is to be British Virgin Islands. MIKE21 numerical model-
supported by a series of bridges and causeways ling of the hydraulic environment including the im-
as well as public transport facilities. The devel- pact of hurricanes, resulting in the development of
opment has approximately 40 km of water- a protection strategy and definition of design flood
front land. elevations for the island. Preparation of alternative
concepts, cost estimation and production for a mas-
Block work quay wall built in the dry for The Lagoons. ter plan for marina cay reclamation (70 acres) and
Rendered image or “vision” for The Lagoons.
detailed design and tender documents for 1.5 km of
Services • Mechanical water quality beaches including beach nourishment, detached
system rubble mound breakwaters and timber groynes, a
• Several kilometers of
concrete block work quay • Navigational locks cargo handling jetty & ro-ro berth and a 50,000 m3
wall and revetments
• 8 marinas scattered saline lake with tidally driven flushing system.
• Navigational locks around the site with a total
providing access to the capacity of more than 800
impounded lagoons boats
• Navigable canals and
waterways Project period 2008 -
2010
• Excavation, dredging and
reclamation Client Sama Dubai LLC
• Hydraulic studies

The Pearl – Qatar
The Pearl, a project in Qatar, involved detailed
design of the reclamation works for the 400
hectares new island requiring approximately
13.5 million m3 of fill and the associated sea
defence structures for the 40 km of new shore-
line.
Numerical hydrodynamic model studies were
carried out to determine the hydrodynamic de-
sign basis.
The development includes private beaches
along most of the perimeter which adds to the
aesthetics and exclusiveness of the development.
Various concepts have been developed to create
a variety of beach environments that are opti-
mised to suit the local conditions and require-
ments.
23
Along the shores facing north and east rela- Each of the Isola Dana islands feature a private
tively long pocket beaches have been created. beach, harbour and terraced beach fringed by a
The sand is retained between groyne structures. low crested revetment.
Private open beaches have been separated by COWI has, subsequently to the island de-
beach breakwaters at one of the shorelines fac- sign, rendered technical assistance during con-
ing southwest. Generally, terraced beaches have struction and made design of the marinas.
been used where the wave impact is oblique
and an open beach would be eroding. The ter-
raced type consists of a low crested revetment Services • Conceptual design
behind which a sand beach is constructed.
• Bathymetric survey • Detailed design
Concrete block gravity quay walls are used
• Geotechnical site investigations • Tender and contract documents
in the western cove (Porto Arabia) and along
the channels in the Venice type development • Environmental management • Technical assistance
plan
(Qanat Quartier) at the north-west shore to fa- Project period
• Design assistance during
cilitate mooring of boats and to create the con- construction 2003 - 2008
fined channel system.
• Design of marinas
Client
• Design of culverts
United Development Company (UDC)
• Design basis
24
Lusail Development, Qatar
The waterfront development is located along
the shoreline north of Doha. It will cover an
area of about 21 km2 which is about the same
size as the entire Midtown and Lower Manhat-
tan in New York.
The project will transform the present shore-
line through dredging and reclamation, creating
Master plan
new islands, access channels and beaches. The
new development will include low- and high-
rise residential housing for about 200,000 in-
habitants. Further, the development will include
business, corporate and mixed use areas as well
as quality beaches with top class hotels, two
golf courses and an entertainment district.
From August 2004 to January 2006, COWI
completed planning and design activities of the
marine and earthworks for the Lusail Develop-
ment as sub-consultant to Bechtel Overseas
Corporation. In February 2006, the owner en-
tered a 2½ year contract with the Chinese con-
tractor Sinohydro for the construction of the
marine works.
In early 2006 COWI, in cooperation with
Halcrow, Hyder and David Adamson, were se-
lected by Qatari Diar to design and supervise
all infrastructure for this multi-billion dollar
development project. The construction of the
infrastructure works is scheduled to be com-
pleted in 2011.
Marine components
• Dredging/excavation of 24 million m3
• Reclamation/landfilling of 17 million m3
• Block walls, 10 km
• Rock revetments, 21 km
• Beaches, 19 locations, 4 km
Services for marine and earthworks
• Bathymetric and topographic surveys
• Geotechnical investigations
• Master planning
• Environmental impact assessment
• Conceptual and detailed design
• Preparation of tender documents
• Assistance in tendering and contracting
phase
Services for infrastructure
• Supervision of the marine works
• Design and supervision of nine marine
bridges
• Design and supervision of marinas
• Geotechnical investigations
• Environmental impact assessment
• Supervision of part of the infrastructure
construction works
Project period
2004 - 2011
Clients
Bechtel Overseas Corporation and
Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company
25
26

Construction of the up to 44 meter heigh

gravity base foundations. Thornton
construction site, Belgium.
 27

Offshore wind turbine Over the years

COWI has devel-
we provide the client with a basis for optimis-
ing his installation requirements.
foundations oped innovative
off-shore founda-
COWI has experience in detailed design of
offshore wind turbine foundation structures in
tion concepts for both steel and in concrete and is therefore the
offshore wind turbines that are today regarded preferred consultant for feasibility studies for
as proven and accepted. Our foundation design many developers and EPC contractors. COWI
expertise also includes monopiles, four-legged has recently carried out concept studies in Den-
jackets as well as jack-up installed STAR tripods. mark, Norway, Germany, Belgium, France,
The Nysted and Thornton Bank gravity base England and USA. Beyond conceptual, basic
foundations were innovative designs developed and detailed foundation design COWI also carry
together with the contractors to meet site spe- out metocean studies and plan, supervise and
cific challenges set by foundation conditions as interpret geophycical og geotechnical surveys.
well as fabrication and installation require-
ments. COWI’s project approach, combining
hydraulics, geotechnics, structural engineering
and fabrication/installation procedures into in-
tegral solutions, provides the client with opti-
mal solutions for his specific project needs.
The London Array transition piece and
monopile foundation COWI has improved the
design methods for the soil structure interac-
tion to allow for an optimized design. The
project is one of the first to introduce a new
design of grouted connections.
The verification of structural strength and
the stability in the construction phase are co-
herent in the design activities. This includes im-
pacts during transport and installation such as
loads induced from lifts, dynamic impact dur-
Drawing: COWI

ing transportation, and impact during installa-

tion. We conduct installation studies taking the 3D visualisation of
permissible weather windows into account and planned wind farm.

Photo: Petri & Betz

Nysted Offshore Wind Farm,
Denmark.
28

Offshore geotechnical and geophysical investigations

Prerequisite for successful offshore projects

Services
• Desktop studies to assist
planning and providing risk
assessment for surveys
• Assessment of requested
geotechnical and geophysical
investigation tailored for the
actual project
are proper and appropriate geotechnical and
geophysical site investigations. COWI has the
appropriate expertise in all kind of offshore
geotechnical and geophysical engineering and
the necessary skills to undertake the planning,
supervision and interpretation of any kind of
marine survey assignments.

• Preparation of tender
documents: Assessment of
what is needed, techniques and
equipment to use, selection of
best contractors to approach.
• Assessment of suitability
of equipment, vessels and
personnel.
• Selection of contractor
and assistance on contract
negotiation.
• Consultancy on marine and
offshore survey practices.
• Representation on any kind of
offshore survey from seabed
mapping (bathymetry, acoustic
imaging of the seafloor and
seabed profiling, coring and
ground truthing (any kind of grab
sampling or visual inspection).
• Supervision of site investigations
• Interpretation of provided
geotechnical data and
assessment of geotechnical
design basis
• Preparing geological models in
2D or 3D.
COWI has more than 150 geosciences staff
with a solid educational background and an
extensive experience with geotechnical engi-
neering worldwide. 15 of the employees have
valid safety and survival certificates and partic-
ipate in offshore supervision around the world.
The supervision comprises CPT and bore-
holes carried out from jack-up by traditional
drilling in overburden and wireline core drill-
ing in rock. It also comprises PS-logging, drill
out CPT and pressuremeter testing. In shallow
water we have supervised CPT and vibrocoring
from smaller ships.
COWI can assist in planning, optimisation,
supervision and interpretation of marine geo-
physical surveys such as bathymetry with
multi- and single beam echosounder, seabed
characterisation with side-scan sonar or multi-
beam methods, and vertical distribution of ma-
rine sediments with e.g. sub-bottom profilers.
COWI´s approach is based on close commu-
nication lines with the client, ensuring that all
information is efficiently distributed.
Photo: Ian_Cormack
Jack-up risk assignments
COWI has carried out risk evaluation regarding the seabed con-
ditions for jacking up on a number of offshore wind turbine sites.
The risk assignment is focusing on: The sea bed conditions, bear-
ing capacities and penetrations of footings, risk of punch through
of softer layer below footings, other ground related risks in con-
junction with jacking up operations.
The investigations covered among others the following sites:
Denmark Baltic Sea (Kattegat), Rødsand I and II (Nysted),
Djursland/Anholt, Sprogoe, Horns Rev I and II and Great Belt.
Germany Arkona-Becken Südost, Baltic I, Kriegers Flak, Sky
2000, North Sea, Oersund, Borkum Riffgrund, Bokum West II,
Butendiek, Meerwind and Nordsee Ost.
Sweden Lillegrund.
 29

London Array, world's largest offshore

wind farm, UK Services
With 175 monopiles, designed to carry the • Structural design
Siemens 3.6 MW turbines, London Array will • Geotechnical design
be the largest offshore wind farm in the world • Hydraulic calculations.
when completed in 2012. Monopiles of 4.7 m
and 5.7 m in diameter will be installed in water Project period
depths between 0 m and 25 m. With a total 2009-2011
length of up to 85 m, these foundations will
Client
range among the largest ever built.
Aarsleff | Bilfinger Berger
A consortium of DONG, E.ON and Masdar Joint Venture
has commissioned Aarsleff | Bilfinger Berger
Joint Venture (ABJV) as contractor to under-
take fabrication and installation of the steel
foundations. To carry out the detailed design www.cowi.com/offshorewind
of the steel foundations, ABJV has engaged
COWI as lead in a joint venture with IMS
GmbH, COWI-IMS JV.
The offshore wind farm will be located on
and between the sandbanks of Kentish Knock
and Long Sand representing depth variations
of up to 25 m. The soil includes both sand pro-
files, stiff London Clay profiles and mixtures
including also gravel layers. With layers poten-
tially prone to liquefaction, also the soil repre-
sents a challenge to the design.
The project will be one of the first to intro-
duce a new design of grouted connections and
improvements in the geotechnical calculations
of soil structure interaction to allow for an op-
timized design.
The present project constitutes phase 1 of a 2
phased setup and is planned to deliver 1,000 MW
in total and will cover the electricity needs of
750,000 homes in the UK.
30
Nysted offshore wind farm at Rødsand,
Services Denmark
• Structural design Denmark has formulated an energy policy giving
• Geotechnical design high priority to sustainable energy, where wind
• Design of scour protection
turbines are very important elements. Several
offshore wind farms are planned and COWI
• Project follow-up
served as consultant for the two at Rødsand.
• Detailed design, site supervisions
COWI has carried out detailed design for 72
Project period wind turbine gravity foundations located in the
2001 - 2002, 2008 - 2010 Baltic Sea some 9 to 10 km off the southern
coast of the Danish island of Lolland. They are
Clients 2.2 MW Siemens wind turbines.
Aarsleff - Ballast Nedam International Joint The wind turbines are founded at 7.5 to
Venture
12.75 m depth on stiff clay till. The gravity
Aarsleff - Bilfinger-Berger Joint Venture foundations are open reinforced concrete struc-
tures that are subsequently filled with ballast
Foundation production site, Poland and covered with armour stones. The founda-
tion is provided with an ice cone. The design is
based on an optimal utilisation of the subjacent
soil conditions versus load conditions when de-
fining the foundation level of each position.
Photo: Petri & Betz
The foundations are designed to sustain cyclic
loads from wind, wave and ice forces during
their 25 year lifetime.
The detailed design included geotechnical,
structural and scour protection design, the lat-
ter validated by hydraulic model tests. The geo-
technical and structural designs were carried
out using state-of-the-art numerical tools, e.g.
PLAXIS and IBDAS.
Rødsand 2, Denmark
COWI in a joint venture with Aarsleff and Bil-
finger-Berger is carrying out basic and detailed
design of 90 wind turbine foundations, located
off the southern coast of the Danish island of
Lolland. The wind turbines are 2.3 MW Siemens
to be founded at 6 to 12 m water depth. The
services comprise installation loads, hydraulic
load assessments, structural design and geo-
technical design.

Thornton Bank offshore wind farm,
Belgium
The Thornton Bank is located in the North Sea
some 30 km off the Belgian coast. When fully
developed, the Thornton Bank offshore wind
farm will comprise approximately 54 wind
turbines. The first phase completed in 2008
comprised 6 wind turbines.
The wind turbines for the first phase are
REpower 5 MW turbines. The turbine hubs are
94 m above sea level. The gravity base founda-
tions for the wind turbines are founded in sand
of medium grain size.
In 2003-2004 COWI carried out a concept
study for alternative foundation solutions in-
cluding the innovative conical shell structure
eventually adopted by the project owner.
The prestressed concrete foundation struc-
ture is composed of a cylindrical shaft on top
of a conical base transferring the loads from
the wind turbine directly to the base slab.
31
The post-tensioned structure provides favour-
able strength and stiffness properties as well as
fatigue and crack resistance.
At the deepest location, the gravity base
foundation structure extends from -27 m TAW to
+17 m TAW. The base diameter is 23.5 m and
the shaft diameter is 6.5 m, matching the diam-
eter of the turbine tower.
The foundation gravity base structures are
prefabricated on land, and installed at sea by a
heavy lift crane, on a pre-installed gravel bed.
The weight of the concrete foundation struc-
ture is about 2,700 t. After placing, the foun-
dation is ballasted by a combination of sand
and heavy fill, sufficient to ensure the stability
against overturning moments. The total dry
weight may of the ballasted gravity base foun-
dation be up to 7,000 t, depending on quantity
and type of infill.
Services • Project follow-up during construction
stage
• Structural design of foundation
• Geotechnical design Project period
• Hydraulic design of installation stages 2006-2008
• Numerical and physical hydraulic
modelling of installation stages, Client
including dynamic loads and scour Dredging International n.v., Belgium
• Appurtenances design including boat
landing and J-tubes
 32

Photo: Shaw E&I

 33

Locks, dams We have a proven

track record of pro-
and barriers viding cost-effective
solutions to lock
and dam projects
using off-site prefabrication, float-in and in-
the-wet construction technology. Our unique
solutions minimize risks and reduce the time
for construction through the use of innovative
design and construction methods that avoid
long lead times. Our expertise includes pump
stations, cofferdams, marine skidways, precast
yards, bulkheads, dewatering, underwater
repair, levees, floodwalls, canal lining, flexible
revetments and articulated concrete mats.
Our services include soil-structure-interac-
tion and foundation analyses, FE modelling,
waterway traffic and navigation studies, dredg-
ing design, cofferdams, float-in and in-the-wet New Orleans flood protection barrier, USA waterway and the Mississippi River Gulf out-
construction methods, heavy lift and transpor- Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. is responsible for the de- let, a natural funnel identified as an area of
tation technology, seismic analyses, hydraulic tailed design of the flood barrier and the mono- critical vulnerability. Depending upon the de-
modelling, fish-bypass structures, coastal engi- liths and foundations, for the main sector gate sign and site chosen, the final structure could
neering and geotechnical engineering. structure which will be used both to regulate be longer than 2.7 km. It is to include a combi-
navigation, tidal flows, and storm surge into the nation of static and gated
inner harbour navigation canal (IHNC) in New barriers that are to remain
Services
Orleans. open for shipping, except
Detailed design
The federally funded contract is for construc- during storm-surge emer-
tion of a stormsurge barrier to keep surges from gencies. The contract, Project period
entering New Orleans’ inner harbour naviga- which began on Septem- 2008 - 2009
tion canal. Failures of floodwalls overwhelmed ber 2008, included “ad-
by storm surge during Hurricane Katrina in vanced measures” to Clients
2005 along IHNC contributed greatly to the reduce the storm surge The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
flooding of the city. flood risk for residents and Louisiana’s Coastal Protection
and Restoration Authority
Steel cofferdam associated with The IHNC barrier is to be built by the end of around IHNC until the
construction of CDF and 305 m 2011 near the confluence of the Gulf intracoastal barrier is finished.
heavy duty wharf.
34
Braddock Dam lock 2, Monongahela
River, USA
Gerwick was retained by the USACE Pitts-
burgh District to design and assist with con-
struction supervision of the New Braddock
Dam. As the Engineer-of-Record for all final
structural design drawings, we designed the
float-in precast dam segments and developed
in-the-wet construction methods and proce-
dures.
The Braddock Dam was constructed using a
new and innovative float-in method, a first
within the USACE. The application of this in-
novative in-the-wet approach is a landmark
event, and one that could revolutionize the fu-
ture construction of navigation projects. As a
key consultant on the Braddock Dam, we suc-
cessfully completed a major portion of the
Precast concrete dam segment floats to detailed design following an aggressive seven-
the project site on the Monongahela
River
month schedule.
Services The challenges presented by this project and
• Detailed design subsequently solved included: developing a cast
• River navigation structures and launch facility for two, 11,000-ton dam
segments; developing a 102 m long precast
• Precast concrete construction
• Construction sequencing and scheduling
• Construction means and methods
• Tremie concrete mix design
• Construction engineering
Completed
2003
Client
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Pittsburgh District
Float-in of dam segment Dam segment float-in and set-down sequence
shell with sufficient strength for launch, trans-
port, and immersion while maintaining a 3.1 m
maximum draft; and developing a transport,
positioning, immersion, and dam completion
plan that would safely accommodate a 500-
year flood at anytime with 48-hour notice.
Problems faced during construction centered
around construction of the dam without ad-
verse impact to the heavy traffic on the river.
The problems were solved using the float-in
method of construction, utilizing very short
construction windows, and by closely coordi-
nating vessel traffic on the river.
The key to the success of this project is that
the design and construction utilized precast
concrete modules as the in-situ form into
which tremie concrete was placed directly
without use of a cofferdam.
This project proves that the innovative con-
struction method can provide substantial bene-
fits in cost, construction time, risk reduction,
and facility utilization while minimizing dis-
ruption to river traffic, and reducing environ-
mental impact.
 35

Olmsted, Ohio River

between Illinois and Olmsted locks and dam, USA
Kentucky
After construction, the precast shell segments
will be lifted by a 5,100 t gantry crane to a
skidway where they will be lowered down into
Aerial view of Olmsted Dam
the water on a cradle using push-pull units. precast yard showing the
Once they are in the water they will be lifted by five 46 m × 38 m concrete
slabs where the precast
a catamaran barge and positioned in the river. Services • Liquefaction
concrete shells will be cast.
As part of the detailed design and construc- • Casting yards/launch system • Mooring and berthing
tion of the Olmsted Dam, we provided the de- • Diving activities • Seismic analysis
tailed design for the new dam and also • Dredging • Seismic non-linear soil pile
construction design support of the precast yard Interaction
• Heavy lift systems
including the marine skidway for load-out of • Constructability studies
• Off site prefabrication
the pre-cast shell segments. The construction • Cost estimating
• Positioning control systems
design encompassed concrete and steel retaining • Scheduling preparation/review
• Screeding/subgrade preparation
walls, gantry crane beams, skidway rail includ-
• Specification preparation/review
ing beam and foundation system both above • Concrete durability
• Value engineering
and below water, precast shell cradle, steel • Headed reinforcement
frame tremie mat templates, lifting/mating de- • Pre-cast concrete Project period
tails for the precast shells, mooring anchors and • Precast shells (hulls) 2005 - ongoing
dolphins. We also completed the shell design for • Tremie concrete
the navigable pass precast segments, paving Client
• Non-linear soil pile interaction
blocks and the lifting frame for the navigable U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
• Ice loading/abrasion resistance Louisville Distric
pass segments and supported the design of the
tainter gates.
36
 37

Seawater Many industrial plants

around the world use
We have in-house experience in the modelling
tools used to support the design process: surge
cooling once-through systems
for their process cool-
protection analysis packages, hydraulic model-
ling packages for waves, thermal dispersion
systems ing. The design of a and steady-state pipe flow, structural design
seawater cooling sys- tools and 3D modelling systems such as PDS,
tem is a multidisciplinary task and it requires PDMS or SmartPlant.
coordination of the hydraulic, coastal, struc-
tural and electromechanical aspects. Further-
more, the environmental impacts have to be
addressed due to the heat load discharged back
to the marine or fluvial environment.
COWI has the specialist resources required
for all aspects of the design. It includes hydrau-
lic design of entire cooling water string and de-
sign of surge protection, intake and outfall
systems and structural design of pumping sta-
tions and seal weirs. Design of mechanical
equipment such as pumps, racks, screens is also
included as well as design of automation and
instrumentation, and design of coastal struc-
tures such as breakwaters, revetments, intake
basins, outfall structures, thermal dispersion
and recirculation. Model test of marine outfall structures.
In addition we conduct studies to optimise lo-
cations of intakes and outfalls, establish met-
ocean design parameters using advanced
numerical models, and assess the impact on Shoaiba steam power plant, Saudi
longshore sediment transport, coastal morphol- Arabia
ogy, and the environment. The plant located on the Red Sea Coast south Services
Typically the design is done in close collabo- of Jeddah is a major power and desalination
Design of large intake structures consisting of glass reinforced plastic
ration with a contractor and COWI is there- plant with water intake and outfall structures pipes and accropode breakwater intake basin and outfall weir, canal and
fore also used to consider scheduling and at the shoreline. guiding structures.
constructability issues during the design phase.
Completed 2001

Client Saudi Archirodon Limited

 Services
• Hydraulic design of cooling water system
• Foundation design
38 • Design of coastal structures
• Structural design of risers, pumping station,
discharge structure, seal weir and outfall
• Piping design
• Mechanical design
• Electrical & instrumentation design
• SmartPlant 3D modelling.

Project period
2010-2011

Client
TARGET Engineering Construction Co.

Fourth NGL train, UAE

In relation to the substantial Integrated Gas Devel-
opment (IGD), aiming at increasing the gas pro-
duction in the United Arab Emirates, the ADNOC
company GASCO constructed a 4th NGL train at
its site in Ruwais. An integral part of this project
was the seawater cooling system.
COWI carried out the full detailed design of the
once-through cooling water
system with a design flow
close to 60,000 m3/hr. The
elements comprised offshore
intake risers, three offshore Rabigh power plant no. 2 project, Saudi igh power plant no. 2. Huta Marine Works Ltd.
supply pipes, pumping sta- Arabia is sub-contractor to Doosan regarding the ma-
tion, manifold, two large The project is located in Rabigh, on the Red rine works that forms part of the overall EPC
supply pipelines, discharge Sea coast, north of Jeddah in the Kingdom of scope of work.
header structure, sealing Saudi Arabia. As part of the expansion pro- COWI carries out the studies and design of
weir and an outfall structure. gramme for Rabigh power station, an addi- the marine and coastal elements of the seawa-
COWI´s scope of work covered marine and tional four power generation units of 700 MW ter cooling system for the power plant covering
coastal, structural, geotechnical, hydraulic, mechani- capacity each will be installed. The design flow the following items: Seawater intake pipes, in-
cal, piping, electrical and instrumentation systems. is close to 300 m3/s. take basin surrounded by revetments, pumping
The advanced 3D modelling plant design system, Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction station, outfall channel, outfall structure and
SmartPlant, was used to integrate the design. has been awarded the EPC contract by Saudi breakwaters, and shore protection.
Electricity Company (SEC) to deliver the Rab-

Services
• Numerical hydraulic modelling
of waves, currents, and thermal
dispersion
• Management of physical
modelling of breakwater and
revetment stability
• Management of physical
modelling of pump station
• Hydraulic engineering of intake
pipes and basin
• Specifications for and analyses of
pumping tests
• Geotechnical interpretative report
39
Yanbu 2 power and water project,
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Archirodon Ltd has appointed COWI
the detailed design of the marine facilities for
phase 1 of the Yanbu 2 power and water pro-
ject on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The
end client is MARAFIQ , the power and water
utility company for Jubail and Yanbu, who
intends to construct a new power and water
plant for Yanbu 2 Industrial City in order to
satisfy a growing demand for power, process/ Services
potable water as well as seawater cooling. • Met-ocean study and numerical modelling of wave
The Yanbu 2 power and water project is split and hydrodynamics
into four different contracts: • Recirculation modelling for confirmation of the
• Power and water production location of seawater intake and outfall
facilities • Numerical flow modelling for optimisation of seawater
intake channel
• Marine facilities
(Archirodon’s package) • Layout and design of seawater outfall transition
structure and GRP pipelines covered by rock
• Fuel facilities protection
• Seawater cooling pipeline network. • Design of seawater intake channel and breakwaters
• Design of dredging, reclamation and foundation of
structures
• Structural design of pumping station, thrust block
and culverts
• Conceptual and detailed design • Design of buildings and infrastructure.
of marine and coastal engineering
works (intake GRP pipes,
breakwaters, revetments, shore Project period 2011-2012
protection, outfall weir)
Client Saudi Archirodon Ltd.
• Review and check of structural
design of pumping station.
Project period
2010-2011
Client
Huta Marine Works Ltd.
40

Structure investigation The aging port
infrastructure pro-
Solutions that include remediation design to
extend the existing structure service life, restore
and maintenance vides significant load ratings, and design of replacement and
opportunities for new structures are provided. The repaired and
marine structure new structures are designed to meet today’s
underwater and topside investigation, remedia- codes, including seismic requirements.
tion and maintenance. Much of the existing Our services include underwater investiga-
waterfront infrastructure was constructed in tions using surface supplied air with one of the
the early to mid-1900s. largest contingencies of 20 professional engi-
neer and engineer divers in the United States,
Underwater inspection half of which are registreted professional engi-
The below water structures, not visible during neers. The services live up to safety standards
routine inspections, can be overlooked and are and regulations including the US Occupational
the most vulnerable to environmental attack and Health Administration (OSHA), US Coast
and deterioration. Guard, Association of Diving Contractors
guidelines, and our own Dive Safety Manual.
41
The engineers who perform the inspections
also write the investigation reports, develop
recommendations, repair schemes, alternatives
and prepare the designs. We strongly believe
that this approach provides clients with the
most cost effective and constructible designs.
Furthermore, we operate highly portable but
powerful mini remotely operated vehicles
(ROV) that has a range of 230 metres. This
gives the dive team the ability to assess safety
concerns about a potential dive, view areas
that may be considered hazardous for manned
dives and provide rapid deployment because of
its portability.
ROV safety assesses damaged navigation
structure in deep water
42
Port of Salalah inspection, Sultanate
of Oman
We performed an above and underwater
inspection of berths 21-24 and the liquid
handling berth (LHB) at the Port of Salalah.
The Port of Salalah retained us to perform
a feasibility study to dredge an additional 2.5
m at these facilities and an investigation was
required. We mobilized a full surface supplied
dive station, an engineer-diver, and a dive su-
pervisor.
Berths 21-24 are constructed of precast con-
crete caisson bulkhead that supports a cast-in-
place concrete cap. It measures approximately
730 m and is currently dredged to approxi-
mately 12 m depth. The LHB consists of four
precast concrete caissons that comprise the
mooring and breasting structures and support
the catwalks and manifold platform. This berth
is also currently dredged to approximately 12
m depth.
The diving operation was conducted by a
three-person inspection team consisting of
professional engineer-divers and a diver-techni-
cian. Diving inspections were conducted using
surface-supplied diving equipment with full-
time hardwire communication between the
diver and topside personnel.
The primary objective of the investigation
was to assess the existing condition of the
structure to determine the improvements re-
quired to accommodate the additional dredge
depth. The underwater investigation included a
level I inspection effort on 100% of the struc-
ture and a level II inspection effort on approxi-
mately 10% of the structure.

Service life and Service life design
Internationally, COWI
risk assessment provides the only available
reliability-based service life
design methodology against
chloride- and carbonation-induced corrosion of
reinforcement in concrete.
Marine structures are usually now designed
for 100, 120 or even 200 years of service life.
This surpasses by far the assumed design life
on which most codes and standards are based.
COWI’s recognised leading position within
durability design and concrete technology is
based on more than 40 years worldwide expe-
rience within the design, operation and mainte-
nance of exposed reinforced concrete
structures.
COWI has been spearheading the interna-
tional research and technical development of
the rational service life design of concrete
structures, i.e. in European research projects
such as: DuraCrete, DuraNet and DARTS, and
chairing all durability-related activities within
the international organisations of CEB (Comité
Euro-international du Béton) and now fib
(Fédération Internationale du Béton).
43
Risk and decision support
COWI offers all types of risk assessments for
projects. Risk is inherent in any activity. All
decisions or actions may result in unwanted
consequences. Thus, the proper procedure is
always to consider risk and to make use of the
information gained in the decision process.
Project risks include development risks, con-
struction risks, operational risks, financial risks
and revenue risks.
Risk management
Risk management is basically a managerial tool
to support the decision maker.
Experience shows that implementation of
risk management will result in profitable deci-
Environmental risk from oil and chemical spillage in Danish waters
sions and improved allocation of resources.
Risk management can lead to decisions sup-
porting the decision maker’s goals.
Risk management ensures consistence and
transparency in the decision process and pro-
vides a basis for risk communication.
Risk assessment
In many cases, risk management requires de-
tailed quantitative input.
To this purpose, risk assessment makes use
of probability calculus and statistics, which are
applied to the underlying physical or economic
models.The quantitative output can easily be ex-
pressed in economic terms, which is especially
useful in cost-benefit analyses.
44

Design COWI uses state-

of-the-art numeri-
SESAM
Sesam is a finite element program
PLAXIS
PLAXIS is a finite elements
tools cal models and
tools in all phases
used for analysis and design of steel
jackets structures.
program specifically devel-
oped for numerical analysis
of projects. of geotechnical and under-
ground structures and soil-
LITPACK structure interaction.
LITPACK is a state-of-the-art numerical
model for the simulation of shoreline
developments including erosion and ac-
cretion.

HOLEBASE
HOLEBASE is a ROBOT
database system for ROBOT is a finite ele-
geotechnical data. OPTIMOOR ment program for analy-
It allows for proper OPTIMOOR is a computer pro- sis and design of beam,
storing and analyse gram for the analysis of vessel truss, slab, shell and 3D
of data and presenta- moorings. structures.
tions in AutoCAD.

IBDAS
IBDAS is COWI’s own in-
tegrated design and analy-
sis software tool. It allows
for geometrical modelling, ABAQUS
structural analysis and ABAQUS is one of the leading
verification of engineering multi-purpose finite elements
structures and generation programs for a wide spectrum of
of construction drawings. numerical analyses in engineering
and natural science with special
focus on FEM and soil-structure
interaction.

Hydrodynamic flow modelling - design flow velocities
at The Pearl – Qatar
Flushing - concentration of artificial tracer after 104 hours
simulation for the Development situation
Numerical modelling using MIKE 21
COWI has acquired the professional engineer-
ing software package MIKE 21. It is applicable
to the simulation of hydraulic and related phe-
nomena in lakes, estuaries, bays, coastal areas
and seas, and consists of more than twenty
modules covering coastal and environmen-
tal hydraulics, sediment and wave processes.
MIKE 21 provides the design engineer with a
unique and flexible modelling environment us-
ing techniques, which have set the standard in
2D modelling.
MIKE 21 NSW and SW are spectral wave
models, which are capable of calculating the
growth and decline of wind waves in the neare-
shore region. The models include the effect of
wind, refraction and wave breaking.
Dredging spill modelling - Pearl
of The Pearl – Qatar
Nearshore wave modelling - modelled wave
height and direction for wind from north north
east. The figure show the modelled wave field in
the sea between Bahrain and Qatar. The
colours illustrate the wave height and the arrows
show the wave direction. The length of the
arrows is proportional to the wave height
45
SimFlex, the in-house navigational software
SimFlex simulations are based on numerical models of
the physics of ship response to hydrodynamic conditions
and wind.
The simulations are run from the artificial bridge in
our office. The virtual environment allows simulations to
test different design options as well as different ships.
A numerical navigator can be used for fast time simu-
lations. The numerical navigator controls rudder and
engine and can be applied for navigational simulations
until tugs or thrusters are used. Typically fast time simu-
lations are applied for studies of navigational channels or
routes.
The simulation studies comprise:
• Time required for approach and berth and departure
• Complexity of manoeuvring
• The need for tug assistance
• Optimisation of port layouts
• Optimisation of access channel dimensions using real
or fast time simulations
• Safety margin in respect of e.g. necessary use of engine
power from both own ship and tugs and safe space
around ship when manoeuvring
• Arrival and departure process
• Mooring systems
• Emergency scenarios such as engine failure, failed rud-
der and/or extreme environmental conditions
• Efficiency when loading or unloading vessels.
46
 47

Selected references

Al Zorah Development, Ajman, UAE Client: Al Zorah Development (Private) Company

Description: A parcel of land, approximately 12 square
kilometres, is going to be developed along the coast of
Ajman by the Al Zorah Development (Private) Company
Limited. One of the features of the development will be
an existing mangrove area. The mixed-use development
will stretch along 3 km of coastline and include
commercial, residential, recreational, educational and
healthcare facilities as well as a golf course, marinas
and hotels. COWI’s part of the project concerns
environmental and engineering services related to the
marine works. The environmental impact assessment
considers both terrestrial and marine aspects and
includes studies of air pollution, noise and cooling water
from a nearby power plant.
Limited
Project period: Ongoing
Services: Numerical modelling of waves,
currents and water levels, assessment of beach
stability, wave disturbance in marinas, flushing
characteristics of the channels and water bodies,
eutrophication modelling study, environmental
impact assessment, power station impact study,
dredging and reclamation, marina design, design
of marine structures, cost estimate, assistance
during tendering and construction supervision.

Analyses for Aframax tankers, Alaska

Description: Mooring analyses completed for Aframax
tankers to assess limits for transfer of oil products. The Conoco Phillips, Rodeo terminal
berth has a tidal range of 6 m between mean lower low upgrade, Richmond, CA, USA
water and mean higher high water, and currents running
parallel to the berth can reach 4-7 knots. In the winter Description: Develop options for upgrading the
months, the berth is exposed to ice formation and ice floes. Rodeo terminal facility to accommodate 200,000
Part of the study was to determine the capacities of existing DWT tankers. The main purpose of the study
mooring hardware and assess the affects of ice floes on was to investigate the possibility of berthing
vessels moored at the berth. a 200,000 DWT Polar tanker at the Conoco
Phillips Rodeo facility, and secondly, determine
Client: Tesoro Maritime Company what structural upgrades would be required
Completed: 2008 according to Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and
Services: A probabilistic analysis was employed to Maintenance Standards.
determine the frequency of ice floes, and their distribution in Client: Conoco Phillips
terms of size, thickness, speed, and proximity to the berth Completed: 2003
during passage. Dynamic mooring analysis simulations
were utilized to determine the excursion of moored vessels, Services: Mooring analyses, structural analyses,
the tension in mooring lines, thrust on fenders, and loads cost estimates, quantities and MOTEMS
incurred to mooring hardware. compliance.

48
Stockholm Nynässhamn Norvikudden container
and ro-ro terminal, Sweden
Description: A phased green-field port development of a 60
ha site located about 65 km south of Stockholm. The project
includes 4 berths for container carriers and 2 berths with
movable end ramps for ro-ro traffic. The planned depth at
quays ranges from 10 to 16 m.
Client: NCC-Aarsleff Consortium
Project period: 2011
Services: COWI’s services comprise the fully developed
container and ro-ro terminal with about 1.4 km quay front
length.
Al Dana Island and RAK Canal project, UAE
Description: COWI is rendering design services to
develop an offshore island complex and a canal
through existing land located along the coast of Ras
Al Khaimah. This project includes development of a
cluster of man-made islands covering 5 million square
metres to accommodate commercial and residential
complexes and hotels as well as a canal of 18
kilometre 'snaking' through the adjacent existing land
area. The concept design for the RAK Canal will focus
on the feasibility of this part of the project, i.e. flushing
of the canal and the need and cost for installing a
mechanical flushing system and/or sluices and locks,
costs of excavation and marine structures, etc.
Client: Dredging International, who has signed a
contract with Rakeen, a company representing the
Government of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE,
Completed: 2011
Services: Numerical modelling of waves and currents,
numerical environmental modelling, concept design,
preliminary design, detailed design.
Shoaiba new tanker terminal,
Saudi Arabia
Description: New marine terminal for
unloading of 100,000 DWT tankers.
The terminal consisted of 500 m access
causeway, 180 m access trestle and piled
jetty structures, steel piles and concrete
deck.
Client: Archirodon (Overseas) CO.
Completed: 2002
Services: Assessment and design of the
terminal structures.
Caleta La Mision Port, Tierra del Fuego,
Argentina
Description: Review and redesign of the project
and all structures for this port consisting of
a 1.6 km trestle on piles, a berth for 25,000
DWT vessels and a main island breakwater for
protection of the berth.
Client: UTE (JV) Andrade Gutierrez-Ormas
Completed: 2002
Services: Studies of waves and tides in numerical
modelling, design basis, master plan, navigation
study, quarry assessment, detailed design of
CORE-LOC breakwater, 2D and 3D model tests
by DHI, design of quay and deck structures,
specifications and cost estimates.
Mesaieed small craft berth, Qatar
Description: The small craft harbour is for mooring
of tugs and pilot boats. It consists primarily of
gravity block structures.
Client: Grandi Lavouri Fincosit
(Middle East W.L.L)
Completed: 2002
Services: Definition of design basis, specification
and interpretation of marine investigations,
specifications of ground improvement, detailed
structural design of berth, detailed design of
slipway and coastal protection, construction report
and drawings, construction support.
 49

Dune restoration and stabilization,

Bahamas
Description: In August and September of 2004,
back to back hurricanes, Hurricane Frances
and Hurricane Jeanne, followed almost identical
paths over the Bahamas, resulting in extensive
wind damage and erosion. While many of the
homes were severely damaged, others were left
teetering on the brink of scarped dunes only a
few feet from collapse. A site visit was performed
to assess the current conditions followed by
an evaluation of different options for restoring
the dunes, and for providing protection against
future storms.
Client: Scotland Cay, Bahamas
Completed: 2005
Services: The chosen design consists of sand fill New York City cruise terminal dredging, Client: New York City Economic
in front of homes and placement of geosynthetic USA Development Corporation (NYCEDC)
sand-filled bags on the lower dune face. Description: The New York City cruise terminal Completed: 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008
in Manhattan serviced over 1 million passengers Services: Hydrographic surveys, sampling
from most of the major cruise lines in 2006 and and analysis plans, sampling and testing
the economic impact of the cruise industry to of dredge materials, dredge plans and
the City was over USD 1 billion. Since these specifications, cost estimates, and volume
official numbers were reported for 2006, a calculations and performed resident
steady growth in passengers and economic engineer services.
benefit for the City has occurred. Situated on
Egyptian (LNG) project, Idku, Egypt
the west side of Manhattan on the east bank of
Description: Idku is located on the Mediterranean the Hudson River, up to 275,000 cubic meters
coast 50 km east of Alexandria. An export terminal of maintenance dredging is required every year.
for LNG was needed due to the finding of sizeable
gas fields. The terminal caters for 140,000 m³ LNG
vessels. It consists of a construction harbour on the
side of which a 2.4 km long access trestle extends
out to the berth for the gas tankers. The mooring Qasr Al Alam New Seawall, Oman
and turning area is protected by a 850 m long island
Description: New blockwork seawall for
breakwater located in an area with up to 15 m of soft
protection of the Royal Palace in Muscat plus
clay. The trestle is supported on steel piles and the
small craft landing platform.
composite superstructure modules are 40 m long.
The site is very exposed with offshore design waves of Client: Tarmac Alawi L.L.C.
Hs = 11 m Completed: 2002
reduced to approximately 6.8 m at the breakwater by
Services: Assessment of geotechnical
wave breaking as the water depth is 12 to 13 m.
condition as well as seismic design, design
Completed: 2004 of layout and cross-sections of wall, design
Client: Archirodon Construction/Bechtel International of wall sections and outfall structures for
storm water run-off, drawings and material
Services: Assessment of geotechnical investigations,
specifications.
hydrographical analyses, breakwater design, dynamic
mooring analyses, design of access channel and
navigational lights, vessel downtime assessment,
design of jetty structure, seismic analyses, building
design, electrical and mechanical design.
 Beach nourishment on Funen, Denmark
Description: A comprehensive coastal survey was
undertaken by COWI, in which topographic and

Photo: winther airphoto

50 bathymetric surveys were conducted along with geological
and morphological studies and assessment of the littoral
transport. Gradual removal of sediments and breakdown
of the existing groynes resulted in shoreline retreat, leaving
a beach consisting mainly of gravel and pebbles. Using
a hopper dredge approximately 113,000 m3 of sand was
placed along a 2.2 kilometre stretch of coastline resulting
in an initial advance of the coastline by approximately Development plan for Kronborg Castle and
40 m. The result of the beach nourishment is an immediate Elsinore Harbour, Denmark
advance of the beach and a long term supply of sediment
to the adjacent coastal areas in the downstream direction. Description: Kronborg Castle is on UNESCO’s World
Future development of the coastline is monitored by Heritage list. Restoration of Kronborg’s fortification and the
periodic bathymetric surveys and land surveys, which will marine development of the abandoned shipyard.
form the basis for future maintenance of the beach. Project cost: USD 60 million
Client: Det Nordfynske Kystsikrings-, Dige- og Pumpelag Client: Slots- og Ejendomsstyrelsen, Denmark
Project period: Ongoing Project period: 2005-ongoing
Service: Beach nourishment, protection, breakwater and Services: COWI is the client’s consultant and provides
groyne. multidisciplinary services within project management, risk
assessment and successive calculation of costs, traffic
analysis, geo- and environmental investigations, marine
biology, numerical wave modelling, condition surveys,
authority contact, architectural coordination, archaeology,
Shoreline storm damage reduction, conceptual design, tender, contracting and supervision.
Chicago, IL, USA
Description: Shore protection for 530 m of
shoreline avenues along Lake Michigan, between
Diversey and Fullerton, consisting of revetment,
concrete promenade and stepped slabs, steel
sheet pile, and rock fill.
Client: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Chicago District
Completed: 2004 Gorgon LNG project, Australia
Services: Detailed design. Description: The Chevron-lead liquefied
natural gas project on Barrow Island will
bring on stream a three-train 15 m t/y plant
by 2013, exploiting offshore gas fields off
Australia's western coast (130-200 km
from Barrow Island). It is the largest of
Beach at Al Sharq Resort, Doha, Qatar more than a dozen planned LNG projects
Description: Al-Sharq Resort is located in Doha. The previous in Australia. A connecting trestle is made of
shoreline was characterised by a shallow foreshore and the steel trusses spanning 70-80 m between
bay towards east was severely affected by siltation. The caissons. The jetty is roughly 2 km off the
previous beach quality was not acceptable for the luxurious shore.
resort. COWI was therefore contracted. The resort beach Client: Saipem-Leighton Consortium
is sheltered by Doha Port but is orientated towards the
dominant northerly and north-westerly winds.The shallow bay Project period: ongoing
at the eastern half of the site has been reclaimed to provide a Services: COWI carries out Independent
continuous beach. Additionally, a blue water basin has been Design Verification (IDV) for the marine
dredged along the new beach to provide deeper water. The facility design which includes more
land formed by the headlands has been utilised as park with than 1000 documents. The IDV include
grass and palm trees. preparation of independent calculations
Client: Qatar National Hotels Company (Contre Calculs) for documentation of the
structural integrity.
Completed: 2005
Services: Geotechnical investigations, design of beach,
coastal protection and environmental impact assessment (EIA).
 51
Dubai Maritime City development, Inner harbour turning basin,
Dubai, UAE Port of Oakland, CA, USA
Description: The project included new large Description: Design of a 12 m tall bulkhead
reclaimed area in front of Port Rashid adjacent required for widening of inner harbour turning
to the Dubai Dry Dock. The new area required basin (ITHB), phase 1B bulkhead, dredging,
the relocation of the main breakwater protecting and demolition of piers 2 and 5.
as well as additional perimeter protection and Client: DUTRA Construction
marine structures.
Completed: 2006
Client: Archirodon Construction
Services: Geotechnical analysis and
Project period: Ongoing design, numerical modelling, structural
Services: Design basis, change of basic layout, design, seismic design, value engineering,
numerical wave disturbance study, design construction staging, construction support
of all breakwaters and revetments, vessel and supervision, pile load test evaluation.
manoeuvring study and technical services for
construction support.

Cooper River Bridge, Charleston, SC,

USA
Description: Design of drilled sharft
foundations for the in-water piers. Drilled
shafts were 3 m diameters. Design of
artificial islands for protection of main span
bridge piers against ship collision. The
islands are 20 m high, built from 346,000 m3
of rock comprising an outer layer of primary
and secondary rock armor placed on a filter
and quarry run core. Construction included
340,000 m3 dredging for foundation of the
islands.
Client: South Carolina Department of
Transportation
Completed: 2005 Casting basin Costa Azul,
Baja California, Mexico
Services: Detailed design and ship collision
risk analysis. Description: Detailed design of a 105 m wide by 155
m long and 8 m deep casting basin facility. The basin
served for manufacturing of concrete caissons that were
floated out and sunk to form a breakwater that protected
an LNG terminal approximately 20 km north of the basin.
Client: Costain - China Harbour JV
Completed: 2005
Services: Feasibility studies, oceanographic studies,
detailed design, structural design, geotechnical analyses
and design, hydraulic and dewatering design, coastal
engineering, downtime assessment.
 Tuborg Syd, marine works, Denmark
Description: Tuborg Syd (south) is a
development of the former Tuborg Brewery
52 Port. The port basin is transformed into
housing and recreational areas including
210,000 m2 of buildings. The development
is given a maritime environment with marina
and canals in between the buildings.
Client: Carlsberg Properties
Completed: 2009
Services: Master planning of marina in
collaboration with the architect, assessment
of geotechnical conditions, numerical
modelling and hydraulic studies, coastal
stability analysis, design of new protecting
rubble mound breakwater, design of all
works/structures, tendering, contracting
and supervision of marine works
construction.

Saranda Gateway, Albania Client: Ministry of Public Works, Transport

Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar
Coastal engineering study
Description: The museum was located in
the water off the shoreline in the Doha Bay.
The museum and the surroundings required
costal protection works.
Client: Ministry of Municipal Affairs and
Agriculture, Qatar
Completed: 2002
Services: Surveys, numerical modelling of
waves and current and water quality, design
basis, detailed design of edge treatment
slopes, structures, sea walls, construction
supervision.
Description: COWI has completed a and Telecommunication, Albania
multidisciplinary project involving port planning, Completed: 2007
engineering and environmental impact studies. Services: Port planning and engineering,
The overall objective of the Saranda Gateway environmental impact study, bathymetric and
project is to support the transformation of topographic surveys, magnetometer and side
Saranda’s downtown port into a dedicated scan sonar survey, geotechnical investigations
ferryboat and passenger terminal to facilitate
and geological studies, archaeological survey,
the access of passengers and vehicles to benthic flora and fauna survey, water and
Albania’s valued southern coastal zone. The
sediment quality sampling and analysis,
transformation into a tourist and commercial numerical modelling of current and waves,
gateway involves the following elements: traffic studies and socio-economic studies.
Relocation of the existing cargo berth in
Saranda Bay to a refurbished all-cargo berth
facility in the nearby Limioni Bay, conversion of
the existing cargo berth in Saranda Bay to a
180 m long cruise liner berth and construction
of a yacht marina.

Batumi terminal, Georgia

Description: Upgrading and
development of existing container
terminal in Batumi.
Client: ICTSI
Completed: 2007
Services: Planning for civil works,
building and infrastructure works.
 53

Sutong Bridge, scour protection,

P.R. China
Description: The Sutong Bridge over the
Yangtze River is the world’s longest cable-
stay bridge with a span of 1088 m between
the main pylons. These are founded in the
river bed in a water depth reaching about 30 m.
Client: Jiangsu Province SuTong Bridge
Construction Commanding Department
Completed: 2005 Qatar-Bahrain causeway Services 2008-2013
Services: Expert engineering services Description: This road-link will connect In May 2008 an agreement was signed
and construction management for the the west coast of Qatar near the Zubarah between the Qatar-Bahrain Causeway
bridge and its scour protection. For the fortress with the east coast of Bahrain south Foundation (representing the two
scour, COWI prepared assessments of the of the capital Manamah. Being exactly 40 governments) and the QBC Consortium
hydraulic design data, desk study of scour km coast-to-coast, it will be the longest to design and build the causeway. At the
and conceptual and recommendations man-made road-link in the world. The same time, COWI signed an agreement
on detailed design of the scour protection road-link will be of motorway standard with with the QBC Consortium to act as design
consisting of temporary protection of sand traffic lanes and emergency lane in each consultant for the causeway project.
bags and permanent protection using quarry direction. The 40 km is made up of 18 km COWI's services will be undertaken in three
stones with falling apron at the edges to embankments and 22 km marine bridges phases:
cope with potential large scour depths. including two navigation span cable-stayed
bridges, one close to the coastline of Phase 1 over five months: update and
Bahrain, one on the Qatar side close to the amend the conceptual design carried
international border. out in 2002 including re-assessing the
environmental conditions and conduct an
update of the EIA studies made during
Services 2001-2002 2002. Included in this phase is a study of
COWI was appointed to undertake the optional provision to be implemented to
Confined disposal facility (CDF) and preliminary engineering and environmental facilitate the later addition of a rail-link along
commercial wharf, Everett, MA, USA investigations and studies for the causeway the causeway alignment.
Description: Remediation of a 2.5 hectare site and completed the studies in only 10 Phase 2 over the next three months: a
requiring containment and stabilization of in-situ and months. The marine modelling studies basic design to enable a firm lump sum to
dredged sediments. The CDF structure consisted for the Qatar-Bahrain causeway project be established.
of nine continuous 12 meter wide by 34 meter long included modelling of current, sediment
dispersion from dredging activities and Phase 3 over the next 51 months:
cells consisting of HZ king piles and AZ sheet piles.
waves using MIKE 21. By compensation construction of the causeway. COWI
The structure was designed to withstand a variety of
dredging the final solution had zero impact undertakes detailed design and provides
intermediate loading conditions during construction,
on the water exchange. on-site follow-up services during this
including a 3 meter tide variation. The CDF and
period.
concrete deck structure was designed with a Studies: Planning, traffic, topography
capacity of 57 kilopascals to accommodate the crane and bathymetry, geology and geophysics, Client: QBC Consortium (Vinci, Hochtief,
loads expected for the industrial use of the facility. geotechnique, hydrography, meteorology, CCC, QDVC and Dredging International/
marine modelling, environment and ecology, MEDCO)
Client: ARCADIS BBL
risk assessment, design basis
Completed: 2007
Conceptual design: Alignment, roads and
Services: Provided waterfront structural engineering
plazas, embankment and fill depots, bridges
for the CDF design from concept design through final
design. During construction reviewed contractor’s tolling & border facilities, mechanical and
submittals and performed full time resident engineer electrical installations
services, including underwater investigations. Client: Ministry of Municipal Affairs and
Agriculture, Qatar
54 Qatalum project, Mesaieed, Qatar
Description: Qatar Petroleum and Hydro Aluminium AS
are developing an aluminium production plant at Mesaieed
Industrial City, Qatar. The project involves construction of a
Double dry-dock at Ras Laffan, Qatar
jetty with mooring dolphin to handle import of raw materials
Description: Eight kilometres offshore, Qatar (bulk alumina, coke and liquid pitch) for the production
Petroleum is building a giant double dry-dock of aluminium at the plant. The jetty shall accommodate
due for completion in 2010. The dry-dock – bulk carriers up to 70.000 DWT. An access trestle shall be
Nakilat Ship Repair Yard – lies off the port of constructed to connect the jetty to land.
Ras Laffan and will be capable of receiving the
Client: Archirodon Construction (Overseas) CO. S.A.
very largest vessels sailing with LNG, liquefied
natural gas. The project has a total value of Completed: 2008
USD 450 million. Services: Met-ocean study, mooring analysis, detailed
Client: Main client is QP/Nakilat design of access trestle, jetty and mooring dolphin.
Completed: 2008
Services: Responsible for the offshore design
– including quays, foundation piles and block
walls for the dry-dock – and the design of
onshore buildings, project coordination and
supervision.

Al Reem Island Plot 4, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Description: Al Reem Island is a multi-billion
dollar man-made island and residential,
recreational and commercial development on
reclaimed land in the shallows off the coast
of Abu Dhabi. Plot 4 is being developed into
a mixed, residential and commercial zone.
The basis for the Al Reem Island Plot 4 is in
providing high-class facilities, restaurants,
shopping, business facilities and residential
units resulting in a unique lifestyle for residents
and visitors alike.
Client: Private investor Beirut Central District, marine works, Lebanon
Completed: 2008 Phase 1. Phase 2
Services: Conceptual design of edge treatment Description: Marina and Seafront Description: Eastern Marina designed for
structures, breakwaters and navigational canals, Structures. Marina protected by major 200 yachts with all marina facilities. Eastern
establishing marina operational basis and Accropode breakwater. Seafront, 1.3 Breakwater, 500 m long rubble mound
marina concept design and modelling of water km long consisting of large concrete breakwater. Beach Club with high class
flushing to validate master plan from a marine caissons with wave-absorbing chamber recreational facilities.
point of view and assessment of waves and and wide submerged reef in front.
wave disturbance in marinas. Client: Solidere
Client : Solidere Project period : 2010 - ongoing
Completed: 2000 Services: Preliminary and detailed design of
Services: Construction management all marine structures, facilities and services.
An architectural concept impression of the Plot 4 and special marine, geotechnical, Organisation and supervision of 3D physical
development coastal and materials engineering expert model tests. Tender documentation and
services. construction supervision.
 55
Study of transport corridor from Umm Qasr via
Basrah to Baghdad, Iraq
Description: The recovery of the Iraqi economy is
dependent on a fast revival of the Iraqi transport
infrastructure. The commercial ports in the south of Iraq
play an important role in the transport infrastructure. The
study of the transport corridor from Umm Qasr via Basrah
to Baghdad has involved: Procurement and training of
Iraqi authority staff in the use of state-of-the-art surveying
Sulphur pier, Kuwait equipment (ports, waterways and roads), condition
Description: The Client KNPC has launched a revamping of surveying of the main infrastructure in the corridor (ports,
their solid sulphur handling and loading facilities at the Mina waterways and roads), transportation forecasting, project
Al Ahmadi (MAA) Refinery, Kuwait. The project involves identification and planning for two pilot projects (Umm Qasr
upgrade of the onshore sulphur plant, the conveyor system and Road 26).
and the establishment of a new ship loading facility in the Client: Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida)
MAA area. The new ship loading facility involves a Sulphur
Completed: 2010
Pier (SP), which consists of marine structures that facilitate
safe and reliable mooring and loading of ocean going bulk Services: Port planning, transport economy, GIS, hydraulic
carriers in the range from 16.000 - 60.000 DWT. and sediment modelling, environmental impact assessment,
marine and road surveying, tender design.
Client: Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC)
Project period: Ongoing
Services: COWI services comprised: site location study
and navigation simulations, metocean, berthing and
mooring studies, topographic and bathymetric suveys,
onshore and offshore geotechnical investigation, QRA for
onshore and offshore works, preparation of FEED design Shtokman LNG terminal, Russia
and specifications and carrying out environmental impact Description: The Client intends to establish a gas-
assessment for the marine facility. COWI further assisted condensate facility in the Teriberka Bay on the north
in the preparation of the invitation to bidders for EPC coast of the Kola Peninsula. Two locations are being
contractor and prepared cost estimate and programme for considered for the marine terminal and have been
the EPC contract. studied during the Pre-FEED. They are now subject
to more detailed assessments during the FEED
phase.
Client: Shtokman Development AG
Completed: 2010
Halul Harbour upgrade, Qatar Services COWI services comprised review of
Pre-FEED study documents and the FEED study
Description: Halul harbour is a supply
documents. Provision of an integrated assessment of
base located on Halul Island 80 km off
the design basis data and the numerical and physical
the coast of Qatar. The harbour is on the
models applied in the studies. Evaluation of the wave
south side of the island and is protected
model results. Provision of an integrated assessment
by two CORE-LOC breakwaters.
of the completeness and robustness of the studies
Client: Consolidated Engineering carried out and a comparative assessment of the
Construction Ltd. two proposed locations for the marine facility with
Completed: 2004 respect to: safety, operability, product deliverability
and constructability.
Services: Port planning, definition of
site investigations, detailed design of
breakwater and concrete quay and sheet
pile quay and access road, design report
and construction drawings.
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Selected marine and coastal projects

Photo: Shaw E&I

Confluence of Gulf
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and Mississippi River
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COWI group marine and coastal offices

Hanne Aagaard Jensen et al.,

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