Objectives

i. To prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid

ii. To standardise 0.2M NaOH solution
iii. To determine the concentration of HCl solution
iv. To acquire the correct techniques of titration

Introduction

Titration is a laboratory experiment technique used to determine the concentration of a solution

using another solution with a known concentration.

Standards in acid-base titrations

One of the solution involved in a titration is used as standard solution. The standard solution can
be as classified as either primary or secondary. A primary standard solution is prepared by
dissolving an accurately weighed pure solid of a known molar mass in a known molar mass in a
known volume of distilled water.

A primary standard is used to determine the morality of the other standard solution, known as
secondary standard. For example, oxalic acid,H2C2, and potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4
are two common primary standards used to determine the concentration of bases (secondary
standard).

Solutions of NaOH and HCl used in titrations need to be standardised because they contain
impurities. Solid NaOH is hygroscopic (it absorbs moisture). Thus, it is difficult to obtain its
accurate mass. The standardised base can then be used to determine the determine the
concentrations of other acids.

Equivalence point and end point

An equivalence point is the point at which exact reaction occurs between the two reagents
according to stoichiometry. To detect this equivalence point, an indicator which produces a
change in colour is often used. The point at which the indicator changes colour is called the end
point. The end point and equivalence point should ideally be the same.

Chemical equation

H2C2O4 (aq) + 2NaOH Na2C2O4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)…..(1)

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) …..(2)

 Apparatus

Burrette

Glass rod

White tile

Retort stand

Filter funnel

Beaker (50ml)

Pipette (25ml)

Analytical balance

Conical flask (250ml)

Volumetric flask (250ml)

Measuring cylinder (50ml)

Chemical Reagents

x M HCl

0.2M NaOH

Distilled water

Phenolphthalein

Hydrated oxalic acid, H2C2O4.2H2O

Procedure

(A) Preparation of standard solution

1. Weigh to the nearest 0.0001g about 3.25g of hydrated oxalic acid, H2C2O4.2H2O in a 50mL
beaker.

2. Add approximately 30mL of distiilled water to dissolve the oxalic acid.

3. Transfer the solution into a 250mL volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker and pour the content
into the flask. Add distilled water up to the callibated mark of the volumetric flask.

4. Stopper and shake the flask to obtain a homogenous solution.

5. Calculate the concentration of the standard oxalic acid solution.

NOTE: Use this solution to standardise the NaOH solution in Part B.

(B) Standardisation of 0.2M NaOH solution

1. Rinse a burette with a given NaOH solution to be standardised.

2. Fill the burette with the NaOH solution. Ensure there are no air bubbles trapped at the tip.

3. Record the initial burette reading to two decimal places.

4. Pipette 25mL of oxalic acid solution form Part (A) into a 250mL conical flask. Add 2 drops of
phenolphthalein to the oxalic acid solution.

5. Place a white tile unerneath the flask so that any colour change can be clearly observed.

6. Titrate the acid with the acid NaOH solution from the burette. During the titration,swirl the flask
continuosly.

7. Rinse the unreacted solutions at the inner wall of the conical flask with distilled water.

8. Upon reaching the end point, a temporary pink solution appears but fades when the solution is
swirled. Continue titrating until a pale pin colour persists for more than 30 seconds.

9. Record the final burrette reading to two decimal places.

10. Repeat the titration three times.

11. Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.

(C) Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution.

1. Pipette 25mL of a given HCl solution into a 250mL conical flask.

2. Add to two drops of phenolphathalein.

3. Repeat the steps 5-9 as in Part B

4. Calculate the concentration of HCl.

(0.025) MA = 0.0357

MA = 1.428M

Molaity of HCl is 1.428M

NUR IMAN QAMILIA BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN

SALINI A/P ANBALAGAN
WINEESHA A/P LOGALINGAM
SHAZATUL NAJIHA BINTI MD SAID