HUMAN ANATOMY 1

Embryology

TERMINOLOGY half the number of chromosomes contained in typical

body cells, such as skin cells.
Embryology: Study of formation and development of
embryo/fetus from the time of inception to the time of the  In addition to producing haploid cells, meiosis allows
shuffling of genetic information to occur, increasing
birth of newborn
genetic diversity.
Fertilization Age: Related to the event of fertilization as
 In females, gametogenesis occurs in the ovaries and is
time zero
called oogenesis; the final cells produced by oogenesis
Menstrual Age: Related to the start of the mother’s Last
are the eggs or oocytes.
Menstrual Period (LMP) as time zero i.e., menstrual age is
 In males, gametogenesis occurs in the testes and is
approximately two weeks older than fertilization age
called spermatogenesis; the final cells produced by
Period of the Egg: From fertilization to the end of the 3rd
spermatogenesis are the sperm or spermatozoa.
week
Embryonic Period: Considered to be the period from fourth
Spermatogenesis– Puberty to Death (Fig. 1.1.1)
week to the end of the eighth week
Foetal Period: From the ninth week/third month to birth  It is – Sequence of events by which spermatogonia are
transformed into mature spermatozoa
Trimesters
 Site: Seminiferous tubules of testes
 The nine-calendar month gestation period is split
 Age of Beginning: At Puberty
into 3-month periods called trimesters.
 Duration: 64 days
 First trimester: Embryonic and early foetal periods
occur. Spermatocytosis 16 days

 Second trimester: Uterus becomes much larger as Meiosis I 08 days

the fetus grows considerably, and symptoms of Meiosis II 16 days
morning sickness tend to subside. Spermiogenesis 24 days
 Third trimester: Fetus turns, and the head drops into  Spermatogenesis requires a temperature i.e., 2°C
the pelvic cavity below the core body temperature
Phases of human embryogenesis  Consists of
1. Gametogenesis: the formation of the gametes, the Spermatocytosis  Primordial germ
egg and sperm cells/spermatogonial cells
2. Fertilization: the joining of the gametes to form the undergo mitotic division
zygote  Forms
3. Cleavage: a series of rapid cell divisions that result  Type A spermatogonial cells
first in the formation of the morula, a solid ball of (acts as a reserve)
cells, and then in the formation of the Blastocyst: a  Type B spermatogonial cells
hollow ball of cells containing a central cavity (which enlarges to form
4. Gastrulation: the rearrangement of cells into three Primary spermatocyte
primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, which undergo meiosis)
and endoderm Meiosis  Type B spermatogonia enter
5. Formation of the tube-within-a-tube body plan: meiosis I &undergo DNA
consisting of a cylindrically shaped embryonic replication
body formed from an outer ectodermal tube (the  Forms
future skin) and an inner endodermal tube (the gut Primary spermatocytes (46, 4N)
tube) Complete meiosis I
6. Organogenesis: the formation of organ rudiments 2 secondary spermatocytes (23, 2N)
and organ systems Complete meiosis II
A full-term human pregnancy lasts for 266 days or 38 weeks 4 spermatids (23, 1N)
Spermiogenesis  Spermatids undergo a post

GAMETOGENESIS meiotic series of morphologic

changes (called
 The first phase of human embryology is gametogenesis.
Spermiogenesis) to form sperm
 This process occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
(23, 1N)
of females and males and involves meiosis.
 These changes include
 In both females and males, the main purpose of meiosis
 Formation of the Acrosome
is to establish a haploid cell, that is, a cell that contains

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Embryology

 Condensation of the
nucleus
 Formation of the head,
neck &tail

Fig. 1.1.2: Parts of Spermatozoa

Oogenesis (Fig. 1.1.3)
 It is – Process of maturation of primordial female germ
cells from primary oocyte to mature ovum
 Site: Cortex of ovary
 Age of Beginning: Begins at birth, completes after
puberty
 Duration: Birth to menopause
 Maturation of Oocytes begins before birth
Oogenesis  Primordial germ cells (46,2N)
arrive in the ovary at week 4 of
embryonic development and
differentiate into Oogonia (46,
2N)
Meiosis  Oogonia enter meiosis I &
undergo DNA replication (44+
XX)
 Forms
Primary Oocytes (46, 4N) = (44+XX)
Complete meiosis I
Fig. 1.1.1: Spermatogenesis Secondary Oocyte (23, 2N = 22+X) +
First polar body(22+X) (Present in
Spermatozoa (Fig. 1.1.2) perivitelline spacewhich probably
 Size: 50 to 60 microns. degenerates)
 Parts Complete meiosis II
Head  4 microns with nucleus (23/haploid Ovulation occurs when the
chromosomes) and cap like acrosome chromosomes align at metaphase
(formed by Golgi apparatus, contains  The secondary Oocyte remains
enzymes for penetration of spermatozoa arrested in metaphase of
into thee ovum) meiosis II until fertilization
Neck  0.3 microns (with proximal centriole) occurs
Body  4 microns (with axial filaments At  Secondary Oocyte completes
surrounded by spiral sheath made of fertilization meiosis II to form a mature
mitochondria) Oocyte (23, 1N) + Second polar
Tail  40 microns (with axial filaments) body

 Sperms are stored, matured and gain motility in

epididymis
 Spermatozoa are stored in epididymis not seminal
vesicle

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Embryology

2. Luteal phase
 Characterized by presence of corpus
luteum
 Approx. 14 days

Follicular Phase
 Operates first half of cycle
 Granulosa cells of some primary follicles
proliferate
 Oocyte inside each follicle enlarges
 Thecal cells in follicle secrete increased
amounts of oestrogen
 Zona pellucida and antrum form
Fig. 1.1.3: Oogenesis  Rapid follicular growth continues during
follicular phase
Approximate Number of Oocytes  One follicle usually grows more rapidly & matures
 At 5 month of fetal life: 7 million
th about 14 days after onset of follicular development
 At birth: 2 million  Graafian or mature follicle
 At puberty: 40,000  Oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and
 12 secondary oocytes are ovulated per year, up to 480 single layer of granulosa cells
over the entire reproductive life of the woman  Ovulation
 Wall of Graffian follicle ruptures
GENETICS OF GAMETS  Antral fluid with oocyte flows to ovarian
No. of surface
Amount of  Fluid and oocyte released
Cell Type Chromosom
DNA
es  Oocyte enters uterine tube
Primordial germ cells  Hormonal control: LH surge is trigger
Oogonia  2 or more follicles may become dominant and
Spermatogonia (type A &B) released at ovulation
46 2N
Zygote  If both are fertilized – fraternal twins
Blastomeres  Also called dizygotic twins (develop from 2
All normal somatic cells zygotes)
Primary oocyte
46 4N
Primary spermatocyte Luteal phase
Secondary oocyte  Last 14 days of ovarian cycle
23 2N
Secondary spermatocyte  Old follicular cells undergo structural
Oocyte (ovum) transformation to form corpus luteum (gland)
Spermatid 23 1N  Becomes highly vascularized
Sperm  Fully functional within four days after ovulation
 Continues to increase in size for another 4-5 days
 If released ovum is not fertilized and does not
FEMALE SEXUAL CYCLE implant, corpus luteum degenerates within about
14 days after formation
OVARIAN CYCLE (Fig. 1.1.4: Ovarian Cycle)
 Average ovarian cycle lasts 28 days
 Normally interrupted only by pregnancy
 Finally terminated by menopause
 Consists of two alternating phases
1. Follicular phase
 Dominated by presence of maturing
follicles
 Approx. 14 days

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 Endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate

under influence of oestrogen from newly-growing
follicles
 Oestrogen-dominant proliferative phase lasts from
end of menstruation to ovulation
 Peak oestrogen levels trigger LH surge responsible
for ovulation

Secretory phase
 Endometrium prepared for implantation
 Blood supply increased
Fig. 1.1.4: Ovarian Cycle  Glands enlarge and secrete glycogen-rich
fluids
UTERINE CYCLE  Secretory phase conditions promoted by
 Reflects hormonal changes during ovarian cycle progesterone
 Averages 28 days  Uterus enters this phase after ovulation when
 Consists of three phases new corpus luteum is formed
1. Menstrual phase (decreased oestrogen &  Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
progesterone) progesterone and oestrogen
 Uterine lining is shed. 5-7 days  Progesterone converts endometrium to highly
2. Proliferative phase (oestrogen) vascularized, glycogen-filled tissue
 Endometrium renewed in preparation for  Endometrial glands actively secrete glycogen
possible pregnancy  If fertilization and implantation do not occur
3. Secretory or progestational phase  Corpus luteum degenerates
(progesterone)  New follicular phase and menstrual phase begin
 Coincides with luteal phase. again
Endometrium develops Hormonal control of the cycle
 FSH: growth and development of follicles
Menstrual phase  LH: causes ovulation, development of corpus
 Characterized by discharge of blood and luteum
endometrial debris from vagina  Inhibin: decreases FSH, not LH
 First day of menstruation is considered start of
new cycle
 Coincides with end of ovarian luteal phase and PRE-FERTILIZATION EVENTS
onset of follicular phase
Oocyte transport
 Triggered by decreased oestrogen and
 Before ovulation, fimbriae of the oviduct sweep
progesterone: hormones decrease when CL
over the ovary, and tube contract rhythmically
degenerates
 Oocyte is carried into the tube by motion of cilia on
 Release of uterine prostaglandin
the epithelial lining
 Causes vasoconstriction of endometrial
vessels
Changes in spermatozoa before penetration
o Disrupts blood supply
Capacitation  Period of conditioning in female
o Causes death of endometrium
reproductive tract
 Stimulates mild rhythmic contractions of
 Occurs in uterine tube
uterine myometrium
 7 hours in humans
o Helps expel the menstrual flow
 Confirmed by hyperactivation of the
spermatozoa.
Proliferative phase
 Removal of glycoprotein coat and
 Begins concurrent with last portion of ovarian
seminal proteins from the surface of
follicular phase
the sperm's acrosome.
 Uterus prepares for fertilized ovum:
 No structural change

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 Only capacitated sperm can pass  Sperms and oocytes can be stored frozen for many years
through corona cells and undergo to be used in assisted reproduction
Acrosome reaction (Fig. 1.1.5: Sperm
Capacitation)
Acrosomal  Sperm - binds to Zona pellucida of
Reaction secondary Oocyte FERTILIZATION & WEEK 01 (0 – 7 DAYS)
 Triggers Acrosome reaction - release FERTILIZATION
of acrosomal enzymes (Eg. Acrosin)  Process of fusion of two mature germ cells - ovum and
 Sperm penetrates the Zona pellucida spermatozoon to form Zygote, in the ampullated portion
 Elicits the cortical reaction - of the uterine tube.
secondary Oocyte impermeable to  It involves is a complex sequence of coordinated
other sperms molecular events that start with contact between a
 Sperm & secondary Oocyte cell sperm and an oocyte and ends with intermingling of
membranes fuse maternal and paternal chromosomes at metaphase of
 Contents of the sperm enter the 1st mitotic division of zygote. (Fig. 1.1.6: Fertilization
cytoplasm of Oocyte Events)
 Male genetic material forms the
male pro-nucleus Phases of Fertilization
 Tail & mitochondria of sperm 1. Penetration of corona radiata
degenerate 2. Penetration of zona pellucida
 All mitochondria within the zygote are 3. Fusion of oocyte and sperm cell membrane
of maternal origin (i.e., all
mitochondrial DNA is of maternal Results of Fertilization
origin)  Completion of the second meiotic division
 Secondary Oocyte completes  Restores the normal diploid number of chromosomes
meiosis II forming a mature ovum (46) in the zygote
 Nucleus of ovum is the female pro-  Mingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes
nucleus  Determines chromosomal sex of the embryo
 Male & female pro-nuclei fuse to  Initiates cleavage (cell division) of the zygote
form a zygote

Fig. 1.1.5: Sperm Capacitation

Fig. 1.1.6: Fertilization Events

Viability of Gametes
CLEAVAGE
 Human oocytes are usually fertilized within 12
hours after ovulation  A series of repeated mitotic cell divisions in the zygote

 Oocyte cannot be fertilized after 24 hours Begins approximately 30 hours after fertilization

 Most human sperms probably do not survive for (Fig. 1.1.7: Cleavage)

more than 48 hours in the female genital tract

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Blastomere IMPLANTATION
 The large zygote is subdivided into many smaller
daughter cells called Blastomeres.
 These divisions are not accompanied by cell growth.
 Embryo does not increase in size during cleavage and
remains enclosed in the zona pellucida
 The blastomeres change their shape and tightly
align themselves against each other to form a compact
ball of cells.
 Up to the 8-cell stage - each Blastomere can form a
complete embryo by itself
Morula
 The spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres
formed before the blastocyst and resulting from
cleavage of the fertilized ovum
 Contains about 16 blastomeres Conditions for Implantation
 Formed around 4th day after fertilization
 Enters uterine cavity at this stage
 Blastomeres are organized into inner cell mass and
outer cell mass
Blastocyst / Blastocoele
 A fluid-filled cavity forms inside the Morula
 Inner cell mass / Embryoblast will eventually become
the embryo & fetus
 Outer cell mass / Trophoblast - develops into parts of
fetal membrane to protect & nourish developing
embryo/fetus
Fig. 1.1.7: Cleavage
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HUMAN ANATOMY 6
Embryology
 Embryo typically implants in the posterior superior
wall of the uterus
 Implantation takes place on 6th or 7th day after
fertilization
 At the time of implantation, mucosa of uterus is in
secretory phase with 3 distinct layers
 Superficial compact layer
 Intermediate spongy layer
 Thin basal layer
 Uterine glands & arteries become coiled
 Hatching - blastula sheds its Zona pellucida, for
implantation
 Embryo attaches to & invades into the maternal
endometrium (Fig. 1.1.8: Implantation)
 Endometrium is in secretory phase
 Morula reaches the cavity of uterus on time
 Zona pellucida disappears in time
Fig. 1.1.8: Implantation
 HUMAN ANATOMY 7
Embryology

2. Monozygotic (identical) twins

 Result from fertilization of 1
secondary Oocyte by 1 sperm
 Resultant zygote forms a
blastocyst in which the inner
cell mass (embryoblast) splits
into 2
 Twins are genetically identical

3. Conjoined (Siamese) twins

Fig. 1.1.9: First Week Events Summary
 These monozygotic twins -
inner cell mass (embryoblast)
Applied Anatomy
does not completely split
Ectopic Common Sites
 Two embryos are joined by a
Pregnancy 1. Upper and middle part of the uterine
tissue bridge (e.g., at the head,
tube
thorax, or pelvis)
 Most common ectopic location
 Reason: Embryo probably lost its
Zona pellucida prematurely
2. Ovary
 Reason: The egg was never
released from the ovary
3. Abdominal cavity
 Reason: Probably caused by
defect in egg capture process
 Asymptomatic ectopic fetus can
die & calcify to Lithopedeon
(“Stone baby”)
 Rare
Placenta Embryo implants in the lower part of the
previa uterus towards the cervix
 Placenta may tear, & mother
can die from hemorrhage
 Or Placenta may grow to
obstruct the cervical canal
 Diagnosed with ultrasound,
and the baby is delivered via
Cesarean section
1. Dizygotic (fraternal) twins
Twinning  Result from fertilization of 2
different secondary Oocytes by
2 different sperms
 Resultant 2 zygotes form 2
Blastocysts
 Each Blastocyst implants
separately into endometrium of
uterus
 These twins are no more
genetically alike than are
siblings born at different times

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PREVIOUS YEARS MCQS Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 12

GAMETOGENESIS
6. During spermiogenesis, acrosomal cap of sperm is
1. Meiotic division of male germ cells commence
formed by following organelle of spermatid
A. During intrauterine life
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Just before birth
B. Centriole
C. By around 6 years after birth
C. Mitochondria
D. By around 16 years
D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ans: D. By around 16 years

Ans: A. Golgi apparatus
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 11
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 12
Explanation
 The formation of gametes takes place during
7. Head of spermatozoon is formed by following
reproduction period which begins at the age
organelle of spermatid
of puberty (12–16 years)
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleus
2. Meiosis occurs in human males in
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
A. Epididymis
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Seminiferous tubules
C. Vas deferens
Ans: B. Nucleus
D. Seminal vesicles
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 10

Ans: B. Seminiferous tubule

8. Following is true about acrosomal cap except
Ref: Fundamentals of Human physiology by Lauralee
A. It is formed from Golgi apparatus of spermatid
Sherwood, 4/E, p. 551
B. It secrets hyaluronidase
C. It secretes acrosin
3. In spermatogenesis, meiosis I takes place between the
D. It secretes lysosomal enzymes
following stages
E. All are true
A. Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte
B. Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte
Ans: D. All are true
C. Secondary spermatocyte to spermatid
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, pp. 10, 13, 35
D. Spermatid to spermatozoon

9. Length of a mature human spermatozoon is

Ans: B. Primary spermatocyte to secondary
A. 50-60 microns
spermatocyte
B. 10-40 microns
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 12
C. 100-200 microns
D. 300-500 microns
4. Spermatogenesis occurs at
A. Body temperature
Ans: A. 50- 60µ
B. Temperature lower than core body temperature
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 10
C. Temperature higher than core body temperature
D. Temperature does not play a role
10. Sperm after formation is stored in
A. Sertoli cell
Ans: B. Temperature lower than core body temperature
B. Epididymis
C. Rete testes
5. Following cell is formed because of spermiogenesis
D. Seminal vesicle
A. Primary spermatocyte
B. Secondary spermatocyte
Ans: B. Epididymis
C. Spermatid
Ref: Langman's, 9/E, p. 24-26
D. Spermatozoon

11. Normally sperm undergoes the process of maturation

Ans: D. Spermatozoon
in

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A. Seminiferous tubules
B. Rete testis Ans: A. Ovulation
C. Epididymis Ref: I.B. Singh, 8/E, p. 14
D. Seminal vesicle
17. In a young female of reproductive age with regular
Ans: C. Epididymis menstrual cycles of 28 days ovulation occurs around
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 13 14th day of periods. When is the first polar body
extruded
12. Which of the following is the CORRECT order of A. 24 hrs prior to ovulation
pathway for a sperm? B. Accompanied by ovulation
A. Straight tubules – Rete testis – efferent tubules C. 48 hrs after the ovulation
B. Rete tubules – efferent tubules – straight tubules D. At the time of fertilization
C. Efferent – tubule Rete testis-straight tubules
D. Straight tubule – efferent tubules – Rete tubules Ans: A.24 hours prior to ovulation
Ref: Langman's, 13/E, p. 28-29
Ans: A. Straight tubules – Rete testis – efferent tubules
Ref: BDC Vol 2, 4/E, p. 217-218 18. In a female child, at birth - oocyte is in a stage of
A. Anaphase 2nd meiotic
13. During oogenesis, first meiotic division is completed B. Prophase 1st meiotic
at the time of C. Oogony
A. Ovulation D. Maturation
B. Fertilization
C. Implantation Ans: B. Prophase 1st meiotic
D. Gastrulation Ref: Langman's, 13/E, p. 26

Ans: A. Ovulation 19. Following cell is liberated from ovary at the time of
Ref: Grey’s Anatomy, 39/E, p. 1323 ovulation
A. Oogonium
14. During oogenesis, second meiotic division is B. Primary oocyte
completed at the time of C. Secondary oocyte
A. Ovulation D. Ovum
B. Fertilization
C. Implantation Ans: C. Secondary oocyte
D. Morulation Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 15

Ans: B. Fertilization 20. Following cell is present in the secondary follicle of

Ref: Grey’s Anatomy, 39/E, p. 1339 ovary
A. Oogonium
15. Polar bodies are formed by B. Primary oocyte
A. Spermatogenesis C. Secondary oocyte
B. Organogenesis D. Ovum
C. Oogenesis
D. Morphogenesis Ans: B. Primary oocyte
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 16
Ans: C. Oogenesis
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 15 21. Following are the products of ovulation
A. Secondary oocyte
16. First polar body is liberated at the time of B. Secondary oocyte with zona pellucida
A. Ovulation C. Secondary oocyte with corona radiata
B. Fertilization D. Secondary oocyte with zona pellucida and corona
C. Implantation radiata
D. Neurulation

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Ans: D. Secondary oocyte with zona pellucida and D. Zona lysis

corona radiata
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 17 Ans: A. Hyaluronidase
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 13
22. After ovulation, the remnant of Graffian follicle is
converted into 27. The acrosome reaction occurs when the sperm
A. Corpus haemorrhagicum A. Enters the uterine cavity
B. Corpus albicans B. Meets zona pellucida
C. Corpus luteum C. Penetrates corona radiata
D. Corpus atreticum D. Penetrates cell membrane of oocyte

Ans: C. Corpus luteum Ans: B. Meets zona pellucida

Ref: Grey’s Anatomy, 39/E, p. 1325 Ref: Inderbir Singh, 6/E, p.13

23. Oogonia reach their maximum number in human 28. Following is true about the zona reaction
development at A. Sperm penetrates the zona pellucida
A. 5th month of fetal development B. Zona pellucida secretes hyaluronidase
B. Birth C. After the entry of one sperm, zona pellucida
C. Adolescence becomes impermeable to other sperms
D. Early adulthood D. It is because of lysosomal enzymes released from
the ovum
Ans: A. 5th month of fetal development
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 14 Ans: C. After the entry of one sperm, zona pellucida
becomes impermeable to other sperms
Ref: Inderbir Singh, 6/E, p. 36
WEEK 1 (DAYS 1-7)
24. Sperms undergo process of capacitation in the 29. Which is not true regarding zona pellucida?
following A. It surrounds morula
A. Testis B. It is acellular
B. Epididymis C. Acetylcholine is the barrier
C. Vas deferens D. It surrounds the ovum
D. Uterus
Ans: C. Acetylcholine is a barrier
Ans: D. Uterus Ref: Langman's, 13/E, p. 40
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 13
30. All the following are true about fertilization, except
25. At the time of fertilization, sperm enters the A. Its normal site is ampulla of fallopian tube
following cell B. It coincides with the completion of second meiotic
A. Oogonium division
B. Primary oocyte C. First polar body is liberated at the time of
C. Secondary oocyte fertilization
D. Ovum D. Sex is determined at the time of fertilization

Ans: C. Secondary oocyte Ans: C. First polar body is liberated at the time of
Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 35, 15 fertilization
Ref: Gray’s Anatomy, 39/E, p. 137
26. Following enzymes causes dispersal of corona radiata
cells when the sperm penetrates through it 31. Which of the following is correct regarding
A. Hyaluronidase fertilization and implantation?
B. Acrosin A. Fertilization usually occurs in the uterus
C. Lysosomal enzymes B. Implantation occurs 24 hours after fertilization
C. The tubes are lined by ciliated epithelium

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D. The cilia beat towards fimbriae D. Primary villi

Ans: C. Tubes are lined by ciliated epithelium Ans: C. Blastocyst

Ref: Langman's, 13/E, pp. 39, 57 Ref: Langman's, 13/E, pp. 43-44
Explanation:
 Fallopian (uterine) tubes are lined by ciliated 35. At the time of entry of fertilized ovum into the uterine
columnar epithelium (which bears cilia on cavity, it is in the stage of
surface) for propulsion of fluid. The ciliated A. Blastocyst
cells are most abundant at fimbriated end. B. Morula
Other cells are secretory. C. Unilaminar embryo
 In humans, fertilization of ovum usually D. Bilaminar embryo
occurs in the ampulla of fallopian tube within
a few hours (& no more than 24 hours after Ans: A. Blastocyst
ovulation). Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 60
 The fertilized ovum is transported through the
fallopian tube into the cavity of uterus by a 36. Normal site of implantation is
feeble fluid present in the fallopian tube A. Body of the uterus
produced by cilia that always beat towards the B. Cervix of uterus
uterus. This causes flow of epithelial C. Ovary
secretions towards uterine cavity D. Fallopian tube
 After fertilization, an additional 3-5 days is
required for transport f ovum through the Ans: A. Body of uterus
remainder of fallopian tube into the cavity of Ref: Gray’s Anatomy, 39/E, p. 189
uterus. After reaching uterus, the developing
blastocyst usually remain in uterus cavity for 37. According to embryologist, embryo is termed till
1-3 days before it implants. So, implantation A. 8 weeks of fertilization
usually occurs on about 5th-7th day after B. 10 weeks after LMP
ovulation. C. 10 weeks after fertilization
D. 12 weeks after LMP
32. The daughter cells formed from cleavage of the
zygote are know as Ans: A. 8 weeks of fertilization
A. Morula Ref: I.B Singh, 8/E, p. 01
B. Gastrula
C. Blastrula 38. What tissue from the implanting embryo directly
D. Blastomeres interfaces with the endometrial connective tissue
A. Inner cell mass
Ans: D. Blastomeres B. Extra embryonic mesoderm
Ref: Langman, 13/E, p. 43 C. Epiblast
D. Syncytiotrophoblast
33. Sixteen cell state is called as
A. Zygote Ans: D. Syncytiotrophoblast
B. Morula Ref: Langman's, 13/E, p. 49
C. Blastula
D. Gastrula

Ans: B. Morula
Ref: Langman, 13/E, p. 43

34. Implantation occurs at the stage of

A. Zygote
B. Morula
C. Blastocyst

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 HUMAN ANATOMY 12
Embryology

NEET – MDS PATTERN MCQS Ref: BD Chaurasia’s Human Embryology, 2/E, p. 23

PICTURE BASED MCQS 3. Identify the sequence of the stages of early

1. Identify the marked structure in the illustrated image development of embryo
shown below A. Blastocyst  Zygote Morula
B. Zygote  Morula Blastocyst
C. Morula Zygote Blastocyst
D. Zygote  Blastocyst Morula

Ans: C. Zygote  Morula  Blastocyst

Ref: BD Chaurasia’s Human Embryology, 2/E, p. 35

4. The marked stage in below image of development of

embryo

A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria sheath
C. Acrosome A. Trophoblast
D. Centriole
B. Morula
C. Blastula
Ans: B. Mitochondria sheath
Ref: BD Chaurasia’s Human Embryology, 2/E, p. 21 D. Gastrula

2. The chromosome number in the below image is Ans: D. Gastrula

Ref: BD Chaurasia’s Human Embryology, 2/E, p. 35

5. 16 celled stage during formation of trophoblast

shown in the below illustrated image represents

A. Zygote
B. Morula
C. Blastocyst
D. None of the above
A. 44+Xx
B. 22+Xx Ans: B. Morula
C. 22+XX Ref: BD Chaurasia’s Human Embryology, 2/E, p. 35
D. 44+XX

Ans: C. 22+XX

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 HUMAN ANATOMY 13
Embryology

6. In the below illustrated image of primary follicle, C. 1 true 2 false

identify the homogenous membrane between oocyte D. 1 false 2 true
and granulose cells.
Ans: A. Both 1 and 2 true
Ref: BD Chaurasia’s Human Embryology, 2/E, p. 14

2. In below statement identify true and false statement

1. Ova travel from the: Ovary  Uterus  Fallopian
tube 2. Sperm travel from the: Testis  epididymis 
Vas deferens  Urethra
A. Both 1 and 2 true
B. Both 1 and 2 false
C. 1 true 2 false
D. 1 false 2 true

Ans: D. 1 false 2 true

A. Theca externa ASSERTION & REASON MCQS

B. Theca interna
1. Assertion (A): Dizygotic (fraternal) twins are
C. Zona pellucida
developed from 2 zygotes. Reason (R): Result
D. None of the above
from fertilization of 2 different secondary Oocytes
by 2 different sperms
Ans: C. Zona pellucida
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct
Ref: BD Chaurasia’s Human Embryology, 2/E, p. 26
explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
MATCH THE FOLLOWING MCQS
C. A is true but R is false
1. Match the Chromosomal Content D. A is false but R is true
A. Primordial germ cells 1. 23, 1N
B. Secondary oocyte 2. 46, 4N Ans: A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct
C. Primary spermatocyte 3. 23, 2N explanation of A
D. Spermatids 4. 46, 2N

A. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

*****
B. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
C. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
D. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Ans: A. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

TRUE/FALSE MCQS
1. In below statement identify true and false statement
1. Human sperm are haploid; that is, they carry 23
(instead of 46) chromosomes. 2. The term "gonad" is
another word for "sex cell"
A. Both 1 and 2 true
B. Both 1 and 2 false

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