Single Pole Auto-Reclosure (SPAR) and Secondary ARC

By
Boopathi V P
Support Team - India
 Single Pole AutoReclosure (SPAR)

• EHV/UHV lines 80% of faults are transient faults

• Cleared Tripping the faulty phase

• 58% of transmission capacity retained by healthy Phase

• Improves Transient Stability
• Improves Reliability of system

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SPAR Operation

Fault inception

Primary Arc

Faulty Phase Tripped

Primary Arc eliminated

Secondary Arc occur

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 SPAR Operation
Dead Time

Secondary Arc extinguished

Secondary Arc Not extinguished

Fault phase Reclosed

Successful operation Unsuccessful operation

All the phases are tripped

Cleared the fault

Damage to equipment & system
System stability ?
Circuit Breaker operation

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 Aim of SPAR study

• Magnitude of secondary arc current

• Recovery voltage

• Time required for the ARC extension

• Dead time

• Switching over voltage

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 Secondary ARC model

• ARC conductance
Cassie
tau 1
dg_dt g_calc
𝑑𝑔 1 G 2 f(u)
!h
= (𝐺 − 𝑔)
3

𝑑𝑡 𝜏 has_tripped *
(u[2]-u[3]) / u[1]
• 𝜏 – time constant of ARC
• g – instantaneous ARC conductance
• G – Stationary ARC Conductance

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 Secondary ARC model

• Stationary ARC conductance

arc_len 1
f(u) G
i_calc_abs 2

u[2]/
|𝒊𝒂𝒓𝒄| (#U0# + #R0#*u[2])/
G=
𝒖𝟎+𝒓𝟎 𝒊𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒄(𝒕) u[1])

• 𝒖𝟎– Characteristic arc voltage

• 𝒓𝟎 – Characteristic arc resistance per length
• 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒄 – instantaneous arc length
• 𝒖𝟎, 𝒓𝟎, 𝜏 – obtained from measurements

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 Secondary ARC model

• ARC length

∝ arc_len_pu 1 f(u) tau

𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑐
𝜏(𝑙) = 𝜏0 #tau_0# * u[1]^#alpha#
𝑙0

• 𝜏𝟎– initial time constant

• 𝒍𝟎 – initial arc length
• ∝– coefficient 0.1 − 0.6

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Validation of Secondary ARC model

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 Validation of Secondary arc model
Field Recording (10-08-1996) EMTP-RV Simulation (05-22-2005)

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 Simple circuit

BUS4 BUS3
V1 Vm V2
+VM +VM VM+
LF ?v ?v ?v
LF
BUS2
VwZ1 SW3 ?i SW1 VwZ2
?i + + + +
-1|0.160|0 + CP a + CP
150.00 150.00 -1|0.160|0
400kVRM SLL /_0 -1|.160|0 407kVRM SLL /_60
-1|0.160|0 PVbus:LF2
-1|160|0
-1|160|0
m2
+A
?i
DEV2

Secondary arc
+

Sec_ARC_a
0.2 + R2

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Secondary arc model

Primary ARC

Secondary ARC

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Secondary arc model

Secondary ARC Voltage

Recovery Voltage
 Successful SPAR Operation Fault current

Phase A tripped Phase A reclosed

Fault at phase A

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 Successful SPAR Operation Fault bus Voltage

Switching over voltage

Fault at phase A Phase A tripped Phase A reclosed

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 Unsuccessful SPAR Operation Fault Current

Phase A tripped Phase A reclosed

Fault at phase A

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 Unsuccessful SPAR Operation Fault bus Voltage

Fault at phase A Phase A tripped Phase A reclosed

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Effect of line Length

• Secondary arc

time increases

• Secondary arc

current increases

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Effect of line Length

• Recovery Voltage

increases

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 Scope

• To study the effect of fault location (1/3,1/2,3/4 of line)

• To study the effect of shunt reactor compensation

• To study the effect of neutral reactor

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 References
• B. Khodabahchian “EHV Single pole switching: it is not
only a mater of secondary arc extinction” International
conference on Power system transients, 2013
• M.Kizilcay et al, “Interaction of secondary arc with the
transmission system during single-pole Autoreclosure”
IEEE Bologna PowerTech conference, 2003
• M.Kizilcay et al, “Modeling of secondary arc based on
identification of arc parameters from staged fault test
records” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 2003

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THANK YOU

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