_Thermody vomies | “Chap: Engg, Ene Tend; yal 0853 os. Forms fing formal, mechan’ ico, kinetic, potential, electric, agri, chemical, ond nuclease aod thai sum constitutes thetotod cupyol a gia 72 a The fatal ensrgy per wit mass a & (kglhg) The total energy of a systor in Therredynomics. cra be assignral.a al of 200 (Ez0) af soma consent reference. poirbas At deals only with ta change af Whe Antal energy. Tha. various forms af ensrpy Con be Considered a5 hwo groups: mactescepic. and miciscopic. The macvoscepic. hems are hese “a system possesses ws ulale with respect te Soma. outsidle reference Fame. The microscopic Proms ont these velebed to the molecule strache of a system cod Hoe dearer of the wmoleclor activi. The sum of oll enieroscopic farms sa called the saterval energy Us “The een encigy is related te nation and es oF soma. es = SFexterrol ePhecks sach mi grmily, magnetism, or vy dedvicily The. ey expen asa a vest of its nation nbsive. fe tone. robbrce, an is. called kinetic. envy KE). —_ = om Cp or kes KE = ns KE hare vis the uebeity 2 te bed josvesies asa result ofits elevation ino The energy thet a 2455 Gravitational Fiekd is called potential erergy (PE. PE -mg tg) or pes tesge Wah) where 2 1s te elevation of the body to some x6 aint, and 9. 15 Ha gmvibationsl acctheration. 2. The total ener oF 9 syshem consists of He kinshic potential, and internal emengies due fo the ry stem molecabes. .€2U+ KETPE = Ux mV 4 mgt. (ky) OL 22 ths ke + pe oUt wo Yat gt Cg lig) Thir is ne kinetic or_pebentiod onary) change for shiorary sgstens. The Change in. fhe total enurgy DE of He sinha systems £5 identical fe the change in its interwal energy AU. DE: MU be Stehiacar “closed spit. Se — ZThe. forms oP caursy, which constihde He folnl exergy ce syshen,. Can be tondained or shored ina. system, ae ees “ shdic forms of energy. The hems of _enugy. rot shred ina syston can bee. viewed as ha_dypantis foras of egy Thos bjpamic foros. ace reagtited ob he spstin bowndlary as they 085 ib and they vepreset He enory gained or lest by “gpm ducing a pracess. These forms are het hanster and work. An ena iadumction_ts heat trashor if its diving Force's a tenpersture difference, otherwise i+ is work. So _— The atchanicol energy 13s the hemof enurgy Hab com be converted te mechanical sae Completely and aieclly by an ideal mechanised device suchas an ideal bathing. pusp. bransfers mechaniend eneegy toa Fluid. by raising. its pressute., amd hubine tchacts mechanical energy From a Flaid by Am pping tbs oe Therefore, He pressure of a Elesaing Glatd is also asse ciated with ts mechanical energy. 3 weenos Mier em Pos Mem Tyg ms » Pressure is energy per unit yelaume -s qhe pressure borce acting on a Fluid Though a oltstance produces work, Called Flow work Flow work = PY (J) or Flos werk parunitonast = Poh (Tlky) The fold mechani cl energy of a Plowing fluid perunit mass Eee, 2 Flow energy + kinetic energy + potential Uyy 5 or expressed in vate Porm “energy per unit hime, = Pyvirge Tks Ee M veh = ni( fs “+ge) mech Wi is te mass Flew vate of Ma Plaid ( K9/5) and is defined as tha ameunt of mass Plowing through « 08s section perunit Hint. The mechanicod energy change ACneg, Pom shite 1 be stuke 2 S Btw 6 Behs Weve g(t. 8) (Sy) l4|Energy Transfer by heot When a bedy is lef in ameaium Hat i's at a ctfferenck temperment, energy hans for Akes place between the body and He surtoardh oa mneslivnn until thermal eguililoriam is established, that is, He bedy and the meoh'umn yeach the same temperature. The clirection of erorgy hransfer fs hany s fron He higher tonperchore ody fo He lower’ temperohure one. Once the temperature egrality is established energy hansfer shops. Tn this recess, energy ssa be be honsferred in He Porm of heak. Heat isdefined as the form of energy thab is HronsPerred belween two mediums by virtue of a temperature difference « Adiabsdic process! a process during which Here is me heat transfer, The amount of heat hansPerred during a process Is denohed by Q. = The heab transfer per unit mass : ue Qa (gly) The vate of Leak framsfe is He amavet of heat trnrter per unik tine, Lt is dlenoteol by Q’ (kg /s = kw) Q: So dt (kz) —ewhen @ varies with Hime t, of Qe GAL Ce) —erhen Q rerins Gusto At -to—ti is He Hime interval for the process. (5Energ 4 transfer by work + Enrgy Gan cross He beurdlory of a claseol system in the form of het or work. There Fore, if te energy eve SSivg the boundary 2 Pa cbse system is woh heot, it must be work. Work is the energy transfer associateal with a pyce actirg thangh « distance. Workdene during a process is denoted by We He work done perunih mass we WW (Kyle) the werk dona per unit time is called power amd is dencteal W WwW. W t Heot and worle are divechonl gpackinies so you must debermine Hai nagnibude anol clivection . The accepted Formal sign convertion (kgls = kW) For heot and work. js as follows; Positive for heat transfer te @ system and work done by a system. heqative for heat transher Fron a system amb workdone on asystem . Brother wlan) is to use He subscripts in and ovt 4o indicate diredion. 3)Eledri cal work: then WV coulons of electrical charge move trough 2 poterticd UiPference V, He dedriod work deneis We 2 VN a amd in the wate form We = VI WW) We: cledvicl power and Les te eledvic cunent = “@ v-eIR = Wee VI. I*R 7 w) We. VI At (§) Sor beth Vard J vemain constawk. ~ Mechanical forms of work : We Fs for constmnt over ce nm “Ss CP te Bocce Fis met cashed « We fds t Shaft Work / TeFr oF - Tae r ra TSO \ SS Por adislaace s = (21r)n 8 NF where yy is nbmber ef veyoldons of shatt. Riga z 2mm -2TnT (J) where vi isthe number of vevelutions Wy, = Nae 21 T ‘ i pe unit FimeEx. Debermiva the power tansnithed Yovough Hhe shaft of acay> when He torque 9p lied 1s 200 Nim and Hea shaft rebdes atarate of Yooo Yew lutions per minute Crpim)- Sol. Wz Yooo rpm Te too Nim, Wy = eTnTy 22W, 4oooy, 200 < 834746 kW bo Spring, werk Vohen the. Lery Ae of He pring changes by a diflerotial amount Ax unoler the influence of a force F 3 Mooring = Fay Re a \mear elastic Spring, the dis place ment X is proportional to the force. applieal . Fokx where ks the spring Constowk (kw )n) 3 Wooing 24 bxdx ee Mang | CRA 3 nn g : - 2 yr Rest 7 $ Weng 2 KOEI) eS) An al ; | [3]The First law of Horne dy rarnics “Gonservntion of energy principle Stes tak cvogy can be neither crested ror destroyed duriag a process iF con only ange fons. For all adiobatic processes between two specifiel shtes of a chsed syste, fe network dona is te same regurdless of He pate of te closed systian ard the. deails of the prcess. The. valve. of jhe network must clepal on th end states of the syshun only, ard thas it must cosrespond b a charge in te tohad energy of the system. The charge in fhe toted enous daring aN adiabatic precess mash he exped fo fa net work done. Enorgy balance + The net choge ih the bk owrgy of the system ahring a precess is aged fo the difference between fhe fel enugy eahering and He tofel energy leaving the system dluring Hat process (ee eehe,) — (ace ceBt,) = (Sasa) Ee. - Coy = AE ssstem A Expt $ eNOrYY chonye of a eyshorn = (Pnergy ab Final “a at inihio) 5 A Easton : ae E itial >, -€, {9DE: BV + OKE + OPE = mCuz-v,) + dm (v2 Vi) 4 mg (2, - 2) Medanisms oF eropgy franster, E,, od Eng Enogy Gn be trousfered to or from asysteer i'n three Porms ; heat, Work, ewad mas Plow. For cased sysrims, Ha only 7° Brms inttrachin s one Theak wd work. 1. Het transfer, Qi: Hoot hanster to a system Cheat g ain) inoreases Ha om of fhe malecales ard thas dhe iherval energy. Pest transfur Grom asystemn Chest loss) decreases if. 2. Work transfer, Wi Work transfor to a systan (work done on 4 syshem) increases Hu eaergy of fhe system, and work transfer From a sy Shem (work done’ by te sgstou) decreases it, 3. Mass Flow Mm? When mass enters a y stem, the enery ay * F the sy shea PACHASES. When, ae mass leaves the system, een within aystemn decreases. DEoae Fin Fut = Cin ~ ot) + (he Mead) + Eosaa™ Exesoat) (J) Quat Wret Qo Por adiabatic systems Eg 28 ber closed systems mass Wee For systems Hak welts no wovk rateractions. For a chased system andergoing a cycle , Ep 26, ie Ey Ey » AEs E,-€, 20 2 Quek + Week 2 Grek ig? Wret,oute in vahe form ¢ Eso 2 EM . at in Ea iD) (ew)Ex: A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel. D Evasion ~ Ein Fat = U4 RE Ree” SU = Wain — Gok = 2-4 loo — Soo = U, ~ B00 +O, 2 Yoo kTEx: A room is initially at the outdoor temperature of 25 °C. Now a large fan that consumes 200 W of electricity when running is turned on. The heat transfer rate between the room and the outdoor air is given as Q = UA(Ti - To) where U = 6 W/m?.°C is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A = 30 m? is the exposed surface area of the room, and Tj and To are the indoor and outdoor air temperatures, respectively. Determine the indoor air temperature when steady operating conditions are established. dE ys . Ee ea » Ene t °° for steady process Weed, = Ay 2 VACT-T) 2oo =< 6430 (T.~ 25) Pema ee calcEnorgy conversion efficiencies: Efficiency indiades hao well an enwrgy tnertion or fuser proxess is = Desired oubpat Rea ad impr ELficiencies of mechanic and electri cal devices accomplished. E Fic one = Hedaneal eungy oatpat | Emechont . j_ Eneehstes Mecbemind energy impel — Eno in Emech, in “tnech A. conversion efficien eg of fess than 100 percot indicales that Some losses have ocumeed daving Gaversion. In Pluiol systems, We ove usually saberested in jncreasing the pressure, velocity, ane /or alevetion of aflwel. This is done by Supply ing mechanical energy To He Fluid by opamp, «tan, of a Compressore Or we ane tntested in Ke reverse process of echacting mechanical enugy From a Fluid by a bwhine and gradseing mechanical power in the formoh a rehting shah. Th date of perfection of Vese processes i expressed by He pump cFicieney ond turbine ctFiciency. 2 Mechanieat enemy increase _ AE mech pid , Weep a —_ ae cg Pomp Mechanical energy input VO in Weame 1 ee’ Mechaniew enemy ovtpwh = Nik Mrubine hutbine Hh echantead energy deorease \ac, ane ij Wiwhine, & ately Fla ine, Wamp, suse A pamping power Wearb nee | mechani ool pooer chrached wl Groom Ye HaidElectrical eneray ’s commonly converted to roahing methaniol energy by eledvic nohrs fe drive bans, Conpresiors, and So forth. The effectiveness of this Conversion process is Character) zeol by te mobr efficiency Dan, = Hechenical power evtpok 5 Wiehe ” out wel Electric power fmpab Welec, in For enecotor, = tite potent eae generetor ecdaniead poner ings Vat, in A pump ts usally packaged fogether with its motor, anol a turbine with ifs generator z re os ae a Coomp Tmo % eta. « Rises ty) pump mabey Welesin Weteds in Wetec, out, Welechouh Whachinee \ AE at rrvine gen” Unive Uyosethy * eaeEx: Electric power is to be generated by installing a hydraulic turbine-generator at a site 70 m below the free surface of a large water reservoir that can supply water at a rate of 1500 kg/s steadily. If the mechanical power output of the turbine is 800 kW and the electric power generation is 750 kW, determine the turbine efficiency and the combined turbine-generator efficiency of this plant. Neglect losses in the pipes. |S Eneck tladl * Avec, - Cnesh, cut) 2 rh (DE nec) O Gvcct = PsRokh, °c Gee | = m ge, 21500 « 1.304 x Fo oo Joo =lo3l kW Lntbing = —Weslestest des 2 0886 = FREY JOE en elsal 128! 2 Welechod 2450 2 424 = 7277 [AE neck, Plurd) 108! "Cri, aon