Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Prof. Encargado:
Dr. Alexis Kalergis
(akalergis@bio.puc.cl)
Bio275c
Organización
Docentes
Dra. Katia Abarca • Clases expositivas
Dra. Marcela Ferrés
Dra. Patrica García • Pasos prácticos y talleres
Dra. Ana María Guzmán
Dr. Alexis Kalergis • Conferencias invitadas
(responsable)
Dr. Marcelo López-Lastra • Seminarios de los alumnos
Dr. Guido Mora
Dra. Marisa Torres
Dr. Bruno Tesser
(instructor) Evaluación:
• 4 pruebas teóricas, 80% (clases,
Conferencistas
Dra. Ximena Aguilera
conferencias, prácticos y seminarios).
Dra. Susan Bueno • Tests de entrada a los pasos prácticos,
Dr. Jorge Jiménez 10%
Dr. Carlos Pérez
Dra. Sandra Solari • Presentación de seminario, 10%
¿Qué es la Microbiología?
Tipos de microorganismos:
Bacterias
Virus (*)
Hongos
Parásitos
Ramas principales de la microbiología
Bacteriología Virología
Micología Parasitología
CAUSA TERAPIA
Mercy Brown
Mercy Brown is sometimes known as the last traditional North American vampire. Mercy died on January 17, 1892 at age 19. Her death followed those
of her mother, Mary Brown, and older sister, Mary Olive. At the time of her death, her brother, Edwin, was gravely ill. Mercy's Father, George Brown was
desperate to save him. In an attempt to rid the family of a perceived curse, George Brown, decided to dig up the bodies of the women, including Mercy,
who had only been buried for about one month. During the exhumation, observers noted that Mercy's body appeared to have turned over inside the
coffin and that blood was present in her heart. Fearing Mercy was a vampire, the Exeter townspeople removed her heart and burned it on a nearby rock
before reburying her. Folklore at the time said that destroying the heart of a vampire would kill it, and by consuming the remains of the vampire's heart,
the curse would be broken and the victim would get well. George Brown fed the ashes to his son, Edwin, who died two months later. It is now known that
Tuberculosis caused the mysterious deaths once attributed to Rhode Island vampires, including the case of Mercy Brown.
Fines del siglo XIX.
Conceptos requeridos para una teoría moderna
de infección e inmunidad.
Postulados de Koch
(Prueba de la Etiología de una
enfermedad infecciosa) :
Clasificación de patógenos
de acuerdo a la causa del daño
Daño
Patogenesis mediada por
Patogenesis mediada por
componentes del hospedero
la bacteria
IgG1
IgE
Respuesta inmune
del hospedero
Toxinas
Respuesta inmune
del hospedero
Destrucción
de tejidos
Robert Hooke (1664).
The microscope used by Robert Hooke. The A drawing by Robert Hooke, which represents
objective lens was fitted at the end of an one of the first microscopic descriptions of
adjustable bellows (G), with illumination microorganisms: a blue mold growing on the
focused on the specimen by a single lens surface of leather; the round structures contain
spores of the mold.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1684)
Experimentos
de Louis Pasteur con
matraces cuello de cisne
2 3
Robert Koch (1876)
• Aislar una bacteria mutante con un fenotipo que difiere del fenotipo
silvestre (virulencia)
• Movie part 1
• Movie part 2
• Movie part 3
BACK
Subordinacion de la maquinaria de polimerizacion
de actina por patogenos entericos
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) causes the localized destruction of microvilli and the formation of actin-rich pedestals, a
process known as attaching and effacing. It requires translocation of the intimin receptor (Tir) by the TTSS. Tir is inserted
into the host
Shigella also membrane.
recruits WASP by the activity of IcsA on the surface of the bacteria.
IcsAbacterial
The increasesouter-membrane
the affinity of WASP
adhesinforintimin
the Arp2/3 complex
contacts Tir. and the ability to assemble actin filaments.
WASP works as a molecular ratchet, binding actin filaments at the bacterial surface and, in association with the Arp2/3
EPEC
complex,recruits
addingWASP
actin to areas of attachment.
monomers to one end of WASP is normally activated by the small GTPase Cdc42, but EPEC does not
the filaments
require Cdc42 to form actin pedestals, suggesting that they activate WASP in an alternative manner.
WASP recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex, which nucleates actin and stimulates the formation of actin filaments.
Patógenos entéricos intracelulares utilizan los sistemas de
secreción para inyectar moléculas que controlan el
citoesqueleto de la células blanco para promover la
invasión.
Mecanismos de patogenicidad bacteriana: Invasividad
Invasinas...
Mecanismo de invasión:
Factores de adherencia
(adhesinas)
•Fimbrias
•Pili
•Lipopolisacárido (LPS)
•Acidos teicoicos y lipoteicoicos
•Otros componentes de la pared
celular
•Glicocalix
Escherichia coli enteropatogénica (EPEC) adherida a la •Cápsula
superficie de células epiteliales de intestino humano
(Formación de microcolonias)
Gewirtz et al
Rescigno et al
SPI-1
E M
DC
SPI-2
?
DC
DC Bueno et al, Crit. Rev. Immunol., 2005
Features of Pathogenicity islands
• PIs are defined as DNA sequences that:
– (i) encode (often many) virulence genes;
– (ii) are present in pathogenic strains and absent in less-pathogenic
strains of one species or a related species;
– (iii) differ in G+C content in comparison to the DNA of the host
bacteria;
– (iv) are often more than 30 kb;
– (v) represent compact, distinct genetic units, often flanked by
direct repeats;
– (vi) are associated with tRNA genes and/or insertion sequences (IS
elements) at their boundaries;
– vii) contain (often cryptic) "mobility" genes (IS elements, integrase
genes, transposons, origins of plasmid replication);
– (viii) which are often unstable
Pathogenicity Islands: Pathogen Evolution
through Horizontal Gene Transfer
Virulence genes often cluster in localized regions of the
chromosome, termed pathogenicity islands.
Hypothesis
Salmonella interferes with DC
ability to activate bacteria-
specific T cells
Experimental system: processing and location of
bacterial antigens
S. typhimurium S. typhimurium
14028s pOVA 14028s pGFP
kDa pUC 1 2 3
47.5-
OVA
32.5-
CD8+
Dendritic cells
Activation
+
DC
Salmonella pOVA
CD4+
Salmonella-GFP
Potentiation
Salmonella of antigen
By targetingkeeps DCstopresentation
bacteria FcγRs
from by antigen
on DCs
presenting directing
bacterial
presentation
bacteria to T
antigens cells
FcγRs is restored
on
to T cellsDCs
CD8+ ++ CD4+ +
CD8
CD8 CD4
100 Salmonella OVA 150 Salmonella OVA
100
100 Salmonella OVA 150 Salmonella OVA
Salmonella Salmonella OVA-IgG Salmonella OVA-IgG
OVA Purificada OVA Purificada
75
75
IL-2 (U/ml)
75
IL-2 (U/ml)
100
(U/ml)
(U/ml)
IL-2 (U/ml)
IL-2 (U/ml)
100
Presentación
50
50
50 en MHC-I y II
IL-2
IL-2
Receptores Fcγ 50
Salmonella-IgG
25 50
25
25
0 0
+
00 3
10 10 4 4 10 5 5 10 6 6 10 3 0 10 4 10 CD8
5
10 6
1033 10
+ 10 105 106
4 33 44 55 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6
DC Number
DC Number
Number
DC Number
DC Number Activation
DC
T CELL
Escape from antigen
presentation
FcγR
Lysosomes
Bacterial degradation
Æ Antigen presentation
A Salmonella spiC mutant (SPI-2) is
defective for intramacrophage survival
(Groisman and collegues).
Fulfilling Koch molecular postulates by defining the
role for a SPI-2 secreted protein in Salmonella
pathogenesis.
A) C57BL/6
SPI-1
E M
DC
SPI-2
?
DC
DC Bueno et al, Crit. Rev. Immunol., 2005
Sistema Secretor de Tipo III codificado en la Isla de
Patogenicidad 2
Citoplasma
DC
Membrana
Vacuolar
Membranas
Bacterianas
70
WT
60
CFU (x 10 células)
Δ spiA
50 Δ spiC
40 Δ SPI-2
3
30
20
10
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
Tiempo (h)
Tobar et al., 2005. Manuscrito Enviado
Cepas mutantes de Salmonella son presentadas
eficientemente por DCs a linfocitos T CD8+ y CD4+
CD8+ CD4+
1.00 1.00
SpiA
SpiC
0.75 0.75
SPI-2
WT
0.50 0.50
0.25 0.25
0.00 0.00
10 3 10 4
10 5
10 6
10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
DC Number DC Number
WT ΔspiA
LAMP-2
Salmonella
ΔspiC ΔSPI-2
WT ΔspiC
ΔspiA ΔSPI- 2
Infección Oral
105 CFU
Suero
(ELISA IgG anti OVA)
Hígado, Bazo,
Nódulos Mesentéricos Linfáticos
Día 5 post inoculación (Colonización)
Cepas mutantes en la SPI-2 presentan atenuación en virulencia in vivo
2000 0.6
Hígado Δ spiA pOVA
LNs
0.4 14028s pOVA
Preimmune
1000 0.3
0.2
500
0.1
0 0.0
1/40
1/5 1/10 1/20 1/30 1/40 1/50
WT SpiA SpiC SPI-2
Sample Dilution
OT-I Bazo
CFSE
WT
Día 1
Día 2
Análisis Bazo
(Tinción con anti-CD8)
Día 5
Proliferación in vivo de linfocitos T transgénicos
Número de células
CFSE
A diferencia de Salmonella virulenta, mutantes de la SPI-2 inducen
proliferación de linfocitos T transgenicos in vivo
Proliferacion OT-I
Proliferacion OT-II
Proliferacion SM1
S. Choleraesuis
S. Gallinarum
S. Enteritidis
S. Dublin
S. Typhimurium
Salmonella enterica serovars
CFU/1000 cells
400
Liver
300
200
100
is
m
d
ph
is
m
ed
te
ph
id
iu
id
iu
Ty
ec
ct
rit
ur
Ty
rit
ur
nf
te
im
nf
te
m
ni
En
ph
ni
En
i
ph
U
U
Ty
Ty
14028/OVA STH2370/OVA PT1/OVA
1 1 1 Uninfected
2 2 2 1
SPLEEN
3 3 3
Niveles de presentación de antígenos es inversamente
proporcional a la sobrevivencia bacteriana
1.0×10 7
Typhimurium
Enteritidis
CFU/100000 cell
Typhi
1.0×10 6
1.0×10 5
5 12 24
hrs
Serovares que presentan enfermedad autolimitante presentan signos de
degradación y colocalizan con lisosomas al interior de DCs de ratón.
S. Typhimurium
S. Enteritidis
S. Enteritidis
S. Typhi
S. Typhi
B3Z
OVA
0.75
Untreated
Peptide
Peptide
IL-2 (OD 450 nm)
No pulse
0.00
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 0 10 20 30 40 50
DC Number % Kb-SIINFEKL (CD11c-Gated)
OT4H
0.7
Untreated
0.6
Peptide
IL-2 (OD 450 nm)
0.5 Entritidis
0.4 Typhimurium
Typhi
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000
DC Number
Proliferación de linfocitos T in vivo
Proliferación OT-I
Proliferación OT-II
100 Typhimurium
Typhi
Enteritidis
CFU/10000 cells
75
50
25
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (h)
Bueno, Tobar, et al, enviado 2005
Bacteria-DC encounter
and
bacterial capture
iDC
Maturation
Impaired presentation of
bacteria-derived antigens
mDC
Impaired T Cell
Activation
Bacterial
Dissemination