I. General Principles of Criminal Law 5. Non-imprisonment for debt or non-payment of poll tax ( Art.

3,
Sec. 19, 1987 Constitution)
A. Nature and definition 6. Bill of attainder (Art. 3, Sec. 22, 1987 Constitution)
● Ient v. Tullett Prebon, G.R. No. 189158, 11 January 2017 ● People v. Ferrer, L-32613-14, 27 December 1972, 48 SCRA 382
7. Ex-post facto laws (Art. 3, Sec. 22, 1987 Constitution)
B. Characteristics of Criminal Law ● US v. Diaz Conde, L-18208, 14 February 1922
1. General (Art. 2, RPC)
● Minucher v. Scalzo, G.R. No. 142396, 11 February 2003 E. Construction and interpretation
● Liang v. People, G.R. No. 125865, 28 January 2000 1. Liberally in favour of the accused
2. Territorial (Art.2, RPC) 2. Spanish text of the RPC prevails over the English text
● People v. Tulin, G.R. No. 111709, 30 August 2001, 364 SCRA 10 ● People v. Abilong, L-1960, 26 November 1948.
3. Prospective (Article 21 and 22, RPC) 3. Retroactive application when favourable to the accused
a. Effects of repeal 4. Prescribed but undeserved penalties (Art. 5, RPC)
● People v. Formigones, L-3246, 29 November 1950
C. Sources of Criminal Law 5. Suppletory application of RPC to Special Penal Laws (Art. 10, RPC)
1. Revised Penal Code ● Ladonga v. People, G.R. No. 141066, 17 February 2005
2. Special Penal Laws ● People v. Simon, G.R. No. 93028, 29 July 1994

D. Constitutional Limitations on Criminal Law II. General Principles of Criminal Liability

1. Due process and Equal protection (Art. 3, Sec. 1, 1987 Constitution)
● White Light Corp. v. City of Manila, G.R. No. 122846, 20 A. Felony, defined (Art. 3, RPC)
January 2009
● Garcia v. Drilon, G.R. No. 179267, 25 June 2013 B. Elements of criminal liability
2. Freedom of expression (Art. 3, Sec. 4, 1987 Constitution) 1. Physical element (Actus reus)
● Guingguing v. People, G.R. No. 128959, 30 September 2005. a. Act
3. Freedom of religion (Art. 3, Sec. 5, 1987 Constitution) b. Omission
● Estrada v. Escritor, AM No. P-02-1651, 22 June 2006, 492 SCRA ● People v. Sylvestre and Atienza, G.R. No. 35748, 14 December
1 1931, 56 Phil. 353
4. No excessive fines, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment. ● People v. Talingdan, L-32126, 6 July 1978, 84 SCRA 19
(Art. 3, Sec. 19, 1987 Constitution) 2. Mental element (Mens rea)
● People v. Echagaray, G.R. No. 117472, 7 February 1997, 267 SCRA a. Deliberate intent (Dolo)
682 ● Manuel v. People, G.R. No. 165842, 29 November 2005
● Corpuz v. People, G.R. No. 180016, 29 April 2014 i. Elements of dolo
ii. General and specific intent
 ● People v. Puno, G.R. No. 97471, 17 February iii. Praeter intentionem
1993, 219 SCRA 85 ● People vs. Albuquerque, G.R. No. 38773, 19
● People v. Delim, G.R. No. 142773, 28 January December 1933, 59 Phil. 150
2003 3. Concurrence
iii. Mistake of fact 4. Resulting harm
● US v. Ah Chong, G.R. No. 5272, 19 March 1910, 15 5. Causation
Phil. 488 ● Bataclan v. Medina, L-10126, 22 October 1957, 102 Phil. 181
● People v. Oanis, G.R. No. 47722, 27 July 1943, 74 ● People v. Iligan, G.R. No. 75369, 26 November 1990
Phil. 257 ● Urbano v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 72964, 7
iv. Malum prohibitum as exception to the January 1988
requirement of
mens rea C. Impossible Crimes (Art. 4, Par. 2)
● Padilla v. Dizon, AC No. 3086, 23 February 1988, ● Intod v. CA, G.R. No. 103119, 21 October 1992, 215 SCRA 52
158 SCRA 127 ● People v. Saladino, L-3634, 30 May 1951, 89 Phil. 807
● Magno v. CA, G.R. No. 96132, 26 June 1992, 210 ● Jacinto v. People, G.R. No. 162540, 13 July 2009.
SCRA 475
● Garcia v. CA, G.R. No. 157171, 14 March 2006, 484 III. Stages of execution
SCRA 617
v. Intent distinguished from motive A. Attempted Stage
b. Constructive intent (Culpa) Art. 3 and 365
i. Elements B. Frustrated Stage
ii. Imprudence or lack of skill
iii. Negligence or lack of foresight C. Consummated crimes
● People v. Pugay, L-74324, 17 November 1988, 167
● US v. Eduave, G.R. No. 12155, 2 February 1917, 36 Phil. 209
SCRA 439
● Rivera v. People, G.R. No. 166326, 25 January 2006, 480 SCRA
● Ivler v. San Pedro, G.R. No. 172716, 17 November
188
2010.
● Baleros v. People, G.R. No. 138033, 22 February 2006, 483 SCRA
c. Transferred intent (Art. 4, par. 1)
10
i. Aberratio ictus
D. Stages of execution in relation to specific felonies
● People v. Guillen, L-1477, 18 January 1950, 85
1. Theft
Phil. 307.
● Valenzuela v. People, G.R. No. 160188, 21 June 2007
ii. Error in personae
2. Illegal Trespass
● People v. Sabalones, G.R. No. 123485, 31 August
● People v. Lamahang, L-43530, 3 August 1935, 61 Phil. 703
1998, 294 SCRA 751
3. Physical Injuries, Homicide, and Murder
 ● People v. Borinaga, G.R. No. 33463, 18 December 1930, 55 Phil.
433
● People v. Kalalo, G.R. No. 39303-05, 17 March 1934, 59 Phil. 715
● People v. Trinidad, G.R. No. 79123-25, 9 January 1989, 169
SCRA 51
● Martinez v. CA, G.R. No. 168827, 13 April 2007.
● Mondragon v. People, L-17666, 30 June 1966, 17 SCRA 476
● People v. Sy Pio, L-5848, 30 April 1954, 94 Phil. 885
4. Robbery
● People v. Dio, L-36461, 29 June 1984, 130 SCRA 151
● People v. Salvilla, G.R. No. 86163, 26 April 1990.
5. Rape
● People v. Orita, G.R. No. 88724, 3 April 1990, 184 SCRA 105
● People v. Campuhan, G.R. No. 129433, 30 March 2000
6. Arson
● US v. Valdes, L-14128, 10 December 1918.
E. Conspiracy and proposals to commit a felony (Art. 8)
1. Conspiracy and proposal, when punished?
2. As a manner of incurring criminal liability.
● People v. Aguilos, G.R. No. 121828, 27 June 2003
IV. Circumstances that affect criminal liability
A. Justifying circumstances
1. Defense of self, relatives, and strangers
● Manaban v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 150723, 11 July 2006.
● Senoja v. People, G.R. No. 160341, 19 October 2004.
● People v. Decena, G.R. No. 107874, 4 August 1994, 235 SCRA 67
● People v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 128359, 6 December 2000, 347
SCRA 100
● People v. Jaurigue, G.R. No. 384, 21 February 1946, 76 Phil. 174
● People v. Narvaez, L-33466-67, 20 April 1983, 121 SCRA 389
(see also dissents of J. Abad Santos and J. Gutierrez, Jr.)
● Sabang v. People, G.R. No. 168818, 9 March 2007, 518 SCRA 35
● People v. Dagani, G.R. No. 153875, 16 August 2006, 499 SCRA 64
● Palaganas v. People, G.R. No. 165483, 12 September 2006, 501
SCRA 533
2. Avoidance of greater evil
● People v. Ricohermoso, L-30527-28, 29 March 1974, 56 SCRA
431
● People v. Norma Hernandez, CA-G.R. No. 22553-R, 14 April
1959, 55 OG 8465
3. Fulfillment of duty
● People v. Delima, L-18660, 22 December 1922, 46 Phil. 738
● People v. Lagata, L-1940-42, 24 March 1949, 83 Phil. 150
● Mamangun v. People, G.R. No. 149152, 2 February 2007
● People v. Dagani, G.R. No. 153875, 16 August 2006, 499 SCRA 64
4. Obedience to a lawful order of a superior
● People v. Beronilla, L-4445, 28 February 1955, 96 Phil. 566
● Tabuena v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 103501-03, 17 February
1997, 268 SCRA 332
B. Exempting Circumstances
1. Insanity
● People v. Taneo, L-37673, 31 March 1933, 58 Phil. 255
● People v. Bonoan, L-45130, 17 February 1937, 64 Phil. 87
● People v. Dungo, G.R. No. 89420, 31 July 1991, 199 SCRA 860
● People v. Rafanan, L-54135, 21 November 1991, 204 SCRA 65
● People v. Madarang, G.R. No. 132319, 12 May 2000, 332 SCRA
99
● People v. Robinos, G.R. No. 138453, 29 May 2002, 382 SCRA 581
● People v. Opuran, G.R. Nos. 147674-75, 17 March 2004, 425
SCRA 654
● Verdadero v. People, G.R. No. 216021, 2 March 2016
● People v. Genosa, 341 SCRA 493, 419 SCRA 537
● RA 9262 (Re: Battered Woman Syndrome)
 ● See also: Maria Diory F. Rabajante, The Privilege of Being c. Art. 247
Insane: An Examination of, and a Saner Alternative to the d. Art. 280*
Insane Rule on Insanity Defense, 49 San Beda L.J. 1 (March e. Art. 332
2012) ● Intestate Estate of Manolita Gonzales v. People, G.R.
2. Minority No. 181409, 11 February 2010.
● RA 9344 as amended by RA 10630.
● People v. Doqueña, G.R. No. 46539, 27 September 1939, 68 Phil. D. Mitigating Circumstances
580 1. Classes of Mitigating Circumstances
● Ortega v. People, G.R. No. 151085, 20 August 2008 a. Privileged
● People v. Mantalaba, G.R. No. 186227, 20 July 2011. i. Art. 13 (2) and Art. 68
● 3. Accident ii. Art. 13 (1) and Art. 69
● US v. Tañedo, L-5418, 12 February 1910, 15 Phil. 196 ● People v. Jaurigue, G.R. No. 384, 21 February
● People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 172695, 29 June 2007, 526 SCRA 215 1946, 76 Phil. 174
● People v. Retubado, G.R. No. 124058, 10 December 2003 ● People v. Narvaez, L-33466-67, 20 April 1983,
● Pomoy v. People, G.R. No. 150647, 29 September 2004, 439 121 SCRA 389
SCRA 439 ● People v. Ulep, G.R. No. 132547, 20 September
4. Irresistible force or uncontrollable fear of a greater injury 2000
● US v. Caballeros, G.R. No. 1352, 29 March 1905, 4 Phil. 350 ● Guillermo v. People, G.R. No. 153287, 20 January
● People v. Loreno, L-54414, 9 July 1984, 130 SCRA 311 2009.
● People v. Del Rosario, G.R. No. 127755, 14 April 1999, 305 SCRA b. Ordinary
740 i. Lack of intent to commit so grave a wrong
5. Insuperable cause ● People v. Ural, L-30801, 27 March 1974, 56 SCRA
● People v. Bandian, G.R. No. 45186, 30 September 1936, 63 Phil. 138
530 (see also: separate opinion of J. Villareal) ● People v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 139542, 21 June
2001, 359 SCRA 352
C. Other exculpatory causes ii. Sufficient provocation
1. Instigation ● People v. Pagal, L-32040, 25 October 1977, 79
● People v. Lua Chu, G.R. No. 34917, 7 September 1931, 56 Phil. 44 SCRA 570
● People v. Doria, G.R. No. 125299, 22 January 1999, 301 SCRA ● Urbano v. People, G.R. No. 182750, 20 January
668 2009
2. Pardon (Art. 266-C and Art. 344) iii. Vindication of a wrong
3. Absolutory circumstances ● People v. Benito, L-32042, 13 February 1975, 74
a. Art. 6 (3) SCRA 271
b. Art. 20
 ● Bacabac v. People, G.R. No. 149372, 11 September 2. Taking advantage of public office
2007 ● People v. Capalac, L-38297, 23 October 1982, 117 SCRA 874
iv. Passion or obfuscation ● People v. Gapasin, G.R. No. 73489, 25 April 1994, 231 SCRA 728
● US v. Hicks, G.R. No. 4971, 23 September 1909, 14 3. Insult to public authority
Phil. 217 ● People v. Tiongson, L-35123-24, 25 July 1984, 130 SCRA 614
● US v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 7094, 29 March 1912, ● People v. Magdueño, L-68699, 22 September 1986, 144 SCRA
22 Phil. 429 210
● People v. Gelaver, G.R. No. 95357, 9 June 1993, ● People v. Tac-an, G.R. Nos. 76338-89, 26 February 1990.
223 SCRA 310 4. Disregard of rank, age, or sex, and dwelling;
● People v. Bello, L-18792, 28 February 1964 ● People v. Diaz, G.R. No. L-24002, 21 January 1974.
v. Voluntary surrender or plea of guilt ● People v. Arizobal, G.R. No. 135051-52, 14 December 2000, 348
● People v. Amaguin, G.R. Nos. 54344-45, 10 SCRA 143
January 1994, 229 SCRA 166 ● People v. Daniel, G.R. No. L-40330, 20 November 1978
● People v. Dela Cruz, L-45284, 29 December 1936, ● People v. Apduhan, L-19491, 30 August 1968
63 Phil. 874 5. Abuse of confidence or obvious ungratefulness
vi. Deafness, muteness, blindness, or other physical ● People v. Mandolado, L-51304-05, 28 June 1983, 123 SCRA 133
defect which restricts the offender’s means of action, 6. The crime is committed in the palace of Chief Executive, in his
defense, or communication presence, where public authorities are engaged in the discharge of
vii. Illness as would diminish the exercise of will- their duties, or place dedicated to religious worship;
power without depriving the offender of consciousness of 7. Nighttime, uninhabited place, or by a band;
his acts. ● People v. Garcia, L-30449, 31 October 1979, 94 SCRA 14
viii. Analogous circumstances ● People v. Rodas, G.R. No. 175881, 28 August 2007
● Canta v. People, G.R. No. 140937, 28 February ● People v. Damaso, L-30116, 20 November 1978, 86 SCRA 370
2001 (uninhabited)
8. Crime committed on the occasion of conflagration, shipwreck,
E. Aggravating Circumstances earthquake, epidemic, or other calamity or misfortune;
Art. 14 and 62 of the RPC. 9. Aid of armed men or persons who afford impunity;
● People v. Legaspi, G.R. Nos. 136164-65, 20 April 2001 10. Recidivism
1. Classes of Aggravating Circumstance ● People v. Baldera, L-2390, 24 April 1950, 86 Phil. 189
a. Generic 11. Reiteracion
b. Qualifying 12. Habitual delinquency (Art. 62, par. 5);
c. Specific ● People v. Melendrez, G.R. No. 39913, 19 December 1933, 59 Phil.
d. Inherent 154
e. Special 13. Quasi- recidivism (Art. 160)
14. Price, reward, or promise;
15. Inundation, fire, poison, etc.
16. Evident premeditation;
● US v. Manalinde, G.R. No. 5292, 28 August 1909, 14 Phil. 77
● People v. Ilaoa, G.R. No. 94308, 16 June 1994, 233 SCRA 231
● People v. Bibat, G.R. No. 124319, 13 May 1998, 290 SCRA 27
17. Craft, fraud, or disguise;
● People v. Empacis, G.R. No. 95756, 14 May 1993, 222 SCRA 59
18. Taking advantage of superior strength, or means employed to
weaken the defense;
● People v. Bigcas, G.R. No. 94534, 2 July 1992, 211 SCRA 631
19. Treachery;
● People v. Sangalang, L-32914, 30 August 1974, 58 SCRA 737
● People v. San Pedro, L-44274, 22 January 1980, 95 SCRA 306
● People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 120282, 20 April 1998, 289 SCRA 213
● People v. Arizobal, G.R. No. 135051-52, 14 December 2000, 348
SCRA 143
● People v. Escote, G.R. No. 140756, 4 April 2003, 400 SCRA 603
● People v. Villonez, G.R. Nos. 122976-77, 16 November 1998, 359
Phil. 95, 1998
● People v. Guzman, G.R. No. 169246, 26 January 2007
20. Ignominy;
● People v. Torriefel CA-GR. No. 659-R, 29 November 1947, 45
OG 803
● People v. Jose, L-28232, 6 February 1971, 37 SCRA 450
● People v. Butler, L-50276, 27 January 1983, 120 SCRA 281
● People v. Saylan, L-36941, 29 June 1984, 130 SCRA 159
● People v. Sultan, G.R. No. 132470, 27 April 2000, 331 SCRA 216
21. Unlawful entry;
22. Breaking of wall, roof, floor, door, or window;
23. Aid of persons under fifteen years old, use of motor vehicles,
airships, or other similar means;
24. Cruelty;
25. Organized or syndicated crime group;
26. Use of illegal firearms or explosives – see RA 10591
● People v. Ladjaalam, G.R. Nos. 136149-51, 19 September 2000
● Celino v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 170562, 29 June 2007
27. Use of dangerous drugs while committing a felony – Sec. 25 of
RA 9165
28. Use of information and communications technologies in
committing a felony – Sec. 6, RA 10175
F. Alternative Circumstances
1. Relationship
● People v. Atop, G.R. No. 124303-05, 10 February 1998, 286 SCRA
157
2. Intoxication
● US v. McMann, L-2229, 1 July 1905, 4 Phil. 561
3. Degree of Instruction
● People v. San Pedro, L-44274, 22 January 1980, 95 SCRA 306
V. Persons Criminally Liable
A. Principals – Art. 17
● People v. Yanson-Dumancas, G.R. No. 133527-28, 13 December
1999, 320 SCRA 584
● People v. Maluenda, G.R. No. 115351, 27 March 1998, 288 SCRA
225
● People v. Montealegre, L-67948, 31 May 1988
● People v. Madali, L-67803, 30 July 1990
B. Accomplices – Art. 18
● Abejuela v. People, G.R. No. 80130, 19 August 1991, 200 SCRA
806
● People v. Doble, L-30028, 31 May 1982, 114 SCRA 131
● People v. Doctolero, G.R. No. 34386, 7 February 1991, 193 SCRA
632
 ● People v. De Vera, G.R. No. 128966, 18 August 1999, 312 SCRA ● Ivler v. San Pedro, G.R. No. 172716, 17 November 2010
640
● Garces v. People, G.R. No. 173858, 17 July 2007 VII. Penalties

C. Accessories – Art. 19 and 20 (RPC); PD 1612; PD 1829 A. Imposable penalties

● People v. Talingdan, L-32126, 6 July 1978, 84 SCRA 19 1. Principal penalties
● Dizon-Pamintuan v. People, G.R. No. 111426, 11 July 1994 a. Capital punishment – Sec. 19, Art III of the 1987
Constitution; RA 7659, RA 8177; RA 9346; Art. 40 and 47 Revised
VI. Plurality of Crimes Penal Code; RA 9346
● People v. Bon, G.R. No. 166401, 30 October 2006
A. Compound crime (delito compuesto) b. Afflictive penalties
● People v. Tabaco, G.R. No. 100382, 19 March 1997 i. Reclusion perpetua – RA 7659, Art. 27 of Revised
● People v. Valdez, G.R. No. 127663, 11 March 1999 Penal Code
● People v. Sanchez, G.R No. 131116, 27 August 1999, 313 SCRA 254 ● People v. Lucas, G.R. No. 108172, 25 May 1994;
B. Complex crime proper (delito complejo) ● People v. Lucas, G.R. No. 108172, 9 January 1995;
● People vs. Hernandez, L-6025-26, 18 July 1956, 99 Phil. 515 ● People v. Latupan, G.R. No. 112453, 28 June 2001
● Enrile vs. Salazar, G.R. No. 92163, 5 June 1990, 184 SCRA 217 ii. Reclusion temporal
● People v. Garcia, G.R. No. 141125, 28 February 2002 iii. Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification –
● Batulanon v. People, G.R. No. 139857, 15 September 2006 Article 30
iv. Perpetual or temporary special disqualification –
C. Continuing crime (delito continuado) Art. 31
● People v. Madrigal-Gonzales, L-16688, 30 April 1963 v. Prision mayor – Art. 27
● Gamboa v. Court of Appeals, L-41054, 28 November 1975 c. Correctional penalties – Art. 27, 39, and 44
● People v. Mallari, G.R. No. L-58886, 13 December 1988 i. Prision correccional
● Santiago v. Garchitorena, G.R. No. 109266, 2 December 1993 ii. Arresto mayor
iii. Suspension
D. Composite Crimes/Special Complex Crimes iv. Destierro
1. Art. 266-B d. Light penalties – Art. 27, 39, and 44
2. Art. 267 i. Arresto menor
3. Art. 294 ii. Public censure
4. Art. 297 e. Common penalties – Art.25
5. Art. 320 i. Fines – Art. 26, 39, and 66
ii. Bond to keep the peace – Art. 27 and 35
2. Accessory penalties – Art. 40 -45
E. Complex crimes in relation to Quasi-crimes
 a. Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification ● In re Petition for Habeas Corpus, Pete Lagran, G.R. No. 147270,
b. Perpetual or temporary special disqualification 15 August 2001, 363 SCRA 275
c. Suspension from public office, the right to vote and be 2. Probation Law (PD 968 as amended)
voted for, the profession or calling See also: RA 10707
d. Civil interdiction 3. Suspension of sentence
e. Indemnification a. In cases of insanity – Art. 79
f. Forfeiture or confiscation of the instruments and proceeds b. Minors
of the offense i. Section 31-35 of AM No. 02-1-18-SC
g. Payment of costs ii. RA 9344
3. Subsidiary penalty – Art. 39
See also: RA 10159 VIII. Extinction of criminal liability

B. Application and computation of penalties A. Total – Art.89-93

1. General rules – Art. 5, 21, 28, 29 (see also RA 10592), 46, 73-77 ● Sermonia v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 109454, 14 June 1994
2. Specific Rules ● Republic v. Desierto, G.R. No. 136506, 23 August 2001, 363
a. Complex Crimes (Art. 48) SCRA 585
b. Crime different from that which was intended – Art. 49 ● See also: Act No. 3326 as amended by Act No. 3763
c. Effect of degree of participation and stage of commission ● Romualdez v. Marcelo, G.R. No. 165510, 28 July 2006
– Art. 50 -57, 60-61
d. Additional penalty for certain accessories – Art. 58 B. Partial – Art. 94-99; See also: amendments under RA 10592
e. Impossible crimes – Art. 59 ● Cruz III v. Go, G.R. No. 223446, 28 November 2016
f. Effect of mitigating, aggravating, and qualifying
circumstances – Art. 62-66
IX. Civil Liability arising from criminal liability – Art. 100-113
g. Incomplete justifying or exempting circumstances – Art.
● People v. Bayotas, G.R. No. 102007, 2 September 1994.
67 and 69
h. Minors – RA 9344
3. Indeterminate Sentence Law
● People v. Lanuza, G.R. No. 188562, 17 August 2011
● Talampas v. People, G.R. No. 180219, 23 November 2011
● People v. Temporada, G.R. No. 173473, 17 December 2008. See
CJ Puno Dissent and J. Corona Separate Opinion

C. Execution and service of penalties

1. General rules – Art. 47, 70, 78, and 86-88,