REACTION PAPER

Last Saturday, September 19, 2015, the college of Electronics and Communications
Engineering conducted a seminar which the main objective was to improve the skills and the
idea of each student in the field of electronics. The said seminar was consist of lectures and was
led by the PECE professor of Adamson University, Engr. Alairi Bernard Ranola.

Basically, he started the lecture in the basic ideas about electronics. Electronics is the
science dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow
of electrons in a vacuum, and a gaseous media, in plasma and or in semiconductors. Here are the
summary lists of topics that Engr.Ranola had discussed:

 Atomic Structure – including atoms, energy level, and electrical properties of elements.
 Insulators – do not conduct electricity
 Conductor- conducts electric current
 Semiconductor- between insulators and conductors
 Si is most widely used as semiconductor material because the valence electrons in Ge are
in the fourth shell while Si are in the third shell. Ge valence electrons require a smaller
amount of additional energy to escape from atom which makes Ge more unstable at high
temperature.
 Intrinsic – the natural state of a material (pure)
 Extrinsic – has been subjected to the doping process
 Doping- adding impurities to the intrinsic
 N-type Semiconductor- Electron are majority carriers, holes are called the minority. ( Sb,
P, Bi )
 P-type Semiconductor- Electron are minority carriers, holes are majority. ( Bo, Ga, In )
 PN Junction – a boundary when half of a Si material is doped with a trivalent impurity
and the other half with a pentavalent impurity. A depletion region is formed starting at
the junction that is devoid by any majority carriers. Current flows when it is forward-
biased. It does not flow when there is no bias or when there is reverse bias.
 Diode – formed when n-type and p-typed are joined together.
 Si- 0.7 V Ge – 0.3V
 Diode Current : Id=Is(ekVd/T-1)
 Rectifier- converts ac into dc
 Half-wave rectifier – single diode is forward biased and conducts 180 deg of the input
cycle. Vdc= 0.318 (Vm - ).7V)
 Transformer- used made up of two or more coils coupled together through a common
magnetic flux path which can step up or step down an AC voltage or current.
Vp/Vs=Np/Ns=Is/Ip=SqrtLp/LS=a
 Full Wave Center Tapped Rectifier- each diode is forward biased and conducts for 180 of
the input cycle. D1 is forward while D2 is reversed biased. Vdc=0.636Vm
 Full Wave Bridge rectifier- consists of four diodes. Vdc=0.636Vm
 Filtering is required because electronic circuits use constant dc voltage source and current
 The smaller the ripple voltage, the better the filter
 R = VR/Vdc (to measure the effectiveness of the a filter)
 Clipper – a diode network that clips off or removes a portion of the input signal w/o
distorting the remaining part of the alternatingwaveform
 Clampers- has capacitor; adds dc level to ac voltage
 Voltage Multipliers: A circuit diode and capacitors that increases peak rectified voltages
without the necessity of increasing the transforers input voltage rating
 Zener Diode- for limiting the voltage acros the terminals in reverse bias, operates
breakdown, maintains constant voltage, the smaller the percent regulation, the better
 BJT- Bipolar Junction Transistor, amplifier and switch, with 3 doped semiconductor
regions separated by two pn junctions

Engr. Randola, did gave a couple of examples. Most of the topics were not yet
discussed on our Electronics subject. Despite of these, we managed to listen and tried to
understand the lecture for as an advance lecture. The seminar was helpful, because it can
benefit a student an extra knowledge about Electronics. We are very thankful for the added
knowledge we had.