BOTANY

Plant cell
LOUELLA G. ARTATES
PLANT CELL
PLANT CELLS

 Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key respects
from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms. Their distinctive
features include:

 A large central vacuole

 A cell wall

 Plastids, notably the chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll.

PLANT CELL

COMPONENTS
OF PLANT CELL
PLANT CELL
CELL WALL
 Cell wall is the outer most layer of the cell which gives shape to
the cell.

 It is a tough, usually flexible that surrounds some types of cells.

 It is located outside the cell membrane.

 A Plant cell wall is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose

, pectin and in many cases lignin.

 Whereas the cell walls of fungi are made of chitin, and of

bacteria are made of peptidoglycan.
PLANT CELL
CELL WALL FUNCTIONS
 Provides structural support & protection to the cell, and also act
s as a filtering mechanism.

 A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, pr

eventing over-expansion when water enters the cell.
PLANT CELL
CELL MEMBRANE
 Also called Plasma Membrane.

 Outer membrane of cell, which is

selectively permeable, that contro
ls the movement of substances in
and out of cells.

 The membrane also maintains

the cell potential.
PLANT CELL
CYTOPLASM

•Consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed

within the cell membrane of a cell.

It has three major elements:

1. Cytosol
- It is the part of the cytoplasm that is not occupied by any organelle
- It is a translucent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are
suspended.
- It makes up about 70% of the cell volume and is composed of water,
salts and organic molecules.
PLANT CELL
CYTOPLASM

2. Organelles
-These are membrane-bound compartments within cell having specific f
unctions.
- Some major organelles that are suspended in the cytosol are the mitoch
ondria, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, vacuoles and chloroplasts.

3. Cytoplasmic inclusions
- These are small particles of insoluble substances suspended in the
cytosol.
PLANT CELL
CYTOPLASM FUNCTIONS
Cytoplasm is the site of many vital biochemical reactions crucial
for maintaining life.

 It is the place where cell expansion and growth take place.

It provides a medium in which the organelles can remain

suspended.

The enzymes found in the cytoplasm breaks down the

macromolecules into small parts so that it can be easily used by
the other organelles.
PLANT CELL
MITOCHONDRIA – “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL”
PLANT CELL
MITOCHONDRIA – “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL”

 Mitochondria are the centres of cellular respiration and energy

metabolism.
 Also called "cellular power plants" because they generate most of cel
l's supply of ATP, used as a source of chemical energy.
 PLANT CELL
MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE

 It is a double membrane system composed of phospholipids bilayers

& proteins.
It has:
•an outer membrane that encloses the
entire structure

•an inner membrane is folded to form

Cristae

•between these two membrane is

intermembrane space

 Internal chambers are referred to as Matrix which contains DNA, RNA an

d Ribosomes.
 PLANT CELL
MITOCHONDRIA FUNCTIONS

 It produce ATP through respiration, & to regulate cellular metabolism.

 The components of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylati

on (flavoprotein, cytochromes b, c1, c, a & a3) are buried in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.

 The matrix contains several enzymes concerned with the energy

metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids.
 PLANT CELL
CHLOROPLAST

 Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells & other eukaryotic

organisms that conduct photosynthesis.

 Chloroplasts are members of a class of organelles known as plastids.

 Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form

ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes
called photosynthesis.
 PLANT CELL
CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE
 Chloroplasts are flat discs
usually 2 to 10 µm in diame
ter and 1 µm thick.
 The chloroplast is containe
d by an envelope that
consists of an inner and an
outer phospholipid
membrane.

 The material within the chloroplast is called the stroma & contains
one or more molecules of small circular DNA, and ribosomes.
 Within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids, which are the site of
photosynthesis.The thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana.
 PLANT CELL
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

 The endoplasmic reticulu

m (ER) is an eukaryotic
organelle that forms an
interconnected network
of tubules, vesicles, an
d cisternae within cells.
PLANT CELL
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
◦ 2 Types:
1. Rough ER:
 Rough appearance because it has ribosomes
 Function: Synthesize proteins, that’s why it has
ribosomes.
2. Smooth ER:
 No ribosomes
Function:
 synthesize lipids and steroids,
 metabolize carbohydrates & steroids,
 and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification,
 and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins
PLANT CELL
GOLGI APPARATUS
Structure
Composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures
known as cisternae.

An individual stack is sometimes called a dictyosome

, especially in plant cells.

Functions
Process & package macromolecules, such as protein
s and lipids.

Particularly important in the processing of proteins

for secretion.

Move materials within the cell & out of the cell

PLANT CELL
RIBOSOMES
 Ribosomes are organelles that consist of RNA and proteins.
They are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell.

Location in the Cell:

There are two places that ribosomes usually exist in the cell
 suspended in the cytosol (Free ribosome)
 and bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (Bound Ribosomes)
.

 In both cases, the ribosomes usually form aggregates called

polysomes.
 PLANT CELL
RIBOSOMES

 Ribosomes are typically composed

of two subunits:
-a large subunit
- a small subunit.

 Ribosomal subunits are synthesized

by the nucleolus.

 These two units join together when

the ribosome attaches to messenger
RNA to produce a protein in the
cytoplasm.

 Ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA into proteins.

 PLANT CELL
VACUOLES

 Vacuoles are enclosed compartments which

are filled with water containing inorganic an
d organic molecules including enzymes in
solutions

 It is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast which separates the

vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm

 Most mature plant cells have one large central vacuole that typically
occupies more than 30% of the cell's volume, and can occupy as much as
80% of the volume for certain cell types and conditions
PLANT CELL
NUCLEUS

 It is a highly specialized organelle

that serves as the information and
administrative center of the cell.

• It Consists of:
(a) Nuclear Envelope
(b) Nuclear pores
(c) Nucleolus
(d) Nucleoplasm
 PLANT CELL
NUCLEUS
 Nuclear Envelope is a double-layered membrane
(inner & outer) that encloses contents of nucleus.
 Outer Membrane is continuous with membrane of
ER.

 At certain intervals, 2 nuclear membranes have Nuclear Pores which permits the
free passage of products synthesized in the nucleus into the surrounding cytoplasm
 Nucleolus is a membrane-less organelle within the nucleus that manufactures
ribosomes, the cell's protein-producing structures.
 The ground material of the nucleus is referred to as Nucleoplasm.
 Nucleus contains DNA, basic proteins, chromatin, fibers etc.
PLANT CELL
NUCLEUS FUNCTIONS

 It stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA.

 it coordinates the cell's activities, which

include intermediary metabolism, growth,
protein synthesis, and reproduction
(cell division)