First Order O.D.E

CHAPTER ONE:
Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

(NMN_FIST_II 10/11)
1.1 The classification of differential
equations

LESSON OUTCOMES

INTRODUCTION
 by type
 by order
CLASSIFICATION  by degree
 by linearity
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION :
What is Differential Equation (d.e)?
An equation involving derivatives

of one or more dependent
variables w.r.t one or more
independent variables
Ex: d.v
•Those that are differentiated df
•The variables w.r.t. dx i.v
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
which differentiation
occurs
5
INTRODUCTION :
The solution of problems concerning
the motion of objects
the size of balloon changes w.r.t to the amount of air being blown
into it
the heat transport and etc.
often involves discussion of relations of the form
dx dr
 f (t , x) or  g (t , r ) .
dt dt
Differential equations  equations involving the derivatives
of various quantities .
In engineering, d.e are most commonly used to model dynamic system.
These are systems which change with time.
d 2x dx
 6  2 x  3t
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
2
dt dt
acceleration distance
speed
6
Table 1 : Example of Differential Equation
No: Differential equation Dependent Independent

variable variable
df dg
1 6  4x  cos x f,g x
dx dx
2 d2 f df f
dx 2
 4 x
dx
 cos 2 x x
2
3  df  d3 f f x
 3   4x  cos 2 x
 dx2  dx
4 d x dx
dt 2
 x
dt
 4sin t x t
5 3 f
 4 x 2
 2y f x, y
xy 2
dx
6 4  (sin t ) x  0 x t
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
dt
7 f f
  4 x2  2 y f x, y
x y

CLASSIFICATION :
By Type:
Equation (1),(2),(3),(4) &
ODE : a differential equation (6) from Table 1
involving ordinary
derivatives of one or df dg
more dependent 6  4 x  cos x
variables w.r.t. a single dx dx --(1)
independent variables.
Equation (5) & (7) from PDE : a differential equation

Table 1 involving partial
3 f derivatives of one or
 4 x 2
 2y more dependent
xy 2
--(5) variables w.r.t. more
than one independent
variables.
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
8
Excellent does not an accident, but it comesDOES
EXCELLENT through
NOT AN a hard work!!
ACCIDENT,BUT IT COMES THROUGH A HARD WORK
CLASSIFICATION :
ORDER: Ex:
The highest derivatives in a differential d2 f df
equation 2
 4 x  cos 2 x
dx dx
The order of an equation is not
affected by any power to which the d 2 y  dy 
3
derivatives may be raised.     3x  8

dx  dx 
2
DEGREE:
The degree of a d.e is the degree to which
the highest derivative is raised.
Ex: 2
d f 
3
 df 
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
 2   4 x    cos 2 x
 dx   dx 
9
CLASSIFICATION :
LINEARITY:
Linear differential equation is easier to solve.
A differential equation is said to be linear if:
the dependent variable and it derivatives occur to

the first power only.
there are no products involving the dependent
variable with its derivatives.
there are no non-linear functions of the dependent
variable (e.g: sine, exponent)
Otherwise, non-linear.
2
f f  dx  dx
  4 x2  2 y
x y   4 0
 dt  dt
are nonlinear
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
are linear
3 f dx
 4 x 2
 2y 4  sin x  0
xy 2
dt
10
Test your understanding….
Exercise (1) : Order
Differential Equations Order
d2y 2 dy
 x  3 y  e x
dx 2 dx
2
 dy 
2
d y
 xy   0
 dx 
2
dx
4 2
d x d x
4
 5 2
 3x  sin t
dt dt
y 
2
'''
 yy '  0
d 2i di l
L 2  R  i  Ew cos t
dt dt c
 u  2u
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
2
 0
x 2 y 2
v v
 0
t s
11
Exercise (2) : Linearity
Differential Equations Linearity. If non-linear, give

reason.
dy
 2 y  x  cos x
dx
dy
 y2  x
dx
d2y dy
 y y2
dx 2 dx
d2y dy
 2  ( x  1) y  tan x
dx 2 dx
2
 dx  dx
   2 0
 dt  dt
dx dy
 2  2x  y  t
dt dt
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
x '' xx '  4 tan t
12
THE SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
There are 2 types of solution for differential equation:

General and Particular Solutions
•The most general function that will satisfy the D.E contains one ore more
arbitrary constants is known as the general solution.
•The general solution normally contains a number of arbitrary constants

equal to the order of the DE.
dy
•Integrate the differential equation :  2x
dx
On integrating, we obtain a general solution y  x  C
2
•Giving particular numerical values to the constant in the general

solution result in a particular solution of the equation.
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
13
THE SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
Example: dy
Find the unique solution of DE  3x 2 which satisfies the
condition y(1)  4 dx
Solution:
The general solution of the DE is y  x 3  C
Applying the boundary condition
C  3
and the particular solution is
y  x3  3
(NMN_FIST_III09/10)
14
1.2 Solving First-order differential equations

LESSON OUTCOMES

In this subtopic, we are going to discuss ordinary differential equations
of first order of types :
SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
LINEAR EQUATIONS
EXACT EQUATIONS
Each types of these diff. eqn. will be discusses in details which includes
the techniques of how to identify and solve the given diff. eqn.
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS:
Separation of variables is a technique commonly used to solve first-order ODE.

It is so-called because we rearrange the equation to be solved such that all
terms involving the dependent variable appear on one side of the equation, and
all terms involving the independent variable appear on the other. Integration
completes the solution.
A first order ODE of the form dy  g ( x) h( y ) is said to be separable.

dx
Example:
dy
 y 2 xe3 x  4 y dy
dx  y  sin x
dx
 ( xe3 x )( y 2 e 4 y )
non separable
 g ( x ) h( y )
separable

Example :
Identify whether the following is a separable differential equation
dy
 a   y  3x 2 y
dx
dy x  y
b 
dx x
dy
   e x y
c
dx
dy
 d  sin x cos y  cos x sin y  0 SOLUTION
dx

Solution:
dy x y
dy
 a   y  3x 2 y b 
dx dx x
can be written as The given equation is not a
separable differential equation.
dy
 y (1  3 x 2 )
dx
dy
 (1  3 x 2 )dx
y
Hence, it is a separable
differential equation.

Solving separable equations :
dy
 Step 1: Rewrite the separable equation  g ( x)h( y) in
dx
separated form 1 dy  g ( x)dx
h( y )
Step 2: Integrate each side of this equation w.r.t its respective
variable.
Example: dy
Solve  1 y2
dx
Solution: dy
Separating variables:  dx
1 y 2
Integrating : dy
 1  y 2   dx
tan 1 y  x  c
y  tan( x  c)

Example : Solve the given differential equation.

dy
a x  1 y
dx
Solution:
dy dy dx
We write x  1 y as 
dx 1 y x
Integrate both sides
dy dx
 1 y  x

We get
ln 1  y  ln x  k ,k constant.
ln 1  y  ln x  k
1 y
ln k
x
1 y
 e k  A, A constant.
x
or y  Ax  1.

1. Find the solution of the initial-value problem
dy
a. x 2 (1  y) y 2 (1  x)  0, y(1)  1
dx
dx t  1
2
b.  , x(0)  2
dt x  2
2. Find the general solution of the equation

Answer :
dy e  x
a.  a.  D  2e  x
dx y
dy 3x 2
b.  b. y  ln( x 3  e)
dx e y
dy 6 sin x
c.  y2
dx y c.  C  6 cos x
2

Newton’s Law of
Cooling
Law : The rate at which the temperature of a body changes is

proportional to the difference between the temperature
of the body and the temperature of the surrounding medium.
dT dT
 T  Ts or  k T  Ts 
dt dt
Ambient temperature

dT
 (T  Ts )
dt
dT
 k (T  Ts )
dt
dT
 (T  Ts )    k dt
ln(T  Ts )   kt  C
e ln (T Ts )  e  kt C
(T  Ts )  e  kt . eC
T  Ae  kt  Ts where A  e C

Example:

A turkey is taken from the oven at 300 F and placed at room
temperature of 70 F. In t  2 minutes, the turkey’s temperature

is 200 F. Find how long it takes the turkey to cool to 150 F.
Solution:
Room’s Temperature at 700F
2 minutes ? minutes
300 0F 200 0F 150 0F

dT
Continue….  (T  Ts )
dt
dT
  k (T  70)
dt
dT
 (T  70)    k dt
ln(T  70)   kt  C
e ln (T 70)  e  kt C
(T  70)  e  kt . eC
T  Ae  kt  70

Continue….
T t   Ae  kt  70 k  0.2853
T 0   Ae 0  70  300
A  230 T t   230e 0 .2853t  70
T t   230e  kt  70
230e 0 .2853t  70  150
T 2   230e  2 k  70  200
e 2 k
 0.5652 e 0 .2853t  0.3478
 2k  0.5705 t  3.7 minutes

A body of temperature 80 F is placed in a room of constant

temperature 50 F at time t=0; and at the end of 5 minutes, the body
Has cooled to a temperature of 70 F.
(1) Formulate the mathematical model for the cooling of the body w.r.t.
and solve it.
(2) What is the temperature of the body at the end of 10 minutes?
(3) When will the temperature of the body be 60 F
(4) After how many minutes will the temperature of the body be within
1 F of the constant 50 F temperature of the room?

A skydiver’s vertical velocity is governed by the differential

equation
d
m  mg  K 2
dt
where K is the skydiver’s coefficient of drag. If the skydiver
leaves her aeroplane at time t  0 with zero vertical
velocity find at what time she reaches half her final velocity.


HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS:
How to identify whether or not a given equation

is homogeneous?
The differential equation
dy
 f ( x, y )
dx
is called homogeneous equation of
f   x,  y   f ( x, y)
for every real value of .
NOTE: A first order equation

y’=f(x,y) is said to be homogeneous if
f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of
degree zero

Example:
dy y  x
Given f ( x, y )   dy 2
dx y  x Given f ( x, y )   x y  y 2
dx
Test for homogeneity,
Test for homogeneity,
 y  x
f ( x,  y ) 
f (  x,  y )    x    y     y 
2 2
 y  x
  y  x   3 x2 y   2 y 2

  y  x
  0
f ( x, y )
  f ( x, y )
0
Hence,the equation is
Hence,the equation is homogeneous of
degree 0
not homogeneous

Solving homogeneous equations:
In practice, homogeneous equations can be reduced to
separable equations, using the substitution
y
y  vx or v  .
x
From that, we have
dy dv
vx .
dx dx
S1: Make sure that the given equation is homogeneous

S2: Substitute y  vx and dy  v  x dv into the original equation.
dx dx
S3: Separate the variables x and v in the resulting equation.
S4: Integrate both sides of the eqn. w.r.t. the related variables and
then put only a constant of integrating, say A.
S5: If there is an initial condition, then substitute the condition into the
general solution to obtain the value for constant, A.

Example: Solve dy  xy
dx x2  y 2
Solution: This is a homogeneous equations (CHECK!!)

Using substitution y  vx , we have Integrate both sides of the equation,
dy dv x(vx )
vx  2  1 1 dx
dx dx x  (vx ) 2   v3 v 
 dv   x
v

1  v2 we get,
dv v 1
x  v  2  ln v   ln x  k , k a constant.
dx 1  v 2
2v
v  v  v3 v 3
  1
1  v2 1  v2 ln xv  k  2
or 2v
 1  v2  x2
 3  dv  
dx ln y  k  2
 v  x 2y
 1 1 dx k
x2
 3   dv  
v v x ye 2 y2
 Ae x2 2 y 2
, A  ek

Determine whether or not the following equations are homogeneous.
dx
a) f ( x, y )  x 2  xy (inhomogeneous) c)t  x  t t 2  x2
dt
x dx
b) f ( x, y )  x  cos   d )(t 2  x )  tx
 y dt
Solve the following homogenous differential equations.
dy 2y 4  x 4
a) =
dx xy 3
dy
b) xy =x 2 +y 2 ; y (1)  1
dx


LINEAR EQUATIONS:
How do we know that an equation is a linear equation? An equation is said

to be linear if it has the form of
dy
a ( x)  b( x ) y  c ( x )
dx
where a(x),b(x) and c(x) are constants of functions of x or constant.
To solve a linear equation, we need to transform any given equation to a

general form of
dy The most general form of
 p( x) y  q( x)
dx first-order linear DE
b c dy
where p  and q  and leave the coefficient of  1.
a a dx

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
1. Rearrange the equation to be in the form of

STEPS
dy
 p( x) y  q( x) .
dx
2. Get p( x) and q( x) and solve  p dx . Integrate without

constant
3. Calculate the integrating factor
  x   e
pdx
4. Rearrange the equation in the form

d
  y    q( x)
dx
5. Integrate equation (step 4) with respect to x, which is the solution
 y    q dx

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Example(1):
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy y
 1
dx x
which satisfies the condition x = 0 when y=1.
Solution:
1
In this example p  x   and q  x   1
x
Now
1
 p  x  dx   dx  ln x
x

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
So the integrating factor is   x   e

 p x  dx
 eln x  x
Rearrange this equation and can be written as d  xy   x
dx
Integrating both sides of the equation w.r.t x yields
x2
xy   xdx   A , A constant
2
Hence, we have
x A
y 
2 x
From the initial condition x=0 and t=1 , we obtain
1 A 1
0   , that is A  
2 1 2
Therefore x 1
y  x  
2 2x
LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Example(2): dy
Solve x  y  x3
dx
Solution:
x3 k
Answer : y  
4 x

Exercises: Solve the following equations.
dr
2 dx  r sec   cos  , r (0)  1
(a) t  1  x  0, x  2   2 (b)
d
dt
1
ans: r ( )    cos  2
 sec  tan  
dx dy
(c )  2t  2 x  1  0, x  0   0 (d )  y cot x  e 2cos x
dt dx

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
At time t  0, a tank contains 4 lb of salt dissolved

in 100 gal of water. Suppose that brine containing
2 lb of salt per gallon of brine is allowed to enter
the tank at a rate of 5 gal/min and the mixed solution
is drained from the tank at the same rate. Find the
amount of salt in the tank after 10 minutes.
LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Solution: y t   amount of salt in the tank after t minutes

Problem  y 10   ?
dy
 rate in - rate out
dt
2lb 5gal 10lb
rate in   
gal min min
y t lb 5gal y t lb
rate out   
100gal min 20min

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Solution(cont):
p t   , q t   10
1 t
t 20
20 10e
e y
20
C
 1 
1 t
 t   e
 dt
20
e 20
 
 20 
 20t 
d e y    
t t
y t   e  200e  C 
20 
t
   10e 20 20
dt  
 20t  t t

   
d  e y   10 e 20
dt y t   200  Ce 20

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Solution(cont): t

y t   200  Ce 20
y 0  200  C  4
C  196
t

y t   200  196e 20
10

y10  200  196e 20
 81.12 lb
LINEAR EQUATIONS:

LINEAR EQUATIONS:

Let us establish a very useful piece of simplification, which can make
good use of when we are finding integrating factor.
eln(function)  function But, if the log in the index is multiplied

by any external coefficient,this
e.g coefficient must be taken inside the
x
ln x log as a power.
e e.g
e ln sin x
 sin x e 2ln x
e
   x2
ln x 2
ln  sin x 
3
ln tanh x
 tanh x e  sin 3 x
3ln sin x
e e
 ln x
e
   x 1
ln x 1
e
 
ln x 2
 ......
e
e 2ln x  ......

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
dy
An equation of the form  p( x) y  q( x) y n ---(*)
dx
is known as Bernoulli’s equation. We observe that, if n = 0 or 1, then
this Bernoulli’s equation is actually a linear equation. This equation is
named after James Bernoulli (1654-1705).
S1: Dividing both sides of eqn(*) by y n , then we get

dy
yn  py  n1  q
dx
dv  n dy
S2: Putting y1 n
 v and hence we obtain  (1  n ) y
dx dx
S3: Therefore the equation reduces to v'  (1  n) pv  (1  n)q
S4:Now, the equation being linear in v and can be solved

as a method of linear equations.

LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Example: Solve dy  y  xy 3
dx
Solution:
Now, we can solve as previous problems.
Multiply the given equation by y 3 we have
i.f    e   e 2 x
 2 dx
3 dy
y  y 2  x
dx 
d 2 x
dx
e v   2 xe 2 x
dv dy
Let v  y 2 ,then
dx
 2 y 3
dx 
d 2 x
dx
 e v  dx   2 xe 2 x dx
and the preceding diff. eqn become 1

e 2 x v  e 2 x (2 x  1)  C
2
1 dv
 v  x 1
or v  x   Ce 2 x
2 dx 2
transform into the linear equation or, 1
but v  2
y
dv
 2v  2 x. 1 1
dx  2
 x   Ce 2 x .
y 2

Solve
dy 1
a)  y   xy 2
dx x
dx  t 2 3 t 2 2 t 2
b)  tx  te x ans: x  2e
4
 Ce , C any constant.
dt
3 1
dy 
c)  4 y  xy 2 ans: 8 y 2
 Ce 2 x  2 x  1
dx

EXACT EQUATIONS:
 Some first-order DE are of a form (or can be manipulated into a form) that
is called EXACT. dy
 f ( x, y )
dx
M ( x, y )
 How to define an EXACT EQUATIONS? f ( x, y )  
N ( x, y )
dy M  x, y   
dy M ( x, y )

N  x, y 
o Let dx dx N ( x, y ) (1)
o By definition ; Equation M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 (2)

is said to be an EXACT EQUATION if there are exist a
continuous function u  x, y  , so then

du  M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy (3)

EXACT EQUATIONS:
o Then, what is M  x, y  and N  x, y  ?
o If u  u  x, y  ,
u u
du  dx  dy
then x y (4)
u u
 M, N
o Then compare (4) with (3), therefore x y (5)

EXACT EQUATIONS:
o Since u  x, y  is a continuous function,
 2u  2u

then yx xy (6)
Or
  u    u  M N
     that is represent 
y  x  x  y  y x (7)
M N

o y x will proved that
M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is an EXACT EQUATION.

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Test for exactness:
The equation
M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  0
is an exact equation if and only if
M N

y x

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Example:
Determine whether or not the following differential equations are exact.
dx 2
(a)2 xt  x  2t  0
dt
 x2 1 
(b) xydx     dy  0
 2 y
 
(c) 2 x  3 y 2 dx   6 xy  2 y  dy  0
3
x x
(d )(  3x 2 )dx  (1  )dy  0 SOLUTION
y y

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Solution:
 x2 1 
(b) xydx     dy  0
 2 y
M
Where M ( x, y )  xy  x
y
x2 1 N
and N ( x, y )    x
2 y x
M N
Therefore 
y x
Hence, the equation is exact differential equation

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Solution:
x   x 3

(d )   3 x  dx  1   dy  0
2
y   y
x M 1
Where M ( x, y )   3 x 2

y y y
x3 N 3x 2
and N ( x, y )  1   
y x y
M N
Therefore 
y x
Hence, the equation is not an exact differential equation

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Solution of Exact Equations:
Having established a test for exactness, now it remains for us
to determine how a continuous function u ( x, y ) can be found.
Express the given equation in the form Mdx  Ndy  0

and then test for exactness.
u u
Write  M   (1) and  N  (2)
x y
Integrate Eqn.(1) w.r.t x , that is u   Mdx   ( y).  (3)

Differentiate Eqn.(3) w.r.t y and equating the result with Eqn.(2)
to determine the arbitrary function  ( y) .
Write down the solution in the form u( x, y)  A , where A is a

constant.
If there is condition, substitute to get the value of A.

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Example:
Solve (6 x  10 xy  3 y )dx  (5x  6 xy  3 y )dy  0
2 2 2 2
Solution:
Test for exactness:
We know that : M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0
This gives:
M
M ( x, y )  6 x 2  10 xy  3 y 2   10 x  6 y
y
N
N ( x, y )  5 x 2  6 xy  3 y 2   10 x  6 y
x
Therefore,the given equation is an exact differential equation
M N
because  .
y x

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Solution (cont):
Since the equation is an exact equation, we can now find the solution for
this d.e.
We know that
u
 M ( x, y )  6 x 2  10 xy  3 y 2    (2)
x
and
u
 N ( x, y )  5 x 2  6 xy  3 y 2    (3)
y
Integrate (2) with respect to x, we get
u( x, y)  2 x3  5x2 y  3xy 2   ( y)    (4)
where  ( y ) is a function in y only and it can be determined latter.

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Solution (cont):
Differentiate (4) with respect to y, we have
u
 5 x 2  6 xy   '( y )
y
Equate this equation with equation (3), we get that
 '( y)  3 y 2
Integrate the function, will give us
 ( y)   y3  A, A a constant
The general solution is
u ( x, y )  k
 2 x3  5 x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3  A  k
or 2 x3  5 x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3  B, BkA

Identify whether the given equation is an exact differential equation.

If it is find the general solution .
(1) (e y  ye x )dx  (e x  xe y )dy  0

(2) ydx  ( x  y 2 )dy  0
(3) (3 x 2 y  e y )dx  ( x3  xe y  2 y )dy  0
 xy 1 
(4) ( y ln y  e )dx    x ln y  dy  0
y 

Show that the given equation is an exact differential equation

and find the solution.
(1) (3x 2  2 y  1)dx  (2 x  6 y 2  2)dy  0

(2) (1  4 y cos 2 x)dx  2sin 2 xdy  0
(3) ( y 2 cos x  3x 2 y  2 x)dx  (2 y sin x  x 3  ln y )dy  0; y (0)  e
(4) (e y  ye x ) dx  (e x  xe y )dy  0; y (1)  0

EXACT EQUATIONS:
First, integrate the term in M ( x, y)dx as if y

were constant.
Then, integrate the term in N ( x, y)dy considering

as x as constant.
Rejecting the terms that already obtained.
Equate the sum of this integrals to a constant.
This will be the solution of the required equation.

EXACT EQUATIONS:
Example : Given ( y  4) dx  xdy  0
Here
M
M ( x, y )  y  4  1
y
N
N ( x, y )  x  1
x
M N
 1 .Hence, it is an exact equation.
y x
Now,
 Mdx   ( y  4)dx  xy  4 x      (i)

 Ndy   xdy  xy            (ii)
Rejecting the term xy in (ii) which already occurs
in (i) and then adding (i) and (ii) and equating
the sum to a constant.
This give us the general solution
xy  4 x  C

SUMMARY:
End of Chapter One, please study smart and do your revision.

If you face any problems, don’t hesitate to discuss with me.

First Order O.D.E

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CHAPTER ONE:

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

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What is Differential Equation (d.e)?

An equation involving derivatives

No: Differential equation Dependent Independent

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Equation (5) & (7) from PDE : a differential equation

derivatives may be raised.     3x  8

the dependent variable and it derivatives occur to

Differential Equations Linearity. If non-linear, give

x '' xx '  4 tan t

There are 2 types of solution for differential equation:

•The general solution normally contains a number of arbitrary constants

•Giving particular numerical values to the constant in the general

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Separation of variables is a technique commonly used to solve first-order ODE.

A first order ODE of the form dy  g ( x) h( y ) is said to be separable.

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Example : Solve the given differential equation.

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

2. Find the general solution of the equation

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Law : The rate at which the temperature of a body changes is

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Room’s Temperature at 700F

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

A body of temperature 80 F is placed in a room of constant

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

A skydiver’s vertical velocity is governed by the differential

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Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

How to identify whether or not a given equation

for every real value of .

NOTE: A first order equation

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Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

S1: Make sure that the given equation is homogeneous

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Solution: This is a homogeneous equations (CHECK!!)

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Solve the following homogenous differential equations.

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Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

How do we know that an equation is a linear equation? An equation is said

To solve a linear equation, we need to transform any given equation to a

Excellent does not an accident, but it comes through a hard work!!

1. Rearrange the equation to be in the form of

2. Get p( x) and q( x) and solve  p dx . Integrate without

3. Calculate the integrating factor