Cultural movement

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_movement

A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach

their work. This embodies all art forms, the sciences, and philosophies. Historically, different
nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of
movements in culture, but as world communications have accelerated this geographical
distinction has become less distinct. When cultural movements go through revolutions from
one to the next, genres tend to get attacked and mixed up, and often new genres are
generated and old ones fade. These changes are often reactions against the prior cultural
form, which typically has grown stale and repetitive. An obsession emerges among the
mainstream with the new movement, and the old one falls into neglect - sometimes it dies
out entirely, but often it chugs along favored in a few disciplines and occasionally making
reappearances (sometimes prefixed with "neo-").

There is continual argument over the precise definition of each of these periods, and one
historian might group them differently, or choose different names or descriptions. As well,
even though in many cases the popular change from one to the next can be swift and
sudden, the beginning and end of movements are somewhat subjective, as the movements
did not spring fresh into existence out of the blue and did not come to an abrupt end and
lose total support, as would be suggested by a date range. Thus use of the term "period" is
somewhat deceptive. "Period" also suggests a linearity of development, whereas it has not
been uncommon for two or more distinctive cultural approaches to be active at the same
time. Historians will be able to find distinctive traces of a cultural movement before its
accepted beginning, and there will always be new creations in old forms. So it can be more
useful to think in terms of broad "movements" that have rough beginnings and endings. Yet
for historical perspective, some rough date ranges will be provided for each to indicate the
"height" or accepted time span of the movement.

This current article covers western, notably European and American cultural movements.
They have, however, been paralleled by cultural movements in the Orient and elsewhere.
In the late 20th and early 21st century in Thailand, for example, there has been a cultural
shift away from western social and political values more toward Japanese and Chinese. As
well, That culture has reinvigorated monarchical concepts to accommodate state shifts
away from western ideology regarding democracy and monarchies.

Cultural movements
Graeco-Roman
The Greek culture marked a departure from the other Mediterranean cultures
that preceded and surrounded it. The Romans adopted Greek and other styles,
and spread the result throughout Europe and the Middle East. Together, Greek
and Roman thought in philosophy, religion, science, history, and all forms of
thought can be viewed as a central underpinning of Western culture, and is
therefore termed the "Classical period" by some. Others might divide it into the
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 Hellenistic period and the Roman period, or might choose other finer divisions.

See: Classical architecture — Classical sculpture — Greek architecture — Hellenistic

architecture — Ionic — Doric — Corinthian — Stoicism — Cynicism — Epicurean —
Roman architecture — Early Christian — Neoplatonism

Romanesque (11th century & 12th centuries)

A style (esp. architectural) similar in form and materials to Roman styles.
Romanesque seems to be the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial
Architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent.

See: Romanesque architecture — Ottonian Art

Gothic (mid 12th century until mid 15th century)

See: Gothic architecture — Gregorian chant — Neoplatonism

Nominalism
Rejects Platonic realism as a requirement for thinking and speaking in general
terms.
Humanism (16th century)
Renaissance
The use of light, shadow, and perspective to more accurately represent life.
Because of how fundamentally these ideas were felt to alter so much of life,
some have referred to it as the "Golden Age". In reality it was less an "Age"
and more of a movement in popular philosophy, science, and thought that
spread over Europe (and probably other parts of the world), over time, and
affected different aspects of culture at different points in time. Very roughly, the
following periods can be taken as indicative of place/time foci of the
Renaissance: Italian Renaissance 1450–1550. Spanish Renaissance 1550-
1587. English Renaissance 1588–1629.
Protestant Reformation
Mannerism
Anti-classicist movement that sought to emphasize the feeling of the artist
himself.
See: Mannerism/Art
Baroque
Emphasizes power and authority, characterized by intricate detail and without
the "disturbing angst" of Mannerism. Essentially is exaggerated Classicism to
promote and glorify the Church and State. Occupied with notions of infinity.
See: Baroque art — Baroque music
Rococo
Neoclassical (17th–19th centuries)
Severe, unemotional movement recalling Roman and Greek ("classical") style,
reacting against the overbred Rococo style and the emotional Baroque style. It
stimulated revival of classical thinking, and had especially profound effects on
science and politics. Also had a direct influence on Academic Art in the 19th
century. Beginning in the early 17th century with Cartesian thought (see René
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 Descartes), this movement provided philosophical frameworks for the natural
sciences, sought to determine the principles of knowledge by rejecting all
things previously believed to be known about the world. In Renaissance
Classicism attempts are made to recreate the classic art forms — tragedy,
comedy, and farce.
See also: Weimar Classicism
Age of Enlightenment (1688–1789): Reason (rationalism) seen as the ideal.
Romanticism (1770–1830)
Began in Germany and spread to England and France as a reaction against
Neoclassicism and against the Age of Enlightenment.. The notion of "folk
genius", or an inborn and intuitive ability to do magnificent things, is a core
principle of the Romantic movement. Nostalgia for the primitive past in
preference to the scientifically minded present. Romantic heroes, exemplified
by Napoleon, are popular. Fascination with the past leads to a resurrection of
interest in the Gothic period. It did not really replace the Neoclassical
movement so much as provide a counterbalance; many artists sought to join
both styles in their works.
See: Symbolism
Realism (1830–1905)
Art Nouveau (1880–1905)
Decorative, symbolic art
See: Transcendentalism
Modernism (1880–1965)
Postmodernism (since c.1965)
Post-postmodernism (since c.1990)

See also

External links
Alphabetical list of some movements, styles, discoveries and facts on the World
History Timeline chart

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