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The goal of this project was to design an intermediate floor of a six story concrete
building in one
direction using the Direct Design Method (DDM) outlined in ACI-318-02. In addition, the
Equivalent Frame
Method (EFM) for obtaining bending moments in the slab, also outlined in ACI-318-02, was
performed. The
bending moments obtained from the EFM were then compared to those found using the
Our preliminary estimates of the shear capacity of the slab showed that column
needed. However, since their use was required, we arbitrarily chose to use 9” column
decision, the minimum slab thickness allowed by ACI-318-02 was used and the general
were followed for the North-South direction of the floor. Following this, checks for one and
made, as well as a check for unbalanced moment transfer. For the EFM analysis, two
analyzed. One frame consisted of a column line on an exterior edge of the building, and the
Five computer programs were used to assist in our design. Mathcad was used to assist
calculations. Excel was used for designing the flexural reinforcement and performing cost
and quantity
Two Way Slab Design with Column Capitals
-5-
calculations. Fast Frame 2D frame analysis software was used for the EFM analysis.Adobe
Photoshop 7.0 and
Autocad 2002 were used to prepare figures and diagrams for this document.
The first step in the design process was to take the given information and determine
floor system. In order to make calculations simpler, all center to center column spaces in the
made equal for all panels. This was accomplished by subtracting two one half column widths
dimensions in the North-South and East-West directions. The remaining dimension was then
in the North-South direction and into four panels in the East-West direction to obtain center
to center column
spacing. Next, some preliminary estimates of the required column capital size were made to
ensure adequate
capacity for punching shear, because this often controls the acceptable slab thickness and
panels and column capitals.It was determined that column capitals would likely not be
clear span distance.From Table 9.5 (C) in ACI-318-02, the controlling minimum thickness
panels without drop panels and without edge beams. This thickness was rounded up to 8.5
the rest of the design. Once all dimensions of the floor system were known, the widths of
strips and the factored dead and live loads were calculated. To handle the effects of the
exterior equivalent frame, all area loads were multiplied by the width of the frame to create
load of the cladding was then added to the dead weight line load and the resulting dead and
subsequently factored. The effects from cladding located on East-West building edges were
neglected in the
DDM calculations since they will not create significant bending moments in the North-South
of this cladding must be taken into account when the building is designed in the East-West
direction.
the slab system in the North-South direction must be reinforced for. Mo was calculated and
distributed to positive
and negative moment regions and between column and middle strips. Using these
where moments occurred was developed and the design moments were determined.
According to ACI-13.6.3.4,
negative moment regions must be designed for the larger of the two moments that they are
both moments were compared and the largest was selected for design. Fifteen different
identified and labeled Type1-15. The moments in each region were divided by width of their
region to obtain
By inputting these moments per width into an Excel spreadsheet, a design for
regions was developed. The spreadsheet required the input of Mu, h s, f y, f c’,β1, clear
assumption of a bar size. Using a series of If() statements and equations, the spread sheet
diameter and area from a table, calculated d, and then solved a quadratic equation for the
required reinforcement
ratio to resist the specified moment. This reinforcement ratio was multiplied by b*d to obtain
As_req per foot, the spreadsheet displayed the required spacing for bar sizes from 3 to 18 to
area of steel per foot. Using this information, a spacing and bar size could be specified
calculateφMn, the depth of the Whitney stress block, As_min, A s_max, the strain in the
maximum allowable spacing for shrinkage and temperature as well as flexural requirements.
statements checked this output against code specifications and displayed a corresponding
results were acceptable. Thus, with half a dozen key strokes per region, our team rapidly
The next step was to check the slab system to see if it possessed adequate shear
capacity. First, the one-way, or beam shear, method of failure was checked. After some
consideration, it was decided to assume that thecladding weight was distributed over the
entire panel. While this is probably not an ideal assumption, it should besatisfactory because
the one-way shear capacity was three to four times greater than the applied shear
discretion.
Two-way, or punching shear, was the next check performed. Four separate regions
were identified: cornerpanel columns, E-W edge panel columns, N-S edge panel columns,
and interior panel columns. The edge columnshave the same shear capacity but not the
In accordance with the DDM, the slab system’s capacity for transferring unbalanced
moment was
checked. Four separate regions were identified for this check: corner columns, E-W edge
columns, and interior columns. All regions were found to have sufficient shear capacity to
portion of the unbalanced moment. However, several columns were found to have
transfer the flexural portion of unbalanced moment. The total amount of steel required per
was calculated. The amount of steel in the column strips was increased where needed to
capacity. Specifically, all of the edge column strips’ areas of steel per foot were increased to
the EFM from ACI-318-02 for comparison purposes. First, the slab/column system was
idealized as a two
varying moments of
inertia connected rigidly together. Once the members’ lengths were calculated, a sketch of
the frame was drawnand the moment of inertia for each member was calculated. Some of
these, such as the moment of inertia of theslab away from the supports, could be calculated
directly. However, most of the moments of inertia were morecomplicated. Given that the
threedimensional frame, special considerations were necessary for many members. The
equations for the EFM fromACI-318-02 were followed where applicable for these calculations.
One area where the code provided no guidance was the column capital region. The
13.7.4.2 that “Variation in the moment of inertia of along the axis of columns shall be taken
provides the designer with no recommended means of doing so. The technique used was to
of inertia for the columns in the column capital region. First, the moment of inertia for an 18
inch square column
and slab system was calculated. Next, a column having dimensions of the actual column
width was considered.The moment of inertia of this fictitious composite column was
values were then averaged and used as the moment of inertia for the entire 9 inch region of
capital is located.
Once all needed properties and dimensions were determined, two frame models
FastFrame, the powerful and user friendly two dimensional frame analysis software available
at no cost from
Enercalc®. The analysis was run using the loads calculated for the DDM design.However,
each frame between the center of the column and the edge of the floor had been neglected
The contribution from dead and live load was factored and added into the EFM model.The
in this area was the cladding weight.A point load of 6.31 kips and a moment of 3.70 ft-kips
corner columns.To the south and north edge columns, a point load of 11.28 kips and
moment of 6.72 ft-kips
was applied.These loads can be clearly seen in the loading diagram for each EFM analysis.
After running frame analysis, the moments at the i and j ends of members 10, 21, and 32
were compared
to those found using the DDM. The moments on the East-West oriented edge columns were
approximately twice
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