Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
#!
Distribution
Introduction
# " $
*
*
"
/
+!
/
#/
B#
&
#
*
#!* /# # +
!$ /#"#
$
# # 3
*
# !"
#
#+ +
!
$$
++ +! &# 4
&" #*# #
#
&/
#
$ +! &#
/$$
+! 4"# " -A'@
# #
&
/
!0
+ # !
"
#
+
" & 7
! $ + #
**$
+ $
*
* /# !
*
"
! $
4
" kuÈcËuÈmsenmemeliydiler )G
1 "
&
$
+$$/
8
kuÈcËuÈk G )0
$
#1
mse- G
n- G
<E7
me- G *
meli- G
ydi- G
ler G
#
#
/# O
/ &
/
" $
8 )
1 !0
&+ !0
F" &+
& &+ &%
)&1 # 0 &
# + #
"
7
! $ +!
$
"" !
*
K8
Yeraltl suyundan duÈsËuÈk dereceli lsl
B
cËlkartan lsl pompalarlndan banliyoÈlerdeki
'->
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
+07
+ /
#
#+ 0 *$
# / $
$ #
*$
"
#
* !*#
**
&
#$
! F
Phonology
Vowels
- <i:<
+ " $ # ##* <I@<
"$
$$
&$
<I< 9 #
$
8 <kI@< +
%
+
#
# / giy "
*
7!
*$
# <i:<
' <e<
+ +
&+
"#* <{<8
+
= <{<
$
*
#3
* $
$*
"#
#
"
" <O:<
""
3
+$$ + # $*#
# <o<
. <u:<
&"! <U@< /# 0
$
<U< "$
$$
&$
8 <dU@<
+
% + &#
#
&$ " #
""
/$
#
? 2# # ##*
<eI< <aI<
<OI< "" 0
$
<I<
!
& "
" /# +" )
# $ !
ich #
# + 4"# oui # 8
<boIC< + % <deIC< +
1
@ <e@<
$$ &"!
<eI<
A <@U<
+ #
<oU< /#
+$$ &
" 0
$! #
'-.
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
Consonants
Consonant clusters
#
# "
!
$$/
$ "$
/
"$
+ ! #
# "
$ $#*#
! $
/
#
$
* /$ )*
istasyon G 1 # " /#
* *$
#
#
/$
+ # 0
"
8 + %
+ I
$$
&$
#
$$
&$
/# # " /$
$
'-,
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
!"#
""
2
7
#
/
# 0 $
&
!
$
& 0
$$
$ ' , '
, '
;
"
&$ &$
!
!
&$ + *$
#
#
* /#"# /
"
# !
" & ;
/
)
"#
kim
G ne G nicËin G 1
$$
# /#
#
$
*$
# +
"
$ ! #
/#
*
$
#
#+
'Where
( +
'
'going?
"$
7
+
$$ "# #
$$
&$ *# /#
$*# $*#*
"
$
9 !"#
*$
#
*$
# "#
"
" +
#
#
* "#
+#*# #/
8
$
. O %
$
+0 1
$
$
+
!$
# +
$$9
/#
"
+ /
*
"! $
3
* 4
$$*9
*
""
# & !
$ *
#
*
+ "$
# 0
$ "$
*
+
$$ #
Punctuation
# !
+ !
+ # "
!
$
&$
3
" $
*
*
&
/ /
8
- "!!
$$ /
+ # " +
" /#"# +
#
& #
&F"8
C&
"
' &
"$
$$ !
++ /# "!!
8
'
'-?
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
"
* /# # ;
$ + 1
%
%
!$
7
"!!
#
"$ ki )G
1 /#"# *
8
C1
"
= "!!
+
/ "3
"$
8
+
"
> "
* /# CËuÈnkuÈ )G
7 $
* /#
#
*
&+1 !
$$
+
+$$
+
$
I#/
#
+ # +$$
*
#* "
!"#
*$
#
. B$
*$
# &
$$ +$$/ & "
$
$
!3"$
$$
, D
"#
+ &/ *$
#3
$ "!!
&/ X
Y !
I+
;
*$ /
#
"$
#
) 1%
#" !
$ !
&
+ &/ X
Y
! #
9 /# *$
# !*# 3
$
&$ 9
#/ & "
$ $
"!!
Grammar
Word order
#
5
&F"9&F"9&6 $
*
* /# ;
$0 "
&$!8
C%
" %
$
"
/# 5
3
*6
$
"
&$8 $
#
&$
*
"*
"
$8
1
(
%
'-@
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
Verbs: general
#
# &
#/
!&
" " !
!
$
$
/$$ #+ &
+ #
""
& 7
To be
#
&
# #
! $ " $
$$ *
7
C&
$
#
# ;
$ +
"
&
)$ # *$
#
To have
#
"
# ;
$
)4
" #
# + %
$
$
$$
@
1 #
&
&*
/#
!
$
*
&$!
8
C-
" (
++"
# "
* +
#
*$
# & +!
$
# +$$/* +0"$
8
'-A
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
-
!
#
*
#
7
*$
# + +* # + 4
" #
! $
!
&
+ # +
"
$$
;
++
!
/# +* "
&$ "!
8
'
( -
" %
$
C
O
0
C) BG>
> #
*
#
"
" !
& "+
8
C%
%
.
#
+"
&
* + #
! $
"
/#
&*
+! #
&
$* ! $
$
*
8
C
K44
$
C%
" %
Modal verbs
# #
"! #
+ !
$ &
/#"# 7
!$
!
*
# *$
# !
$
"$*
+!
"
*
"
"#
%
, %
'
, '
#+ &
$ +
!$
/# # !
*
7
Conditionals
''(
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
""
$ +0"$
&
"
$$ # *$
#
#
"$!
# $ $ +
*
7$
+"
"
"$
+0"$8
C/
$
C&
#
+ !
"0" #
*$
#
"8
C
$
C%
I$
* #
"9
#
+
*$
#
#
!& + &
/#"# "
&
&#
$ )/# #
*
&F"1
$ )/# #
&F"1
%
,
% +
,
% %
,
"
$ #
#
&
%
!
#+ 0
"+
*
#
! & &# "
"!! !
8
C'
(
*$
#
" $
"$
"
*
++$
+! #
# ;
$
$
* &$!
"# + # +$$/* 7
"
*$ "! $7
"
$ & +!
#8
$ $ $
,
,
,
,
,
" #
# +!
#/
!
#
+0"$
**
*# *$
#
&
"$
)* "
"#
"
"
1
''-
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
C%
%
%
%
Relative clauses
# !
"!!
# ;
$ +
*$
# $
"$
" $ "
" $
" &+ # #
$
$
* "F"
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz guÈnler . . .
$ $ $
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz mesele . . .
$ $ $
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz yer . . .
$ $ $
*$
# $
"
#+ +0"$ +
# $
# !
* #!
$*# !
+
!
8
C
%
(
C%
9
Nominalised clauses
*$
# #
+ /
+ !
$
* "$
#!
&F"
&F"
"! $!
#
0 #
+
"
"#
# +$$/* +0"$
"
&$% #
#
"
"# "
8
%
to go$
%
she went$
Her going
$
%
she went$
The fact that she went
$
%
for her to go$
%
her going$
Nouns
#
*$
& #
#/ !&
"
# $
$
$
#
*$
# 9
"$
$ /#
0 *"
+ !&3/
$*
+! #
$* !
"
8
C%
"
$
C%
$
C'
$
C
'''
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
Pronouns
:
$
!"# $
#
*$
#8 #
&F"
7
$ + ! #
"
" #
&F"
" /#"#
!
$$
*
# *$
# &
"#
*
:
$
!
$$ "
" # 5
6 +! +
# !
# $
# "$
8
C'
"
$
C
"
%
$
C2
$
# #
$ #3
"!!$ "+
#
8
C&
$
Articles
# #
0
"$ /#"#
/"# &/
F"
!
$
*
*
+ +
#
$
/
#
*$
#
8
C%
"
$
# #
0
"$ & " &F"
++ +!
""* /## #
0 !
* #
"
*
$
/#
$$ 0 " &F"
$
*
!
"#
8
C*
$
C%
@
$
Adjectives
B!
$/
!
#8
C+
$
''=
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
Quantifiers
&
# /#
# "
&$<"
&$
"
,
C%
# ++"
&/
%
%
+0"$ +
#3
*
+ # $
"!!$ "+
8
C
"
$
Adverbs
&
#
!+ &
$$ "
$ +!
F"
#8
C1
$
1
"
&
#8
C1
$
C
(
0
&$!
8 cËok sogÏuk
""*
"7
"
*
"+
#
*$
# +!
Conjunctions
$ $ $ I+ #
!
# / "
&#
"F"
*$
# $
* "+
&/ +
"
)"
* "+
"
"7
*$
#1
8
%
%
B3
"$
+ F7
/#
"F"
# $
* $
8
C D
'
"
$
C D
% " %
$
''>
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
Prepositions
:
#
"
"+
"$ ,,% ,% ,%
,% , , , , % ,
,
C +
?
C%
&
$
C%
$
!!
$
#
$*#
#/
* !
$$
C1
$
C+
/
$
Vocabulary
F"
''.
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
"
#
$$ & +
$
#
!
"#* !
/#
# 7&
#
"#
7 " & *#
$
7 "
"#* &
"
# #
" #
+
*
$ +
$
*
!!
/#
+0"
!
*
$$
! #
!
&
$ "
# $
*
$
& !
!
#*# # #
*
/
+ $
*
*
$$
#
+
"+$
7
* $ /# $$ $ * * B!!" "#
" #
$
"# $$ !
"
"! !
I""
$$ # !
""
"
+ # #!3
$
$"
& #
"#
#$ F # ""
! +
#
#
!
$
#*#$
#
/$6
+ #! # /
! !!
$
/#
#/
#
$
*
*
# *
++"
&/ # / $
*
*
!
$
*$
#
*$
# !
&$
/$$
* !
$ /# !"#
&
" "
&$
+03
"$ 2 "!
+
" # !
"! $7 "
"
#
"
& +$
"#
&"
"!
!
#
& 5
6
#!
'',
Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001