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Abstract—Recent changes in the electric utility performance of the optimization techniques in order to
infrastructure created the opportunities for many determine the optimal sizing of DG using EP and AIS.
technological innovations including the application of DG in
order to achieve a variety of benefits. To achieve the II. METHODOLOGY
benefits, factors such as the capacity of the units and the
best location have to be considered. This problem was The optimal size of the distributed generator is
addressed in this study by the development of the techniques determined by having the kW output (P ) of the g
to optimize the output of the DG in order to obtain distributed generator as the variable to be optimized. The
maximum benefits from its installation. The proposed kVar output of the distributed generator was determined
technique was capable to effectively improve the system using (2) and the power factor of the system was set to be
performance in terms of system losses. This paper presents 0.85.
the comparative study on the performance of the
optimization techniques for determining the optimal sizing Xi = Pg (1)
of DG using Evolutionary Programming and Artificial Q = P *tan'd
g g (2)
Immune System. The proposed technique was tested on
IEEE Reliability Test systems namely the IEEE 69-bus and cos 0 = 0 . 8 5
the program was developed using the MATLAB 9 = Power factor angle
programming software.
The operation of the distributed generator is considered
Keywords — Distributed generator; Evolutionary to be at steady state and therefore, the distributed
programming (EP); Artificial Immune System generator is modelled as injected active and reactive
power, P and Q respectively [5]. The number of
g g
B. Artificial bimune System specified by the difference between the maximum and
The Artificial Immune System (AIS) is a new minimum fitness to be less than 0.0001. If the
Computational Intelligence (CI) approach that is inspired convergence condition is not satisfied, the processes will
in the vertebrate immune system and has produced be repeated.
efficient computational tools for solving problems [11].
Figure 2 shows the flowchart of project methodology for
implementation of AIS. The mutation process maimum flmess-minimum f, <
mess 0.0001 (4)
implemented based on (3).
X i+mj = X + N (0, p ( X
y j m a x - X „ ) (f, / f ^ J
jmi (3) Start
Where:
= mutated parents (offspring) Generate initial population (Xj, n i )
randomly
X
y = parents
N = Gaussian random variable with mean u and
variance y
Evaluate fitness value
B = mutation scale, S £
Xjna = maximum random number for every variable
Xj„i„ = minimum random number for every variable
fi = fitness for the in, random number
=
/max maximum fitness
Step 3 Clone No
In this process, the size of DG and the total losses
were cloned.
Start TABLE 1.
4 —
TOTAL LOSSES AND MINIMUM VOLTAGE IN THE
Generate initial population (x;) SYSTEM WITHOUT DG
randomly
Loading P lots V rain
Clone (xO The result obtained from the simulation of EP and AIS
techniques were tabulated in Table 2 . From the analysis, it
could be observed that the number of iteration of AIS is
Mutate (Xi') better than EP.
The graph shown in Figure 2 compares the total losses
I
in the system with D G at bus 6 1 . The result from the EP
Evaluate fitness and add to population and AIS optimization techniques shows that the total
losses in the system were reduced with the installation of
I DG.
Selection for next generation
Similarly, the graph in Figure 3 shows the variation in
No the minimum voltage with respect to overall load increase
in the system when D G was installed at bus 61. It could
be observed that allocating D G at bus 61 has given better
voltage improvement and hence the voltage profile of the
system is maintained at an acceptable range.
Stop
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the implementation of DG at the
5 identified location with optimal sizing was successfully
tested on the test systems. The results show that the both
s AIS
(A techniques were capable to minimize the system losses
VI
VI and improve the voltage profile. The result shows that the
o -EP
AIS technique was capable to simulate with the minimum
number of iteration compared to EP.
-without
DG ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher
Loading Education for financially supporting this research under
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) and
UniMAP.
Figure 3: Total losses in the system with DG
REFERENCES
[1] A. Silvestri,. A. Berizzi and S. Buonanno, "Distribution generation
planning using Evolutionary Programming", Electric Power
Engineering, Powertech Budapest 99. International Conference,
•S 0.95 —•—AIS pp. 257,1999.
o> [2] W. E. Khattam, K. Bhattacharya, Y. Hegazy and MM.A Salama,
no "Optimal investment planning for distributed generation in a
2 0.9 •EP competitive electricity market", IEEE Transactions On Power
o Systems, Vol. 19, Issue: 3, pp. 1674 - 1684, Aug 2004.
>E 0.85
0.8 , , j j —r-™-™,
[31 I. S. Bae, J. O. Kim, J. C. Kim and C. Singh, "Optimal operating
-WITHOUT strategy for distributed generation considering hourly reliability
'E worth", IEEE Transactions On Power Systems, Vol. 19, Issue: 1 ,
0.60.8 1 1.21.4 DG
I pp. 287 - 292, Feb. 2004.
Loading [4] P. P.Barker and R. W. D. Mello, "Determining the impact of
distributed generation on power system:part 1-radial distribution
system", Power Technology Inc, IEEE, pp. 1645-1666, 2000.
[5] S. R Abdul Rahim , T. K. Abdul Rahman, I. Musirin, S. A Azmi,
M. F. Mohammed, M. H Hussain, M.Faridun, "Comparing the
Figure 4: Minimum voltage in the system with DG Network Performance between the Installation of DG and
Compensating Capacitor using EP", International Journal of
Power, Energy and Artificial Intelligence (IJPEAI): Vol. 1, No. 1,
August 2008.
Finally the optimal active power to be generated by
[6] L. J. Fogel, "The Future of Evolutionary Programming",
the DG installed at bus 61 for the range of loading Conference Record Twenty-Fourth Asilomar Conference on
conditions is tabulated in Table 3. It could be observed Signals, Systems and Computers, Vol. 2, pp. 1036, Nov. 1990.
that higher injected power is required from the DG as the [7] L. J. Fogel, "Intelligence through simulated evolution- forty years
of Evolutionary Programming", John Wiley & Sons,INC, Canada,
loading was increased in order to minimize the system
1999.
losses and hence voltage profile improvement in the
[8] W. M. Lin, C. D. Yang and M. T. Tsay, "Distribution system
system. planning with Evolutionary Programming and reliability cost
model", Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE
TABLE 3. Proceedings-, Vol. 147, Issue: 6, pp. 336 - 341, Nov. 2000.
[9] Y. H. Song, G. S. Wang, A. T. Johns and P. Y. Wang,
OPTIMAL SIZING OF DG USING EP AND AIS "Evolutionary approach to distribution network reconfiguration
for energy saving", Electricity Distribution. Part 1. Contributions.
AIS EP 14th International Conference and Exhibition on (IEE Conf. Pub.
No. 438), Vol. 5, pp. 33/1 - 33/8, Jun. 1997.
Loading [10] G. S. Wang, P. Y. Wang, Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns, "Co-
P g Q, Pg ordinated system of fuzzy logic and Evolutionary Programming
based network reconfiguration for loss reduction in distribution
0.6 0.9828 0.4978 1.1011 0.5577 systems", Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference
on Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 3, pp. 1838 - 1844, Sep. 1996.
0.8 1.5187 0.7693 1.4646 0.7419 S. Ishak, A. F. Abidin and T. K. A. Rahman, 'Static Var
[11] Compensator Planning Using Artificial Immune System For Loss
Minimization and Voltage Improvement', National Power &
1 1.9137 0.9693 1.8366 0.9303 Energy Conference (PECon) 2004 Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
1.2 2.2133 1.1211 2.205 1.1169 [12] T. K. A. Rahman, S. R. A. Rahim and I. Musirin, "Optimal
Allocation and Sizing of Embedded Generators", IEEE National
1.4 2.7307 1.3832 2.5736 1.3036 Power Engineering Conference (PeCon), Malaysia, 29-30 Nov
2004
International Conference: Electrical Energy and Industrial Electronic Systems EEIES2009, 7-8 December 2009, Penang, Malaysia
Abstract— Power quality devices are used to voltages that are in phase and coupled with the A C
increase/monitor the electric system distribution network. system through the reactance of coupling transformer. A
This paper is focus on to determine the location and n u m b e r key characteristic of this controller is that the active and
of Distribution Static C o m p e n s a t o r ( D - S T A T C O M ) at 10
reactive powers exchanged between the converter and the
bus bar distribution network. B y find the optimal n u m b e r
a n d location of D - S T A T C O M , it reduced the n u m b e r s of D -
A C system can be controlled b y changing the phase angle
S T A T C O M needs in mitigate voltage sag p r o b l e m . T h e between the converter output voltage and the bus voltage
m o d a l analysis and the time d o m a i n simulation are used in at the point of common coupling [l]-[4].
determine the best location of D - S T A T C O M in distribution
network.
I. INTRODUCTION
A
harmonics, voltage swell, power interruptions and voltage
flicker. 1
Reactive power compensation is an important issue in
electrical power systems where Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices play an important
«—Maximum time duration of
role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power | voltafledip20
network. Static Synchronous Compensator ( S T A T C O M ) Maximum Transient Voltage Dip
(20% of initial V )
is a member of F A C T S family that is connected in shunt
with the system. In distribution system, it is also known *—FaiitCleared
as D - S T A T C O M . Recent days, S T A T C O M commonly -
io *\
N v •
\ 1 to 3 mm.
located at every critical load in distribution system and it
Figure 2. Voltage Stability Criteria
will increase the power quality monitoring cost. Optimal
number and location of D - S T A T C O M will reduce or B. Voltage Stability and Voltage Recovery Criteria
eliminate power quality problems in distribution system.
Fig. 2 shows the voltage stability criteria where the
A. D-STA TCOM Configuration voltage magnitude should not drop below 8 0 % . A s an
example if a fault occurs for below 8 0 % of its initial
value, and resulting oscillations should not exceed 20
The most basic configuration of S T A T C O M consists
cycles. For 50 H z system it is about 0.4 s while for the
of two-level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a D C
60Hz system it is about 0.33 s. If this condition occurs it
energy storage device, a coupling transformer connected
will increase the voltage collapse on the system. Once
in shunt with the A C system and the associated control
voltage is recovered, its magnitude should not fall below
circuits. Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the D-
0.9 p.u [5]. Fig. 3 shows the Voltage Recovery Criteria.
S T A T C O M . The V S C converts the D C voltage across the
A s explain the clearing time for 50Hz system is 0.4 s and
storage device into a set of three phase A C output
this is fall as the ideal for the voltage recovery time. It
International Conference: Electrical Energy and Industrial Electronic Systems EEIES2009, 7-8 December 2009, Penang, Malaysia
means that the D - S T A T C O M that needs to be located The distribution network was obtained from Tenaga
must have clearing time for less then 0.4 s Nasional Berhad, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. The
overall flow of this paper is summarized in the flow chart
1.1 as shown in Fig. 4.
1.0
0.9
O- I The P S C A D software was used to simulate the
network where the single line diagram was converted to
I 0.8 : <cy
electrical network using mathematical formulas. For three
0.7
phase loads, the active power was considered as load
0.6
resistance and reactive power was considered as load
0.S
inductance. The loads was calculated for each bus bar and
0.4 0.5 S o u n d s
the three phase voltage (VL_ ) from main supply sub-
l
0.3
Fault station (MES) is 1 l k V and apparent power (S) equal to
0.2
.Clearing 3 0 M V A . T h e designed network using P S C A D is shown
0.1
0 . 0 0 . 3 0.6 0 . 9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2 . 7 3.0
in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 for the system without D - S T A T C O M
Tim* (Second*) and the system with D - S T A T C O M respectively.
Figure 3. Voltage Recovery Criteria [5]
II. NETWORK D E S I G N
^ START ^
i i i
i i
f f
L-
TABLE 1
GROUPING OF MAIN BUSBAR
Group No. of Bus
A Busbar 1, Busbar 2,
Busbar 3, Busbar 4 and
IjiwiiO M I A 1l«M
Busbar 6
T
B Busbar 7 and Busbar 8
t t
In this simulation, a fault time is set to 1 s and occurs B- D-STATCOM Allocated at Bus bar A, B and C for
from 0.5 s until 1.5 s. The fault component is connected Voltage Sag Compensation.
in shunt to the study distribution system as shown in Fig.
5 and Fig. 6. T h e simulation is run in two conditions,
which are, a network without D - S T A C O M and a network
with D - S T A T C O M . The network without D - S T A T C O M
is simulated to monitor the voltage at each main group
bus bar and the voltage sag that been occurred. Modal 0.30
A. Result of Simulation Network without D-STA TCOM (LpO 300 2.20 2.*Q 2*D 2.RO
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank to Universiti T u n
Hussein Onn Malaysia for supporting and encouraging
s r £
"° J f A
E» "° "> ~';:~ in publishing paper or journal for various conferences.
Figure 10. Load voltage of main group Bus C , a) With D-STATCOM. REFERENCES
b) Time of Recovery [1] H.G. Sarminto, G. Pampin, J.D. de Leon, "FACTS Solution for
Voltage Stability problems in Large Metropolitan Area," 2004
1.1 IEEE/PES Power System Conference and Exposition, vol 1,
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0.9 — J.Paserba, G.F.Reed, "Study of a STATCOM application for
0.8
J 1
: o voltage stability evaluated by dynamic PV curve and time
simulation,"2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter
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.St 0.6 [3] M.F.Kandlawala and A.H.M.A.Rahim, "Power system dynamic
performance with STATCOM controller, " 8th annual IEEE
0.5
technical exchange meeting, April 2001.
0.4 0.5 Seconds [4] Noor Izzri bin Hj Abdul Wahab, "Power Quality Improvement
0.3 •Aft®' £puif..Cte.sfiD.a Using Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) On 11 kV
Fault Distribution System", Universiti Putra Malaysia: Msc Thesis. 23¬
0.2 .Clearing 31, 38-72, May 2002.
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-t- -+- -+- -4-
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 C.W.Bums, " Power Quality Monitoring of a Distribution
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Figure 11. Plot of voltage time recovery Apr. 1994.