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Evonik is one of the world’s largest producers of hydrogen peroxide.
Our worldwide capacity (as of 2015) is more than 950 000 tonnes per year.
We are the innovative leader in high quality products and services, offering more
than a century of worldwide experience to serve the megatrends of the modern
society and to deliver an exceptional value for our customers. To ensure optimal
supply of hydrogen peroxide to the world market, we operate production
facilities at thirteen locations around the world.
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Pulp and paper
Versatile bleaching agent
In the pulp & paper industry hydrogen peroxide is applied as a versatile bleaching agent in chemical pulp
bleaching sequences, in mechanical pulp bleaching (as the only or as the dominant bleaching chemical)
as well as in paper recycling with printing ink removal (de-inking). The bleaching conditions can be adjusted
within a wide range to suit equipment limitations or a given temperature level.
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Textile bleaching
Mild bleaching agent
Hydrogen peroxide is the bleaching agent was commonly used for cotton bleaching.
for the treatment of natural and synthetic Hypochlorite bleach was, however,
fibers (cotton, wool, silk, linen, rayon). abandoned because of high fiber damage
The use of hydrogen peroxide allows not and technical difficulties.
only a high degree of brightness, but also Color-safe laundry bleaches containing
preserves the mechanical properties of hydrogen peroxide have been accepted
the fibers. Similar to pulp bleaching, this by consumers as alternatives to bleaches
process takes place in an alkaline environ- containing hypochlorite. One of its
ment. The bleaching liquors have to be advantages over chlorine-based bleaches
stabilized to prevent decomposition reac- is that it does not affect modern dyes.
tions due to the presence of trace metals Evonik’s hydrogen peroxide grades were
such as copper, iron and manganese, proven to yield an excellent bleaching
which can often be found in fibers or in performance in hard surface cleaners,
water. laundry prespot products, carpet cleaners
Cotton is the main fiber bleached today. and other color-safe bleaching products.
Practically all cotton produces nowadays For textile and color-safe bleaching
is bleached. About 80 - 90% of all cotton Evonik recommends using HYPROX®
fabrics are bleached with hydrogen hydrogen peroxide products.
peroxide. Typically, bleaching with
0.3 - 0.6 wt% solutions of hydrogen
peroxide at a pH of 10.5 - 11.5 is carried
out for 1 - 3 hours at a temperature of
90 - 95°C. In the past, sodium hypochlorite
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Chemical synthesis
Oxidation agent
Hydrogen peroxide is an economical but dichromate or permanganate. It is a stable
powerful and environmentally benign and safe chemical when handled correctly
oxidizing agent that has found many uses and offers the advantage of being soluble
in the chemical industry for the manufac- in water, in many organic solvents, or in
ture of organic compounds. Due to its the substrate itself. Last but not least,
low molecular weight, hydrogen peroxide hydrogen peroxide has an environmentally
is a more efficient oxidizing agent on a benign profile since it decomposes to just
weight per weight basis than potassium water and oxygen.
The various applications where hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidizing agent of
choice include the following examples in chemical synthesis:
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Environmental applications
Oxidation agent and free radical source
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Mining
Oxidation agent and oxygen source
Hydrogen peroxide is often used as an oxide is applied for regeneration of the
oxidant in such metallurgical process active Fe(III) ions in the eluent.
steps as ore leaching, concentrate For gold production the most common
preparation or eluent treatment. method used nowadays is the cyanida-
Production of gold and uranium exem- tion process, which involves the leach-
plifies some important hydrogen per- ing of gold containing ores by diluting
oxide applications in the mining indus- aqueous cyanide solutions in the pre-
try. Depending on the ore composition sence of lime and oxygen. Depending
as well as the leaching conditions, utili- on the leaching conditions, overall
zation of hydrogen peroxide results in concentration of suspended ore as well
savings of eluents and acids, simplifies as concentration of the oxygen consu-
management of chemicals or waste and mers in the ore, hydrogen peroxide can
improves the overall process control. be added to increase the total oxygen
In nature uranium occurs in the form of concentration in the system and to
tetravalent or hexavalent oxide minerals promote deeper leaching by direct
(uraninite or pitchblende). Tetravalent oxidation. On the downstream side
uranium has, however, a very low solu- hydrogen peroxide is often used for
bility in both acidic or alkaline media. removal of the cyanides from waste
Thus, to achieve an economic uranium water. The cyanide oxidation takes
recovery, oxidation to the much more place in a single step, without the
soluble hexavalent state is of great formation of toxic intermediates.
importance. Trivalent iron compounds For mining applications Evonik recom-
are commonly used to increase urani- mends the use of HYPROX® – standard
um’s oxidation state. Hydrogen per- grade hydrogen peroxide.
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Recycling
Oxidant and bleaching agent
Recycling is the process by which materials recovery of valuable non-ferrous metals
are separated from waste destined for from electronic waste are the most
disposal and remanufactured into usable striking examples.
or marketable materials. Recycling is Hydrometallurgical processing of elec-
often referred to as urban mining, under- tronic waste from scrapped electronic
lining waste as an important raw material. boards and components resembles the
City waste holds, for example, enough leaching process in the mining industry.
precious metals, rare earth elements and A mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen
other key materials to cover our industrial peroxide, which is also known as Caro’s
needs if they were to be completely acid, is used successfully to solubilize
recovered. Such nonferrous materials as metallic copper and other metals to the
gold, platinum, copper, rare earth and corresponding salts. Oxidative hydromet-
other precious metals are successfully allurgical treatment is the most economi-
extracted from electronic waste, such as cally method to treat old solar panels for
computers or cell phones. More than a recovering such elements as indium,
third of solid municipal waste is made of gallium, selenium, tellurium, cadmium or
paper. Recycling this paper in comparison molybdenum. These can be used for
to paper manufacturing reduces air and production of new solar panels or for
water pollution. Worldwide use of recy- other applications.
cled paper has doubled over the past 20 For recycling applications, depending on
years and is expected to grow further. purity requirements, Evonik recommends
Hydrogen peroxide is applied as an the use of standard grade or high-purity
environment-friendly oxidant in many grades: HYPROX®, PERSYNT® or
recycling processes. Such processes as PERTRONIC®.
de-inking in paper recycling as well as
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Aseptic packaging
Biocide
A lot of foods (beverages, milk, dairy sterile product with a sterile package
products, sauces and soups) are packaged various aseptic packaging units have
aseptically in cartons, tubes, bottles and been designed. The most common tech-
foils. These storage-stable products nological processes using hydrogen per-
maintain the required shelf-life and high oxide are immersion-bath and spraying.
product quality. To create a sterile envi- To meet the requirements of the packaging
ronment in the aseptic packaging units machine manufacturers, Evonik has
various treatment approaches for steri- developed and supplies specialty hydro-
lization of materials and internal machine gen peroxide grades. OXTERIL® 350 Bath
surfaces are used. In general heat, chemi- and OXTERIL® 350 Spray are tailor-made
cals, high-energy radiation or a combina- for the individual immersion-bath or
tion are applied. For aseptic packaging spray process with regards to product
equipment sterilizing agents should effec- stability, residues and packaging line
tively provide the same degree of protec- effectiveness. OXTERIL® 350 Combi was
tion in terms of microbiological safety designed to be suitable for both aseptic
which traditional sterilization systems packaging methods. Evonik’s OXTERIL®
provide. This requirement applies to both products are approved and recommended
the food contact surface of the packaging by many leading machinery manufacturers
material as well as the internal machine and enjoy a wide acceptance by well-
surfaces constituting the aseptic or sterile known food manufacturers.
zone within the machine. To combine a
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Food processing
Bleaching agent and biocide
Hydrogen peroxide is today an important
industrial chemical but it is also quite
common in nature. In some living organ-
isms hydrogen peroxide is created by
certain enzymes as a co-product of bio-
chemical reactions. Nature provides not
only the enzymes producing hydrogen
peroxide, but also those which break it
down into the biologically neutral sub-
stances water and oxygen. Decomposi-
tion by catalase, an enzyme occurring in
all plants, animals and microorganisms
opens an easy and natural way for hydro-
gen peroxide elimination after processing
steps. Enzyme catalyzed decomposition
is the principal method for removal of
hydrogen peroxide residues in food
processing (except aseptic packaging) and
preparation of food additives.
Due to its remarkable chemical proper-
ties and biological degradability hydro-
gen peroxide is often utilized in food
processing applications. It is by far the
most widely used peroxygen reagent for
bleaching purposes in the food industry.
Various types of compounds are bleached
with peroxygen ‒ natural oils, waxes,
gums, natural sugars and starches. Hydro-
gen peroxide is used for color adjustment
not only for final products, but starting
materials also. Foods such as herring,
instant tea, starch, cheese whey, tripe or
natural fatty acid emulsifiers are treated
with hydrogen peroxide to increase peroxide. One of the technologically
whiteness. relevant methods of modified starch
Hydrogen peroxide‘s antimicrobial and preparation is its treatment with oxidants,
fungicidal activity is used for the preser- like hydrogen peroxide.
vation of aqueous solutions of natural For food processing applications Evonik
proteins or carbohydrates (collagen of supplies the high-purity hydrogen peroxide
starch) or milk for cheese production. grades PERSYNT® and OXTERIL®.
Before cheese making or the further Both grades comply with the purity
processing of collagen solutions, hydro- requirements of the European Pharma-
gen peroxide is removed by catalase. copoeia. OXTERIL® grades fulfill the
Preparation of various food additives is requirements of the American Food
another application field of hydrogen Chemical Codex as well.
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Cosmetics and medicine
Bleaching agent and disinfectant
Hydrogen peroxide is used in cosmetics primary bleaching components in tooth
and personal care products as an antimi- whitening products such as pastes or gels.
crobial agent and as an oxidizing agent. For cosmetic applications Evonik supplies
It is used, for example, to form dyestuffs PERSYNT® B7 and PERSYNT® COS,
during oxidative hair dyeing or to oxy- special hydrogen peroxide grades which
genate stains on teeth to increase white- are designed to meet the high-quality
ness. requirements of the cosmetic industry.
In hair coloring the bleaching properties Hydrogen peroxide topical solutions
of hydrogen peroxide are used to lighten (3 wt%) are widely used in medicine as
the hair, which is achieved through oxida- an antiseptic for wound treatment and for
tive elimination of the brown-black mela- soft contact lens disinfection. Hydrogen
nins (the principal human hair pigments). peroxide is also utilized to disinfect medi-
Depending on the desired final color cal equipment, floors, walls or furnish-
shade different bleaching is necessary. ings. Solutions with higher hydrogen
During permanent hair waving, moieties peroxide concentration are applied as
of the amino acid cystein are reduced chemisterilants in specially designed
with mercaptanes, resulting in destru- machines for decontamination of heat
ction of the disulfide bonds. After such sensitive medical devices.
a treatment the reduced hair is curled and For medical applications Evonik supplies
brought into the desired form. To fix the high purity hydrogen peroxide grades
new form mild oxidation by hydrogen PERSYNT® and PERTRONIC®.
peroxide is used.
Hydrogen peroxide as well as carbamide
peroxide (urea-H2O2 complex) are the
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Space and aeronautics
Propellant
High-concentration hydrogen peroxide has over a heavy-metal catalyst, resulting in
been used as a propellant since the middle overheated steam and oxygen, which drive
of the twentieth century. Current uses the turbo pumps supplying kerosene and
include hypergolic bi-propellant engines liquid oxygen to the rocket engines
for launch vehicles and mono-propellant through impellers and provide herewith
systems e.g. to power satellites. Interest in the necessary thrust.
hydrogen peroxide as an environmentally When using hydrogen peroxide in mono-
friendly, non cryogenic propellant is in- propellant engines, the gaseous decompo-
creasing again, especially since it has been sition products are injected directly into
made commercially available in a high the thrust to generate the required driving
concentrated (> 85 wt%), high-purity force for the vehicle. Monopropellant
form. In a standard liquid-fueled bipropel- engines using hydrogen peroxide as the
lant rocket engine, the liquid fuel and the fuel are commonly used for air-indepen-
oxidant are stored in separate containers. dent underwater propulsion applications.
Both of these need to be fed to the rocket PROPULSE® is a high-concentration
engine under high pressure to produce the hydrogen peroxide available from Evonik
necessary thrust. This can be achieved by and is specially designed for propulsion
decomposing liquid hydrogen peroxide applications.
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Manufacturing
Evonik uses the anthraquinone autoxidation (AO) process for the production
of hydrogen peroxide. Basically the AO-process can be divided into 4 steps:
1. Hydrogenation
2. Oxidation
3. Extraction
4. Purification
The production scheme of the process as well as the brutto chemical reaction are
described below.
OH O
R R
+ O2
+ H2O2
OH O
+ H2 /Catalyst
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From the hydrogenation feed tank, the gen peroxide solution. The working
Hydrogenation feed tank working solution containing quinones solution, that leaves the extraction unit,
enters the hydrogenator, where it is is adjusted to a specific water content
hydrogenated in the presence of catalysts before being returned to the hydrogena-
to yield hydroquinones. Before the tion feed tank.
Hydrogenation
Hydrogen unit hydrogenated working solution can be Crude aqueous hydrogen peroxide from
fed to the oxidation step, it passes through the extraction stage (H2O2 concentration
a filtration unit for complete removal of about 40 wt%) is fed into the crude
the catalyst. product storage tank via a prepurifica-
Oxygen Oxidation unit During the oxidation step, the hydroge- tion unit. From the crude product sto-
nated working solution is treated with rage tank, aqueous hydrogen peroxide
air. Dissolved hydroquinones are oxi- goes to the concentration unit, where
dized to quinones and hydrogen pero- water is stripped off. Here, hydrogen
Water Extraction unit xide is formed. After the separation of peroxide is freed from impurities and
the working solution, the off-gas from concentrated. The obtained concentrate
the oxidation step passes over activated is used for preparation of our standard
carbon adsorbers to recover the solvent commercial grade ‒ HYPROX®.
Purification unit I from the gas stream. Several adsorbers Specialty grades, OXTERIL®, PERSYNT®,
are usually used and regenerated with PERTRONIC® and PROPULSE®, are
steam. produced in a subsequent purification
The oxidized working solution is treated unit. The purified product is then
Purification unit II with water in the extraction column to adjusted to the required concentration
obtain an aqueous hydrogen peroxide and stabilized according to specification,
phase. The organic and aqueous phases followed by storage in a dedicated tank
are separated to obtain a crude hydro- before shipment.
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Product Industry
350
500
600 Active substance for
HYPROX®AS 700 production of biocides
300 LC
350 LC Chemical synthesis;
500 LC Environmental (non biocide);
600 LC Food processing;
PERSYNT® 700 LC Recycling
300 Pharma
350 Pharma
300 Steri
PERSYNT® 350 Steri Pharma; Medicine
350 B7
500 B7
PERSYNT® 350 COS Cosmetics
350 Bath
350 Spray
350 Spray S
OXTERIL® 350 Combi Aseptic packaging
300
350
500
PERTRONIC® 600 Electronics; Recycling
825
875
PROPULSE® 980 Space & aeronautics
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Grades
Standard grade:
Specialty Grades:
Please contact your regional sales manager for information about a particular product,
which would suit your application best and to obtain further technical as well as com-
mercial information. Also please feel free to check for additional regionally available
grades and products.
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Important physico-chemical properties of aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide (1)
Active oxygen content %(wt.) 0 14.1 16.5 23.5 28.2 32.9 47.1
Boiling point at 1013 mbar. °C 100 106 108 114 119 125 150
Total vapor pressure 10-3MPa 3.333 3.200 2.400 1.867 1.467 0.370
H₂O₂ partial vapor pressure at 30° C 10-3MPa 0.033 0.040 0.080 0.120 0.173 0.370
Specific heat at 25°C J*g/K 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 1.35
Refractive index,
n25D at 25°C 1.3325 1.3519 1.3554 1.3661 1.3734 1.3814 1.4067
Viscosity at 20°C MPa*s 1.00 1.11 1.12 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.25
Surface tension at 20°C mN/m 72.8 74.2 74.5 75.7 76.4 77.3 80.4
1) The tabulated values, which are given above, describe physico-chemical properties of salt-free pure aqueous solutions of hydrogen
peroxide in water.
2) Hydrogen peroxide concentration can be expressed in weight percent, gram of 100%-age hydrogen peroxide in 1 kg solution, gram
of 100%-age hydrogen peroxide in 1L solution and as molar concentration or molar fraction of hydrogen peroxide in solution.
The tabulated values for g(H2O2)/l and mol/l are given for the solution temperature of 25°C.
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Physico-chemical properties
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless water-soluble liquid. The molecule of
hydrogen peroxide is asymmetrical and strongly polarized. A high tendency to
form hydrogen-bond networks causes higher viscosity than water. Because of free
electron pairs on both oxygen atoms, the H2O2-molecule tends to form donor-
acceptor compounds. Pure hydrogen peroxide is primarily of scientific interest only.
Its aqueous solutions, however, are widely used in many industrial branches for
various applications. Important physical properties of hydrogen peroxide and its
aqueous solutions are summarized in the table on the left side.
2 H2O2 O2 + 2 H2O
is a quite complex process, which involves formation of various free radicals. In some
applications (soil remediation) the induced instability is intentionally caused and used.
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Packaging and storage
Depending on customer, grade, region and other requirements, the shipment of
hydrogen peroxide is made in small to large containers. For consumers of large
quantities, the installation of a storage tank is recommended. Common forms of
packaging for hydrogen peroxide are:
Please check with your regional representative about the availability of desired grades
and packaging systems.
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Labeling and transportation
Hydrogen peroxide solutions with concentration higher than 8 % by weight are
dangerous substances, e.g. according to Global Harmonized System (GHS) and the European
Regulation No. 1272/2008. They must be labeled and handled correspondingly.
Classification of aqueous H2O2 solutions according to the European Regulation No. 1272/2008
P264 Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling
Prevention statements P280 Wear protective gloves, and clothing; eye and face protection
70 % ≤ H2O2
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Regulations for surface transport
Hydrogen peroxide up to a concentration of 8 % by weight is not subject to any transport
regulations. For higher concentrations, the following classifications apply:
Concentration of H2O2 8 % < H2O2 < 20 % 20 % ≤ H2O2 ≤ 60 % H2O2 > 60 %
IMDG-Code, RID/ADR 5.1; 2984; PG.III 5.1, 2014; PG.II 5.1; 2015; PG.I
National regulations may differ from one country to another, and are being revised
continually. Customers who want to transport hydrogen peroxide within particular
national boundaries should refer to the applicable national regulations.
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Safety aspects
Safety has always been one of Evonik‘s hydrogen peroxide, however, can ignite
main concerns. As we have clearly inflammable materials, and the oxygen
committed ourselves to the Responsible released by decomposition additionally
Care Program of the chemical industry, promotes the combustion. Even at low
we strive for the highest possible level concentrations, ignition can occur under
of safety within our own plants and unfavorable conditions after a gradual
laboratories as well as those of our concentration of the hydrogen peroxide
customers. In this chapter we have due to evaporation of water.
summarized the safety risks related to Vapors can explode if the hydrogen
hydrogen peroxide, its handling and peroxide concentration in the vapor
storage. Today, many risks are rather phase is higher than 26 mol% (40 % w/w).
unlikely because a globally accepted Explosions are ignited by sparks, contact
technical standard exists. However, with a catalytically active material, or –
everybody should be aware of the risks at temperatures above 150 °C – even by
and understand the necessity of certain catalytically non-active materials.
precautions while working with hydro- At normal pressure, such vapour compo-
gen peroxide. sitions can only occur if the hydrogen
Hydrogen peroxide is a clear colorless peroxide concentration of the liquid is
liquid, which resembles water. There- 74 wt %w/w or higher and the tempera-
fore, spilled product or hydrogen pero- ture of the liquid is higher than 100 °C.
xide in unlabeled containers could Explosive and shock-sensitive mixtures
erroneously be regarded as water. can be formed if concentrated hydrogen
Hydrogen peroxide is corrosive to the peroxide comes into contact with orga-
skin and eyes as well as to metal surfaces. nic compounds. According to data in the
It is a strong oxidizing chemical and, literature, there is a general risk of
therefore, tends to react rapidly, detonations if the content of hydrogen
sometimes even violently with various peroxide in the resulting mixture is
substances. 25 % by weight or above. In any case,
Hydrogen peroxide solutions themselves appropriate safety precautions must be
are not flammable. Highly concentrated taken to avoid critical conditions.
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Handling
As a consequence of the properties of hydrogen peroxide and the safety aspects
outlined in the previous chapters some basic rules for the handling of hydrogen
peroxide are summarized as follow:
Rule Comment
Only carefully pre-cleaned drums, Even with dedicated equipment it is essential to make sure,
tubes, pumps and other equipment that all surfaces which come into contact with H2O2 are
should be used. cleaned carefully.
Protect hydrogen peroxide from Heat, light and radiation can also slightly increase the
heat, direct sunlight and UV radiation. decomposition process.
Keep storage temperature under Increasing temperature is an excellent indicator for problems in
surveillance. a tank.
In case of any doubt or question feel free to contact your Evonik representative for
further help.
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First aid Instructions
Move the victim out into the fresh air – wear a respirator.
Inhalation In case of suffocation, seek medical attention.
Cool the tank from outside with water to avoid higher tempera-
tures for the stored material. Fires where hydrogen peroxide is
Fire involved directly or indirectly should be extinguished with water.
H2O2 ≥ 70 %
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Disclaimer
This information and all further technical advice is
based on our present knowledge and experience.
However, it implies noliability or other legal respon-
sibility on our part, including with regard to existing
third party intellectual property rights, especially pa-
tent rights. In particular, no warranty, whether ex-
pressed or implied, or guarantee of product proper-
ties in the legal sense is intended or implied. We
reserve the right to make any changes according to
technological progress or further developments. The
customer is not released from the obligation to con-
duct careful inspection and testing of incoming goods.
Performance of the product described herein should
be verified by testing, which should be carried out
only by qualified experts in the sole resposibility of
a customer.
Reference to trade names used by other companies
is neither a recommendation, nor does it imply that
similar products could not be used.
(April 2008)