Austronesian Languages - Wikipedia PDF

1/16/2018 Austronesian languages - Wikipedia
Austronesian languages
The Austronesian languages are a language family that is
Austronesian
widely dispersed throughout Maritime Southeast Asia,
Madagascar and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, with a few Ethnicity Austronesian peoples
members in continental Asia.[2] Austronesian languages are Geographic Maritime and parts of Mainland
spoken by about 386 million people (4.9%), making it the fourth- distribution Southeast Asia, Oceania,
largest language family by number of speakers, behind the Indo- Madagascar, Taiwan, Andaman
European languages (46.3%), the Sino-Tibetan languages (20.4%), archipelago and parts of Hainan
and the Niger-Congo languages (6.9%). Major Austronesian and Sri Lanka
languages with the highest number of speakers are Malay Linguistic One of the world's primary
(Indonesian and Malaysian), Javanese, and Filipino (Tagalog). The classification language families
family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any
Proto- Proto-Austronesian
language family.[3]
language
Similarities between the languages spoken in the Malay Subdivisions Rukai (Formosan)
Archipelago and the Pacific Ocean were first observed in 1706 by
Tsou (Formosan)
the Dutch scholar Adriaan Reland.[4] In the 19th century,
Puyuma (Formosan)
researchers (e.g. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Herman van der Tuuk)
started to apply the comparative method to the Austronesian Nuclear Austronesian
languages, but the first comprehensive and extensive study on the Other Formosan languages
phonological history of the Austronesian language family including (several primary branches)
a reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian lexicon was made by the Malayo-Polynesian
German linguist Otto Dempwolff.[5] The term Austronesian itself ISO 639-2 / 5 map
was coined by Wilhelm Schmidt (German austronesisch, based on
Glottolog aust1307 (http://glottolog.org/
Latin auster "south wind" and Greek νῆσος "island").[6] The family
resource/languoid/id/aust1307)[1]
is aptly named, as the vast majority of Austronesian languages are
spoken on islands: only a few languages, such as Malay and the
Chamic languages, are indigenous to mainland Asia. Many
Austronesian languages have very few speakers, but the major
Austronesian languages are spoken by tens of millions of people
and one Austronesian language, Malay (including Indonesian and
Malaysian), is spoken by 250 million people, making it the 8th
most spoken language in the world. Approximately twenty
Distribution of Austronesian languages
Austronesian languages are official in their respective countries
(see the list of major and official Austronesian languages).
Different sources count languages differently, but Austronesian and Niger–Congo are the two largest language families in
the world by the number of languages they contain, each having roughly one-fifth of the total languages counted in the
world. The geographical span of Austronesian was the largest of any language family before the spread of Indo-European
in the colonial period, ranging from Madagascar off the southeastern coast of Africa to Easter Island in the eastern Pacific.
Hawaiian, Rapa Nui, and Malagasy (spoken on Madagascar) are the geographic outliers of the Austronesian family.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages 1/22
According to Robert Blust (1999), Austronesian is divided in several primary branches, all but one of which are found
exclusively on Taiwan. The Formosan languages of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of
Austronesian. All Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan (including its offshore Yami language) belong to the
Malayo-Polynesian branch, sometimes called Extra-Formosan.
Most Austronesian languages lack a long history of written attestation, making the feat of reconstructing earlier stages –
up to distant Proto-Austronesian – all the more remarkable. The oldest inscription in the Cham language, the Đông Yên
Châu inscription, but with Indo-European languages influences, dated to the mid-6th century at the latest, is also the first
attestation of any Austronesian language.
Contents
Structure
Lexicon
Classification
Blust (1999)
Li (2008)
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008)
Ross (2009)
Major languages
Comparison chart
Comparison chart-numerals
Comparison chart-thirteen words
History
Hypothesized relations
Austric
Austro-Tai
Sino-Austronesian
Japanese
Ongan
Writing systems
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Structure
It is difficult to make generalizations about the languages that make up a family as diverse as Austronesian. Very broadly,
one can divide the Austronesian languages into three groups: Philippine-type languages, Indonesian-type languages and
post-Indonesian type languages (Ross 2002):
The first group includes, besides the languages of the

Philippines, the Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Sabah,
North Sulawesi and Madagascar. It is primarily characterized
by the retention of the original system of Philippine-type
voice alternations, where typically three or four verb voices
determine which semantic role the "subject"/"topic"
expresses (it may express either the actor, the patient, the
location and the beneficiary, or various other circumstantial
roles such as instrument and concomitant). The
phenomenon has frequently been referred to as focus (not to
be confused with the usual sense of that term in linguistics). Banknote for 5 dollars, Hawaii, circa 1839, using
Furthermore, the choice of voice is influenced by the
Hawaiian language
definiteness of the participants. The word order has a strong
tendency to be verb-initial.
In contrast, the more innovative Indonesian-type languages,
which are particularly represented in Malaysia and western Indonesia, have reduced the voice system to a contrast
between only two voices (actor voice and "undergoer" voice), but these are supplemented by applicative
morphological devices (originally two: the more direct *-i and more oblique *-an/-[a]kən), which serve to modify the
semantic role of the "undergoer". They are also characterized by the presence of preposed clitic pronouns. Unlike the
Philippine type, these languages mostly tend towards verb-second word-orders. A number of languages, such as the
Batak languages, Old Javanese, Balinese, Sasak and several Sulawesi languages seem to represent an intermediate
stage between these two types.[7][8]
Finally, in some languages, which Ross calls "post-Indonesian", the original voice system has broken down
completely and the voice-marking affixes no longer preserve their functions.
The Austronesian languages tend to use reduplication (repetition of all or part of a word, as in wiki-wiki or agar-agar).
Like many East and Southeast Asian languages, most Austronesian languages have highly restrictive phonotactics, with
generally small numbers of phonemes and predominantly consonant–vowel syllables.
Lexicon
The Austronesian language family has been established by the linguistic comparative method on the basis of cognate sets,
sets of words similar in sound and meaning which can be shown to be descended from the same ancestral word in Proto-
Austronesian according to regular rules. Some cognate sets are very stable. The word for eye in many Austronesian
languages is mata (from the most northerly Austronesian languages, Formosan languages such as Bunun and Amis all the
way south to Māori). Other words are harder to reconstruct. The word for two is also stable, in that it appears over the
entire range of the Austronesian family, but the forms (e.g. Bunun rusya, lusha; Amis tusa; Māori rua) require some
linguistic expertise to recognise. The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austro
nesian) gives word lists (coded for cognateness) for approximately 1000 Austronesian languages.
Classification
The internal structure of the Austronesian languages is complex. The family consists of many similar and closely related
languages with large numbers of dialect continua, making it difficult to recognize boundaries between branches. However,
it is clear that the greatest genealogical diversity is found among the Formosan languages of Taiwan, and the least
diversity among the islands of the Pacific, supporting a dispersal of the family from Taiwan or China. The first
comprehensive classification to reflect this was Dyen (1965).
The seminal article in the classification of Formosan—and, by extension, the top-level structure of Austronesian—is Blust
(1999). Prominent Formosanists (linguists who specialize in Formosan languages) take issue with some of its details, but it
remains the point of reference for current linguistic analyses, and is shown below. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are
frequently included within Blust's Eastern Formosan branch due to their shared leveling of proto-Austronesian *t, *C to
/t/ and *n, *N to /n/, their shift of *S to /h/, and vocabulary such as *lima "five" which are not attested in other Formosan
languages.
There appear to have been two great migrations of Austronesian languages that quickly covered large areas, resulting in
multiple local groups with little large-scale structure. The first was Malayo-Polynesian, distributed across the Philippines,
Indonesia, and Melanesia. The Central Malayo-Polynesian languages are similar to each other not because of close
genealogical relationships, but rather because they reflect strong substratum effects from non-Austronesian languages.
The second migration was that of the Oceanic languages into Polynesia and Micronesia (Greenhill, Blust & Gray 2008).
In addition to Malayo-Polynesian, thirteen Formosan families are broadly accepted. Debate centers primarily around the
relationships between these families. Of the classifications presented here, Blust (1999) links two families into a Western
Plains group, two more in a Northwestern Formosan group, and three into an Eastern Formosan group, while Lee (2008)
also links five families into a Northern Formosan group. The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008) accepts
Northern, rejects Eastern, links Tsouic and Rukai (two highly divergent languages), and links Malayo-Polynesian with
Paiwan in a Paiwanic group. Ross (2009) splits Tsouic, and notes that Tsou, Rukai, and Puyuma fall outside of
reconstructions of Proto-Austronesian.
Other studies have presented phonological evidence for a reduced Paiwanic family of Paiwanic, Puyuma, Bunun, Amis,
and Malayo-Polynesian, but this is not reflected in vocabulary. The Eastern Formosan peoples Basay, Kavalan, and Amis
share a homeland motif that has them coming originally from an island called Sinasay or Sanasay (Li 2004). The Amis, in
particular, maintain that they came from the east, and were treated by the Puyuma, amongst whom they settled, as a
subservient group (Taylor 1888).[9]
Blust (1999)
Austronesian
(clockwise from the southwest)
Tsouic (Formosan)
Tsou language.
Saaroa language.
Kanakanabu language.
Western Plains (Formosan)
Thao language, AKA Sao. Brawbaw and Shtafari dialects.
Central Western Plains
Babuza language: Taokas, Poavosa dialects; old

Favorlang language.
Papora-Hoanya language: Papora, Hoanya dialects.
Northwest Formosan
Saisiyat language: Taai and Tungho dialects.
Pazeh language AKA Kulun. Families of Formosan languages before
Minnanese colonization of Taiwan, per Blust
Atayalic (Formosan)
(1999).
Atayal language.
Seediq language: AKA Truku and Tarok.
East Formosan
Northern (Kavalanic languages).
Basay language: Trobiawa and Linaw–Qauqaut dialects.

Kavalan language.
Ketagalan language, or Ketangalan.
Central (Ami).
Amis proper.
Sakizaya.
Siraya language.
Bunun language (Formosan)
Rukai language (Formosan) Distribution of the Austronesian
languages, per Blust (1999).
Mantauran, Tona, and Maga dialects of Rukai are divergent.
Puyuma language (Formosan)
Paiwan language (southern tip of Formosa)
Malayo-Polynesian
Li (2008)
This classification retains Blust's East Formosan, and unites the
other northern languages. Li proposes a Proto-Formosan (F0)
ancestor and equates it with Proto-Austronesian (PAN),
following the model in Starosta (1995).[10][11] Rukai and Tsouic
are seen as highly divergent,[10] although the position of Rukai is
highly controversial.[12]
F0: Formosan = Austronesian

Rukai
Mantauran
Maga–Tona, Budai–Labuan–Taromak
F1
Central (Tsouic)
Tsou
Southern Tsouic
Saaroa
Kanakanabu Families of Formosan languages before
F2 Minnanese colonization, per Li (2008). The three
languages in green (Bunun, Puyuma, Paiwan)
Northern Formosan may form a Southern Formosan branch, but this
is uncertain.
Northwestern (Plains)
Saisiyat–Kulon–Pazeh
Western
Thao
West Coast (Papora–Hoanya–Babuza–Taokas)
Atayalic
Squliq Atayal
Ts'ole' Atayal (= C'uli')
Seediq
East Formosan
Kavalan–Basay
Siraya–Amis
? Southern [uncertain]
Bunun
Isbukun
Northern and Central (Takitudu and Takbanuaz)
Paiwan–Puyuma [uncertain]
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008)

This investigation keeps Li's Northern Formosan, but breaks up
Blust's East Formosan, and suggests Paiwan may be the closest to
Malayo-Polynesian. It also unites Tsouic and Rukai, the two most
divergent languages in Li.
Austronesian
Kavalanic
This is an obvious, low-level grouping
Basay (Trobiawan, Linaw–Qauqaut dialects)

Kavalan
Ketagalan
Northern Formosan
These groups are linked with an estimated 97% probability.
Thao (a.k.a. Sao. Brawbaw, Shtafari dialects)

Western Plains
Babuza (a.k.a. Favorlang. Taokas, Poavosa dialects) Families of Formosan languages before
Papora-Hoanya (Papora, Hoanya dialects) Minnanese colonization, per the Austronesian
Basic Vocabulary Database (Greenhill, Blust &
Saisiyat (Taai, Tungho dialects)
Gray 2008).
Pazeh (a.k.a. Kulun)
Atayalic
Atayal (Squliq, C’uli’)

Seediq (a.k.a. Truku, Taroko)
Ami
Another low-level grouping
Sakizaya
Amis
Bunun
Bunun
Tsou–Rukai
Tsou and Rukai are connected with moderate confidence, estimated at 85% probability.
Tsouic
Tsou
Saaroa
Kanakanabu
Rukai (Mantauran, Tona, and Maga dialects are divergent)
Siraya
Siraya (Taivoan, Makatao dialects)
Puyuma
Puyuma
Paiwanic
Malayo-Polynesian and Paiwan are linked with a low level of confidence (74%).
Paiwan (southern tip of Formosa)

Malayo-Polynesian
Ross (2009)
In 2009, Malcolm Ross proposed a new classification of the
Austronesian language family based on morphological evidence
from various Formosan languages.[13] He proposed that the
current reconstructions for Proto-Austronesian actually
correspond to an intermediate stage, which he terms "Proto-
Nuclear Austronesian". Notably, Ross' classification does not
support the unity of the Tsouic languages, instead considering
the Southern Tsouic languages of Kanakanavu and Saaroa to be a
separate branch. This supports Chang's (2006) claim that Tsouic
is not a valid group.[14]
Austronesian
Rukai
(Mantauran and Tona–Maga dialects are divergent)
Puyuma
Tsou
Families of Formosan languages before
Nuclear Austronesian Minnanese colonization, per Ross (2009).
Subdivisions not addressed, apart from Saaroa–
Kanakanabu being separate from Tsou.
Major languages
Comparison chart
Below is a chart comparing list of numbers of 1-10 and thirteen words in Austronesian languages; spoken in Taiwan, the
Philippines, the Mariana Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia, Chams or Champa (in Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam), East
Timor, Papua, New Zealand, Hawaii, Madagascar, Borneo and Tuvalu.
Comparison chart-numerals
Austronesian
List of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Numbers 1-10
Proto- *əsa
*duSa *təlu *Səpat *lima *ənəm *pitu
Austronesian *isa
Formosan
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
languages
Amis cecay tosa tolo spat lima enem pito
Atayal qutux sazing cyugal payat magal mtzyu mpitu
Paiwan ita drusa tjelu sepatj lima enem pitju
Bunun tasʔa dusa tau paat hima nuum pitu
Puyuma isa zuwa telu pat lima unem pitu
Rukai itha drusa tulru supate lrima eneme pitu
Tsou coni yuso tuyu sʉptʉ eimo nomʉ pitu
Saisiyat 'aeihae' roSa' to:lo' Sopat haseb SayboSi: SayboSi: 'aeihae'
Yami asa dora atlo apat lima anem pito
Thao taha tusha turu shpat tarima katuru pitu
Kavalan usiq uzusa utulu uspat ulima unem upitu
Truku kingal dha tru spat rima mataru empitu
Sakizaya cacay tosa tolo sepat lima enem pito
Seediq kingal daha teru sepac rima mmteru mpitu
Malayo-
Polynesian 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
languages
Proto-Malayo- *əsa
*duha *təlu *əpat *lima *ənəm *pitu
Polynesian *isa
Nuclear Malayo-
Polynesian 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(MP) languages
Sunda–Sulawesi
languages 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
sifar
Acehnese sa duwa lhee peuet limong nam tujoh
soh
Balinesea
besik
nul dua telu papat lime nenem pitu
siki
Banjar asa dua talu ampat lima anam pitu
Batak, Toba sada dua tolu opat lima onom pitu
Buginese ceddi dua tellu empa lima enneng pitu
디세 루아
Cia-Cia 똘루 빠아 을리마 노오 삐쭈
dise rua
tolu pa'a lima no'o picu
ise ghua
Cham sa dua klau pak lima nam tujuh
Indonesian kosong satu dua tiga[16][17] empat lima[18] enam tujuh

nol suatu[15]
Javanese
sunya
(Kawi)b[20] eka dwi tri catur panca sad sapta
Old sa
das rwa tĕlu pāt lima nĕm pitu
Javanese[21] (sa' / sak)
Javanese
nol setunggal kalih tiga sekawan gangsal enem pitu
(Krama)
Javanese
nol siji loro telu papat lima enem pitu
(Ngoko)[22]
Kelantan-
kosong so duwo tigo pak limo ne tujoh
Pattani
Madurese nol settong dhuwa' tello' empa' lema' ennem petto'
lobbang ◌
Makassarese
se're rua tallu appa' lima annang tuju
nolo'
kosong satu
Malaysian dua tiga[16] empat lima[23] enam tujuh
sifar suatu
Minangkabau[24] ciek duo tigo ampek limo anam tujuah
teloj
Moken cha:? thuwa:? pa:t lema:? nam luɟuːk
(təlɔy)
Sasak sekek due telo empat lime enam pituk
Sundanese
nol hiji dua tilu opat lima genep tujuh
Terengganu
kosong se duwe tige pak lime nang tujoh
Malay
Tetun nol ida rua tolu hat lima nen hitu
sa³³ *,
Tsat (HuiHui)c tʰua¹¹ kiə³³ pa²⁴ ma³³ naːn³² su⁵⁵
ta¹¹ **
There are two forms for numbers 'one' in Tsat (Hui Hui; Hainan Cham) :
^* The word sa³³ is used for serial counting.
^** The word ta¹¹ is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers.
Borneo–Philippine
languages 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ibbong
Ilocano maysa dua tallo uppat lima innem pito
awan
Ibanag awan tadday duwa tallu appa' lima annam pitu
Pangasinan sakey duwa talo apat lima anem pito
metung/
Kapampangan ala adua atlu apat lima anam pitu
isa'
Tagalog
walâ isá dalawá tatló apat limá anim pitó
Bikol wara sarô duwá tuló apat limá anom pitó
Aklanon uwa isaea daywa tatlo ap-at lima an-om pito

sambilog
Karay-a wara (i)sara darwa tatlo apat lima anəm pito
Onhan isya darwa tatlo upat lima an-om pito
Romblomanon isa duha tuyo upat lima onum pito
isad duwa
Masbatenyo tulo upat lima unom pito
usad duha
Hiligaynon wala isa duha tatlo apat lima anom pito
Cebuano wala usa duha tulo upat lima unom pito
Waray waray usa duha tulo upat lima unom pito

Tausug isa duwa tū upat lima unum pitu
Maranao isa dua telu pat lima nem pitu
Benuaq (Dayak
eray duaq toluu opaat limaq jawatn turu
Benuaq)
Lun Bawang/ na luk
aceh due telu apat lime enam tudu
Lundayeh dih
Dusun aiso iso duo tolu apat limo onom turu
isa
Malagasy aotra roa telo efatra dimy enina fito
iray
Sangirese
(Sangir- sembau darua tatelu epa lima eneng pitu
Minahasan)
Oceanic
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
languagesd
Fijian saiva dua rua tolu vaa lima ono vitu
Hawaiian 'ole 'e-kahi 'e-lua 'e-kolu 'e-hā 'e-lima 'e-ono 'e-hiku
Kiribati akea teuana uoua tenua aua nimaua onoua itua
Māori kore tahi rua toru whā rima ono whitu
Marshallese[25] o̧o juon ruo jilu emān ļalem jiljino jimjuon
Motue[26] ta rua toi hani ima tauratoi hitu
Niuean nakai taha ua tolu fa lima ono fitu

Rapanui tahi rua toru hā rima ono hitu
Rarotongan
kare ta'i rua toru 'ā rima ono 'itu
Māori
Rotuman ta rua folu hake lima ono hifu
Sāmoan o tasi lua tolu fa lima ono fitu
Sāmoan
o kasi lua kolu fa lima ogo fiku
(K-type)
hō'ē
Tahitian piti toru maha pae ōno hitu
tahi
Tongan noa taha ua tolu fa nima ono fitu
Trukese eet érúúw één fáán niim woon fúús

tahi
Tuvaluan lua tolu fa lima ono fitu
tasi
Comparison chart-thirteen words
English one two three four person house dog road

*balay,
Proto-Austronesian *əsa, *isa *duSa *təlu *əpat *Cau *asu *zalan
*Rumaq
Tetum ida rua tolu haat ema uma asu dalan
Amis cecay tosa tolo sepat tamdaw luma wacu lalan
Puyuma sa dua telu pat taw rumah soan dalan
Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso daan

Bikol sarô duwá tuló apat táwo harong áyam dálan
Rinconada Bikol əsad darwā tolō əpat tawō baləy ayam raran
ayam,
Waray usa duha tulo upat tawo balay dalan
ido
usa,
Cebuano duha tulo upat tawo balay iro dalan
isa
Hiligaynon isa duha tatlo apat tawo balay ido dalan
isaea,
Aklanon daywa tatlo ap-at tawo baeay ayam daean
sambilog
Kinaray-a (i)sara darwa tatlo apat tawo balay ayam dalan
Tausug hambuuk duwa tu upat tau bay iru' dan
Maranao isa dowa t'lo phat taw walay aso lalan
Kapampangan metung adwa atlu apat tau bale asu dalan
dua, talo, apat,
Pangasinan sakey too abong aso dalan
duara talora apatira
Ilokano maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay aso dalan
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito rarahan
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa' tolay balay kitu dalan
Yogad tata addu tallu appat tolay binalay atu daddam
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat tolay balay atu dallan
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat tau gunu ohu lan
Lun Bawang/
aceh dueh telu apat lemulun/lun rumah oko' dalan
Lundayeh
satu, rumah,
Malaysian/Indonesian dua tiga[27] empat orang anjing jalan
suatu balai
esa, rwa, tĕlu, pat,

Old Javanese wwang umah asu dalan
eka dwi tri catur[28]
uwong, omah,
siji, loro, tĕlu, papat, asu, dalan,
Javanese tiyang, griya,
setunggal kalih tiga[31] sekawan sĕgawon gili[31]
priyantun[31] dalem[31]
Sundanese hiji dua tilu opat urang imah anjing jalan
rumoh,
Acehnese sa duwa lhèë peuët ureuëng balè, asèë röt
seuëng
Minangkabau ciek duo tigo ampek urang rumah anjiang labuah,

jalan
Lampungese sai khua telu pak jelema lamban kaci ranlaya
Buginese se'di dua tellu eppa' tau bola asu laleng
uwang, gumah, anying,
Temuan satuk duak tigak empat jalan
eang umah koyok
Toba Batak sada dua tolu opat halak jabu biang dalan
ghumoh,
Kelantan-Pattani so duwo tigo pak oghe anjing jale
dumoh
håcha,
Chamorro hugua tulu fatfat taotao/tautau guma' ga'lågu[32] chålan
maisa
ta,
Motu rua toi hani tau ruma sisia dala
tamona
Māori tahi rua toru whā tangata whare kurī ara
ala,
Tuvaluan tasi lua tolu fá toko fale kuli
tuu
Hawaiian kahi lua kolu hā kanaka hale 'īlio ala
Banjarese asa duwa talu ampat urang rūmah hadupan heko
Malagasy isa roa telo efatra olona trano alika lalana
walai,
Dusun iso duo tolu apat tulun tasu ralan
lamin
Kadazan iso duvo tohu apat tuhun hamin tasu lahan
tolu, tulun, valai,

Rungus iso duvo apat tasu dalan
tolzu tulzun valzai
Sungai/Tambanuo ido duo tolu opat lobuw waloi asu ralan
satu, sa, orang, ukui,
Iban dua tiga empat rumah jalai
siti, sigi urang uduk
satu,
Sarawak Malay dua tiga empat orang rumah asuk jalan
sigek
ghumoh,
Terengganuan se duwe tige pak oghang anjing jalang
dumoh
Kanayatn sa dua talu ampat urakng rumah asu' jalatn
History
The protohistory of the Austronesian people can be traced farther back through time than can that of the Proto-
Austronesian language. From the standpoint of historical linguistics, the home (in linguistic terminology, Urheimat) of the
Austronesian languages is the main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa; on this island the deepest divisions in
Austronesian are found, among the families of the native Formosan languages. According to Robert Blust, the Formosan
languages form nine of the ten primary branches of the Austronesian language family (Blust 1999). Comrie (2001:28)
noted this when he wrote:
... the internal diversity among the... Formosan languages... is greater than that in all the rest of
Austronesian put together, so there is a major genetic split within Austronesian between Formosan and the
rest... Indeed, the genetic diversity within Formosan is so great that it may well consist of several primary
branches of the overall Austronesian family.
At least since Sapir (1968),

linguists have generally
accepted that the chronology of
the dispersal of languages
within a given language family
can be traced from the area of
greatest linguistic variety to
that of the least. For example,
English in North America has
large numbers of speakers, but
relatively low dialectal
diversity, while English in
Great Britain has much higher
diversity; such low linguistic
variety by Sapir's thesis
suggests a more recent origin
Austronesian languages expansion map. Periods are based on archeological
studies, though the association of the archeological record and linguistic of English in North America.
reconstructions is disputed. While some scholars suspect
that the number of principal
branches among the Formosan
languages may be somewhat less than Blust's estimate of nine (e.g. Li 2006), there is little contention among linguists with
this analysis and the resulting view of the origin and direction of the migration. For a recent dissenting analysis, see
(Peiros 2004). To get an idea of the original homeland of the Austronesian people, scholars can probe evidence from
archaeology and genetics. Studies from the science of genetics have produced conflicting outcomes. Some researchers find
evidence for a proto-Austronesian homeland on the Asian mainland (e.g., Melton et al. 1998), while others mirror the
linguistic research, rejecting an East Asian origin in favor of Taiwan (e.g., Trejaut et al. 2005). Archaeological evidence
(e.g., Bellwood 1997) is more consistent, suggesting that the ancestors of the Austronesians spread from the South Chinese
mainland to Taiwan at some time around 8,000 years ago. Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this
island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed
by the Austronesian languages (Diamond 2000). It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago (Blust
1999). However, evidence from historical linguistics cannot bridge the gap between those two periods. The view that
linguistic evidence connects Austronesian languages to the Sino-Tibetan ones, as proposed for example by Sagart (2002),
is a minority one. As Fox (2004:8) states:
Implied in... discussions of subgrouping [of Austronesian languages] is a broad consensus that the
homeland of the Austronesians was in Taiwan. This homeland area may have also included the P'eng-hu
(Pescadores) islands between Taiwan and China and possibly even sites on the coast of mainland China,
especially if one were to view the early Austronesians as a population of related dialect communities living in
scattered coastal settlements.
Linguistic analysis of the Proto-Austronesian language stops at the western shores of Taiwan; any related mainland
language(s) have not survived. The only exceptions, the Chamic languages, derive from more recent migration to the
mainland (Thurgood 1999:225).
Hypothesized relations
Genealogical links have been proposed between Austronesian and various families of East and Southeast Asia.
Austric
A link with the Austroasiatic languages in an 'Austric' phylum is based mostly on typological evidence. However, there is
also morphological evidence of a connection between the conservative Nicobarese languages and Austronesian languages
of the Philippines. Paul K. Benedict extended the Austric proposal to include the Tai–Kadai and Hmong–Mien families,
but this has not been followed by other linguists.
Austro-Tai
A competing Austro-Tai proposal linking Austronesian and Tai–Kadai is supported by Weera Ostapirat, Roger Blench,
and Laurent Sagart, and is based on the traditional comparative method. Ostapirat (2005) proposes a series of regular
correspondences linking the two families and assumes a primary split, with Tai–Kadai speakers being the Austronesians
who stayed behind in their Chinese homeland. Blench (2004) suggests that, if the connection is valid, the relationship is
unlikely to be one of two sister families. Rather, he suggests that proto-Tai–Kadai speakers were Austronesians who
migrated to Hainan Island and back to the mainland from the northern Philippines, and that their distinctiveness results
from radical restructuring following contact with Hmong–Mien and Sinitic.
Sino-Austronesian
French linguist and Sinologist Laurent Sagart considers the Austronesian languages to be related to the Sino-Tibetan
languages, and also groups the Tai–Kadai languages as more closely related to the Malayo-Polynesian languages.[34] He
also groups the Austronesian languages in a recursive-like fashion, placing Tai–Kadai as a sister branch of Malayo-
Polynesian. His methodology has been found to be spurious by his peers.
Japanese
Several linguists have proposed that Japanese may be a relative of the Austronesian family.[35] Some linguists think it is
more plausible that Japanese might have instead been influenced by Austronesian languages, perhaps by an Austronesian
substratum. Those who propose this scenario suggest that the Austronesian family once covered the islands to the north as
well as to the south. Alexander Vovin calls his reconstruction of Proto-Japanese suggestive of a Southeast Asian origin of
the Japonic languages.[36] Several Japanese linguists classify Japanese as "Para-Austronesian".
Ongan
It has recently been proposed that the Austronesian and the Ongan protolanguage are the descendants of an
Austronesian–Ongan protolanguage (Blevins 2007).[37]
Writing systems
Most Austronesian languages have Latin-based writing systems today. Some non-
Latin-based writing systems are listed below.
Brahmi script
Kawi script
Balinese alphabet - used to write Balinese and Sasak.

Batak alphabet - used to write several Batak languages.
Baybayin - used to write Tagalog and several Philippine languages.
Bima alphabet - once used to write the Bima language. Sign in Balinese and Latin script
Buhid alphabet - used to write Buhid language. at a Hindu temple in Bali
Hanunó'o alphabet - used to write Hanuno'o language.
Javanese alphabet - used to write the Javanese language and several
neighbouring languages like Madurese.
Kerinci alphabet (Kaganga) - used to write the Kerinci language.
Kulitan alphabet - used to write the Kapampangan language.
Lampung alphabet - used to write Lampung and Komering.
Lontara alphabet - used to write the Buginese, Makassarese and
several languages of Sulawesi. Manuscript from early 1800s
Sundanese alphabet - used to write the Sundanese language. using Batak alphabet
Rejang alphabet - used to write the Rejang language.
Rencong alphabet - once used to write the Malay language.
Tagbanwa alphabet - once used to write various Palawan languages.
Lota alphabet - used to write the Ende-Li'o language.
Cham alphabet - used to write Cham language.
Arabic script
Pegon alphabet - used to write Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese as well as several smaller neighbouring
languages.
Jawi alphabet - used to write Malay, Acehnese, Banjar, Minangkabau, Tausug, Western Cham and others.
Sorabe alphabet - once used to write several dialects of Malagasy language.
Hangul - once used to write the Cia-Cia language but the project is no longer active.
Dunging - used to write the Iban language but it was not widely used.
Avoiuli - used to write the Raga language.
Eskayan - used to write the Eskayan language, a secret language based on Boholano.
Woleai script (Caroline Island script) - used to write the Carolinian language (Refaluwasch).
Rongorongo - possibly used to write the Rapa Nui language.
Braille - used in Filipino, Malaysian, Indonesian, Tolai, Motu, Māori, Samoan, Malagasy, and many other Austronesian
languages.
See also
Ainu languages
Austric languages
Austronesia
Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association
Austronesian peoples
Austro-Tai
Hmong-Mien
Indonesian language and Malaysian language
Japanese language
List of Austronesian languages
List of Austronesian regions
Margaret Florey
Tai-Kadai
Notes
1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Austronesian" (http://glottolog.org/resource/l
anguoid/id/aust1307). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. "Austronesian Languages" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Austronesian-languages). Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved 26 October 2016.
3. Blust, Robert (2016). History of the Austronesian Languages. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
4. Asya Pereltsvaig (2018). Languages of the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-62196-7.
5. Dempwolff, Otto (1934-37). Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes. (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für
Eingeborenen-Sprachen 15;17;19). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. (3 vols.)
6. John Simpson; Edmund Weiner, eds. (1989). Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2) (Dictionary). Oxford
University Press. p. 22000..
7. Adelaar, K. Alexander and Nikolaus Limmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. P.6-7
8. Croft, William. 2012 Verbs: Aspect and Causal Structure. P.261
9. "The Tipuns... are certainly descended from emigrants, and I have not the least doubt but that the Amias are of similar
origin; only of later date, and most probably from the Mejaco Simas [that is, Miyako-jima], a group of islands lying 110
miles to the North-east.... By all accounts the old Pilam savages, who merged into the Tipuns, were the first settlers
on the plain; then came the Tipuns, and a long time afterwards the Amias. The Tipuns, for some time, acknowledged
the Pilam Chief as supreme, but soon absorbed both the chieftainship and the people, in fact the only trace left of
them now, is a few words peculiar to the Pilam village, one of which, makan (to eat), is pure Malay. The Amias
submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of the Tipuns."
10. Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2008. "Time perspective of Formosan Aborigines." In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia ed. Past human
migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics. Taylor & Francis US.
11. Starosta, S. 1995. "A grammatical subgrouping of Formosan languages." In P. Li, Cheng-hwa Tsang, Ying-kuei
Huang, Dah-an Ho, and Chiu-yu Tseng eds. Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan, pp. 683–726, Taipei: Institute of
History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
12. "The position of Rukai is the most controversial: Tsuchida... treats it as more closely related to Tsouic languages,
based on lexicostatistic evidence, while Ho... believes it to be one of the Paiwanic languages, i.e. part of my Southern
group, as based on a comparison of fourteen grammatical features. In fact, Japanese anthropologists did not
distinguish between Rukai, Paiwan and Puyuma in the early stage of their studies" (Li 2008: 216).
13. Ross, Malcolm. 2009. "Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: A reappraisal." In Alexander Adelaar and Andrew
Pawley (eds.). Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert Blust. Canberra: Pacific
Linguistics.
14. Chang, Henry Yungli. 2006. "Rethinking the Tsouic Subgroup Hypothesis: A Morphosyntactic Perspective." In Chang,
H., Huang, L. M., Ho, D. (eds.). Streams converging into an ocean: Festschrift in honor of Professor Paul Jen-Kuei Li
on his 70th birthday. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
15. The Sanskrit loanword "Ekasila" : "Eka" means 1, "Sila" means "pillar", "principle" appeared in Sukarno's speech
16. In Kedukan Bukit inscription the numeral tlu ratus appears as three hundred, tlu as three, in
http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ the word telu is referred to as three in Malay, although the use of telu is very rare.
17. The Sanskrit loanword "Trisila" : "Tri" means 3, "Sila" means "pillar", "principle" appeared in Sukarno's speech
18. The Sanskrit loanword: Pancasila is the 5 principles of sukarno explained here: Pancasila (politics), "Panca" means 5,
"Sila" means "pillar", "principle".
19. Lapan is a known shortage of Delapan.
20. Siman Widyatmanta, Adiparwa. Vol. I dan II. Cetakan Ketiga. Yogyakarta: U.P. "Spring", 1968.
21. Zoetmulder, P.J., Kamus Jawa Kuno-Indonesia. Vol. I-II. Terjemahan Darusuprapto-Sumarti Suprayitno. Jakarta: PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1995.
22. [1] (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm) Javanese alphabet, pronunciation, and language (Aksara Jawa),
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm
23. The Sanskrit loanword: "Panca" means 5, in the name of Siti Nurhaliza songs disc, "Pancawarna" which means: "5
colors".
24. [2] (http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-minangkabau/en/min/)
25. Cook, Richard (1992). Peace Corps Marshall Islands: Marshallese Language Training Manual (http://linguistics.berkel
ey.edu/~rscook/pdf/PCMLT-JejeinM.pdf) (PDF), pg. 22. Accessed August 27, 2007
26. Percy Chatterton, (1975). Say It In Motu: An instant introduction to the common language of Papua (http://www.exkia
p.net/other/tok_pisin/Say_It_In_Motu.pdf). Pacific Publications. ISBN 978-0-85807-025-7
27. In Kedukan Bukit inscription appears the numeral Tlu ratus as Three hundred, Tlu as Three, in
http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ the word Telu is referred as Three in Malay and Indonesian Language although the use
of Telu is very rare.
28. s.v. kawan, Old Javanese-English Dictionary, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
29. s.v. hañar, Old Javanese-English Dictionary, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
30. s.v. kami, this could mean both first person singular and plural, Old Javanese-English Dictionary, P.J. Zoetmulder and
Stuart Robson, 1982
31. Javanese English Dictionary, Stuart Robson and Singgih Wibisono, 2002
32. From Spanish "galgo"
33. From Spanish "nuevo"
34. van Driem, George. 2005. Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman
as default theory. Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics, pp. 285–338. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20110726012439/http://www.eastling.org/paper/Driem.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.eastlin
g.org/paper/Driem.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-10-29. (see page 304)
35. Benedict (1990), Lewin (1976), Matsumoto (1975), Miller (1967), Murayama (1976), Shibatani (1990).
36. Vovin, Alexander. "Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system" (https://www.academia.edu/19253123/Proto-Japanese
_beyond_the_accent_system). Current Issues in Linguistic Theory.
37. Blevins, Juliette (2007), "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the
Andaman Islands" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110111172242/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~blevins/pdf/webpub2007a.
pdf) (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 46 (1): 154–198, doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0015
(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2007.0015), archived from the original (http://email.eva.mpg.de/~blevins/pdf/webpub20
07a.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-01-11
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Further reading
Bengtson, John D., The "Greater Austric" Hypothesis (http://jdbengt.net/articles/Austric.pdf), Association for the Study
of Language in Prehistory.
Blust, R. A. (1983). Lexical reconstruction and semantic reconstruction: the case of the Austronesian "house" words.
Hawaii: R. Blust.
Cohen, E. M. K. (1999). Fundaments of Austronesian roots and etymology. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-
85883-436-7
Marion, P., Liste Swadesh élargie de onze langues austronésiennes, éd. Carré de sucre, 2009
Pawley, A., & Ross, M. (1994). Austronesian terminologies: continuity and change. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of
Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-424-3
Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench, and Alicia Sanchez-Nazas (Eds.) (2004). The peopling of East Asia: Putting Together
Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-32242-1.
Tryon, D. T., & Tsuchida, S. (1995). Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies.
Trends in linguistics, 10. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3110127296
Wittmann, Henri (1972). "Le caractère génétiquement composite des changements phonétiques du malgache."
Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1972a-malgache.pdf)
7.807-10. La Haye: Mouton.
Wolff, John U., "Comparative Austronesian Dictionary. An Introduction to Austronesian Studies", Language, vol. 73,
no. 1, pp. 145–56, Mar 1997, ISSN 0097-8507
External links
Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (http://www.trussel2.com/acd/)
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database – ABVD (http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/) (contains over
650 Austronesian Languages)
Swadesh lists of Austronesian basic vocabulary words (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Aust
ronesian_languages) (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix
(http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists))
Summer Institute of Linguistics site showing languages (Austronesian and Papuan) of Papua New Guinea. (http://ww
w.sil.org/pacific/png)
Austronesian Language Resources (http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rustyb/112/austronesian.htm) (defunct?
moved?) (Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20041122214717/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rustyb/112/austro
nesian.htm) November 22, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.)
Spreadsheet of 1600+ Austronesian and Papuan number names and systems – ongoing study to determine their
relationships and distribution (http://coconutstudio.com/Austro%20Nos%20Mar2008%2011-3.xls)
Languages of the World: The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family (http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/j
une/austronesianLanguageFamily.html)
Introduction to Austronesian Languages and Culture (video) (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family (https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=mYSr2k4buqU) on YouTube
南島語族分布圖 (http://www.pro-classic.com/ethnicgv/maps/map_index.htm)
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1/16/2018 Austronesian languages - Wikipedia

The first group includes, besides the languages of the

Babuza language: Taokas, Poavosa dialects; old

Basay language: Trobiawa and Linaw–Qauqaut dialects.

F0: Formosan = Austronesian

Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008)

Basay (Trobiawan, Linaw–Qauqaut dialects)

Thao (a.k.a. Sao. Brawbaw, Shtafari dialects)

Atayal (Squliq, C’uli’)

Paiwan (southern tip of Formosa)

Indonesian kosong satu dua tiga[16][17] empat lima[18] enam tujuh

Minangkabau[24] ciek duo tigo ampek limo anam tujuah

Sasak sekek due telo empat lime enam pituk

Aklanon uwa isaea daywa tatlo ap-at lima an-om pito

Cebuano wala usa duha tulo upat lima unom pito

Waray waray usa duha tulo upat lima unom pito

Māori kore tahi rua toru whā rima ono whitu

Marshallese[25] o̧o juon ruo jilu emān ļalem jiljino jimjuon

Motue[26] ta rua toi hani ima tauratoi hitu

Niuean nakai taha ua tolu fa lima ono fitu

Tongan noa taha ua tolu fa nima ono fitu

Trukese eet érúúw één fáán niim woon fúús

Comparison chart-thirteen words

English one two three four person house dog road

Puyuma sa dua telu pat taw rumah soan dalan

Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso daan

esa, rwa, tĕlu, pat,

Sundanese hiji dua tilu opat urang imah anjing jalan

Minangkabau ciek duo tigo ampek urang rumah anjiang labuah,

Māori tahi rua toru whā tangata whare kurī ara

Kadazan iso duvo tohu apat tuhun hamin tasu lahan

tolu, tulun, valai,

Kanayatn sa dua talu ampat urakng rumah asu' jalatn

At least since Sapir (1968),

Balinese alphabet - used to write Balinese and Sasak.

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This page was last edited on 14 January 2018, at 05:21.

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