OFFICE ROBOT

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the University of Kerala in partial fulfilment of the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electronics

By

ANJALI S PILLAI
(Reg. No .34012806003)
BINSY SALEENA
(Reg. No .34012806007)
SHAMINI PRAKASH
(Reg. No .34012806026)

Under the supervision of Ms. Sruthi S S (internal guide) &Mr.Ratheesh B R (External guide)

Under taken at

RADIANZ TECHNOLOGIES
TRIVANDRUM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

MAR THOMA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to the University of Kerala)
Chadayamangalam. P.O, Ayur, Kollam (Dist), Kerala – 691534

2014
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to thank The Almighty, for the love and blessings showered upon us
for everything especially, things beyond our comprehension.

We are grateful to our Principal Dr. K.C Mathew for providing all the facilities for the
fulfilment of our project.

We are obliged to Mrs. TintuT.Kuriakose, Head of the Department of Electronics for the
help she had rendered us.

We place on record our sincere thanks to our internal guide Ms. Sruthi S S, Asst Prof. in
Electronics for her timely criticism and apt pieces of advice without which we would not have
completed our project report.

We express our deep gratitude to Mr. Ratheesh B R(Lecturer Radianz Technologies) our
external guide for his sincere guidance and moral support given to us throughout this project.

Finally, we offer my whole hearted thanks to all the members on the Staff of Electronics
Department and my friends for their timely help.

Thank you.
 ABSTARCT

Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer

science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as
computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. Material
handling is the essence of industrial robotics with most robotic applications falling within this
category. End-users deploy robots to improve throughput, quality, flexibility and consistency.
Robots are now being used for different application as per the requirements. One such
application is considered in this project.

In this project we are designing a robot to be used in offices for handling files and other
records. The robot is designed with wireless communication, a robotic arm for handling files, a
location identification system, voice recognition module etc.

The officer can call the robot using a wireless connectivity. The robot identifies the call
and moves to the corresponding table. The users can now handover the file to the Robotic Arm.
Then he should provide a voice command regarding the destination of the file. The robot then
moves to the location and keeps the file there on the shelf.

The robot moves through a predefined path using a line follower method. An RFID
reader and Tags are used to identify the tables or shelf.
The robot is not designed to keep the file on the table in the destination.
INTRODUCTION

For many people it is a machine that imitates a human like the androids in
Star Wars, Terminator and Star Trek: The Next Generation. However much these robots capture
our imagination, such robots still only inhabit Science Fiction. People still haven't been able to
give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. However, Rodney
Brooks and his team at MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab are working on creating such humanoid
robots.

The type of robots that you will encounter most frequently are robots that do work
that is too dangerous, boring, onerous, or just plain nasty. Most of the robots in the world are of
this type. They can be found in auto, medical, manufacturing and space industries. In fact, there
are over a million of these type of robots working for us today.

Some robots like the Mars Rover Sojourner and the upcoming Mars Exploration
Rover, or the underwater robot Caribou help us learn about places that are too dangerous for us
to go. While other types of robots are just plain fun for kids of all ages. Popular toys such as
Teckno, Polly or AIBO ERS-220 seem to hit the store shelves every year around Christmas time.

And as much fun as robots are to play with, robots are even much more fun to
build. In Being Digital, Nicholas Negroponte tells a wonderful story about an eight year old,
pressed during a televised premier of MITMedia Lab's LEGO/Logo work at Hennigan School. A
zealous anchor, looking for a cute sound bite, kept asking the child if he was having fun playing
with LEGO/Logo. Clearly exasperated, but not wishing to offend, the child first tried to put her
off. After her third attempt to get him to talk about fun, the child, sweating under the hot
television lights, plaintively looked into the camera and answered, "Yes it is fun, but it's hard
fun."

As strange as it might seem, there really is no standard definition for a

robot. However, there are some essential characteristics that a robot must have and this might
help you to decide what is and what is not a robot. It will also help you to decide what features
you will need to build into a machine before it can count as a robot.
 Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and
application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback,
and information processing.Material handling is the essence of industrial robotics with
most robotic applications falling within this category. End-users deploy robots to improve
throughput, quality, flexibility and consistency. Robots are now being used for different
application as per the requirements. One such application is considered in this project.

In this project we are designing a robot to be used in offices for handling

files and other records. The robot is designed with wireless communication, a robotic arm for
handling files, a location identification system, voice recognition module etc.

The officer can call the robot using a wireless connectivity. The robot
identifies the call and moves to the corresponding table. The users can now handover the file to
the Robotic Arm. Then he should provide a voice command regarding the destination of the file.
The robot then moves to the location and keeps the file there on the shelf.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Although the science of robotics only came about in the 20th century,
the history of human-invented automation has a much lengthier past. In fact, the ancient Greek
engineer Hero of Alexandria, produced two texts, Pneumatica and Automata, that testify to the
existence of hundreds of different kinds of “wonder” machines capable of automated movement.
Of course, robotics in the 20th and 21st centuries has advanced radically to include machines
capable of assembling other machines and even robots that can be mistaken for human beings.

The word robotics was inadvertently coined by science fiction author

Isaac Asimov in his 1941 story “Liar!” Science fiction authors throughout history have been
interested in man’s capability of producing self-motivating machines and lifeforms, from the
ancient Greek myth of Pygmalion to Mary Shelley’s Dr. Frankenstein and Arthur C. Clarke’s
HAL 9000. Essentially, a robot is a re-programmable machine that is capable of movement in the
completion of a task. Robots use special coding that differentiates them from other machines and
machine tools, such as CNC. Robots have found uses in wide variety of industries due to their
robust resistance capabilities and precision function.
Historical Robotics

Many sources attest to the popularity of automatons in ancient and Medieval

times. Ancient Greeks and Romans developed simple automatons for use as tools, toys, and as
part of religious ceremonies. Predating modern robots in industry, the Greek God Hephaestus
was supposed to have built automatons to work for him in a workshop. Unfortunately, none of
the early automatons are extant.

In the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East, automatons were
popular as part of clocks and religious worship. The Arab polymath Al-Jazari (1136-1206) left
texts describing and illustrating his various mechanical devices, including a large elephant clock
that moved and sounded at the hour, a musical robot band and a waitress automaton that served
drinks. In Europe, there is an automaton monk extant that kisses the cross in its hands. Many
other automata were created that showed moving animals and humanoid figures that operated on
simple cam systems, but in the 18th century, automata were understood well enough and
technology advanced to the point where much more complex pieces could be made. French
engineer Jacques de Vaucanson is credited with creating the first successful biomechanical
automaton, a human figure that plays a flute. Automata were so popular that they traveled
Europe entertaining heads of state such as Frederick the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.
Victorian Robots

The Industrial Revolution and the increased focus on mathematics, engineering

and science in England in the Victorian age added to the momentum towards actual robotics.
Charles Babbage (1791-1871) worked to develop the foundations of computer science in the
early-to-mid nineteenth century, his most successful projects being the difference engine and the
analytical engine. Although never completed due to lack of funds, these two machines laid out
the basics for mechanical calculations. Others such as Ada Lovelace recognized the future
possibility of computers creating images or playing music.

Automata continued to provide entertainment during the 19th century, but

coterminous with this period was the development of steam-powered machines and engines that
helped to make manufacturing much more efficient and quick. Factories began to employ
machines to either increase work loads or precision in the production of many products.

The Twentieth Century to Today

In 1920, Karel Capek published his play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots),
which introduced the word “robot.” It was taken from an old Slavic word that meant something
akin to “monotonous or forced labor.” However, it was thirty years before the first industrial
robot went to work. In the 1950s, George Devol designed the Unimate, a robotic arm device that
transported die castings in a General Motors plant in New Jersey, which started work in 1961.
Unimation, the company Devol founded with robotic entrepreneur Joseph Engelberger, was the
first robot manufacturing company. The robot was originally seen as a curiosity, to the extent
that it even appeared on The Tonight Show in 1966. Soon, robotics began to develop into another
tool in the industrial manufacturing arsenal.
 Robotics became a burgeoning science and more money was invested. Robots spread to
Japan, South Korea and many parts of Europe over the last half century, to the extent that
projections for the 2011 population of industrial robots are around 1.2 million. Additionally,
robots have found a place in other spheres, as toys and entertainment, military weapons, search
and rescue assistants, and many other jobs. Essentially, as programming and technology
improve, robots find their way into many jobs that in the past have been too dangerous, dull or
impossible for humans to achieve. Indeed, robots are being launched into space to complete the
next stages of extraterrestrial and extrasolar research.

1970s

The Freddy II Robot, built in 1973-6.

Artificial intelligence critic Hubert Dreyfuss published his influential book What
Computers Cannot Do in 1972. Freddy and Freddy II, both built in the United Kingdom, were
robots capable of assembling wooden blocks in a period of several hours.[43] German based
companyKUKA built the world's first industrial robot with six electromechanically driven axes,
known as FAMULUS.

In 1974, David Silver designed The Silver Arm; the Silver Arm was capable of fine movements
replicating human hands. Feedback was provided by touch and pressuresensors and analyzed by
a computer. Marvin Minsk published his landmark paper "A Framework for Representing
Knowledge" on artificial intelligence.

Joseph Weizenbaum (creator of ELIZA, a program capable of simulating

a Rogueries psychotherapist) published Computer Power and Human Reason, presenting an
argument against the creation of artificial intelligence. The SCARA, Selective Compliance
Assembly Robot Arm, was created in 1978 as an efficient, 4-axis robotic arm. Best used for
picking up parts and placing them in another location, the SCARA was introduced to assembly
lines in 1981. XCON, an expert system designed to customize orders for industrial use, was
released in 1979.] The Stanford Cart successfully crossed a room full of chairs in 1979. The
Stanford Cart relied primarily on stereo vision to navigate and determine distances. The Robotics
Institute at Carnegie Mellon University was founded in 1979 by Raj Reddy.

1980s

KUKA IR 160/60 Robots from 1983

Takeo Kanade created the first "direct drive arm" in 1981. The first of its kind, the arm's
motors were contained within the robot itself, eliminating long transmissions.[50] Cyc, a project to
create a database of common sense for artificial intelligence, was started in 1984 by Douglas
Leant. The program attempts to deal with ambiguity in language, and is still underway.[51] The
first program to publish a book, the expert system Racter, programmed by William Chamberlain
and Thomas Etter, wrote the book "The Policeman's Beard is Half-Constructed" in 1983. It is
now thought that a system of complex templates were used.

In 1984 Wabot-2 was revealed; capable of playing the organ, Wabot-2 had 10 fingers and two
feet. Wabot-2 was able to read a score of music and accompany a person. Chess playing
programs HiTech and Deep Thought defeated chess masters in 1989. Both were developed by
Carnegie Mellon University; Deep Thought development paved the way for the Deep Blue.

In 1986, Honda began its humanoid research and development program to create robots capable
of interacting successfully with humans. A hexapodal robot named Genghis was revealed by
MIT in 1989. Genghis was famous for being made quickly and cheaply due to construction
methods; Genghis used 4 microprocessors, 22 sensors, and 12 servo motors. Rodney Brooks and
Anita M. Flynn published "Fast, Cheap, and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of The Solar
System". The paper advocated creating smaller cheaper robots in greater numbers to increase
production time and decrease the difficulty of launching robots into space.

1990s

The biomimetic robot RoboTuna was built by doctoral student David Barrett at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1996 to study how fish swim in water. RoboTuna is
designed to swim and resemble a blue fin tuna. Invented by Dr. John Adler, in 1994, the Cyber
knife (a stereotactic radiosurgery performing robot) offered an alternative treatment of tumors
with a comparable accuracy to surgery performed by human doctors.
 IBM's Deep Blue computer, defeated World Chess Champion Garry in 1997.

Honda's P2 humanoid robot was first shown in 1996. Standing for "Prototype Model 2", P2 was
an integral part of Honda's humanoid development project; over 6 feet tall, P2 was smaller than
its predecessors and appeared to be more human-like in its motions. Expected to only operate for
seven days, the Sojourner rover finally shuts down after 83 days of operation in 1997. This small
robot (only weighing 23 lbs) performed semi-autonomous operations on the surface of Mars as
part of the Mars Pathfinder mission; equipped with an obstacle avoidance program, Sojourner
was capable of planning and navigating routes to study the surface of the planet. Sojourner's
ability to navigate with little data about its environment and nearby surroundings allowed the
robot to react to unplanned events and objects. Also in 1997, IBM's chess playing program Deep
Blue beat the then current World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov playing at the "Grandmaster"
level. The super computer was a specialized version of a framework produced by IBM, and was
capable of processing twice as many moves per second as it had during the first match (which
Deep Blue had lost), reportedly 200,000,000 moves per second. The event was broadcast live
over the internet and received over 74 million hits.

The P3 humanoid robot was revealed by Honda in 1998 as a part of the company's continuing
humanoid project. In 1999, Sony introduced the AIBO, a robotic dog capable of interacting with
humans, the first models released in Japan sold out in 20 minutes. Honda revealed the most
advanced result of their humanoid project in 2000, named ASIMO. ASIMO is capable of
running, walking, communication with humans, facial and environmental recognition, voice and
posture recognition, and interacting with its environment. Sony also revealed its Sony Dream
Robots, small humanoid robots in development for entertainment. In October 2000, the United
Nations estimated that there were 742,500 industrial robots in the world, with more than half of
the robots being used in Japan.

2001

Roomba vacuum cleaner docked in base station.

In April 2001, the Canadarm2 was launched an orbit and attached to the International
Space Station. The Canadarm2 is a larger, more capable version of the arm used by the Space
Shuttle and is hailed as being "smarter." Also in April, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Global
Hawk made the first autonomous non-stop flight over the Pacific Ocean from Edwards Air Force
Base in California to RAAF Base Edinburghin Southern Australia. The flight was made in 22
hours. The popular Roomba, a robotic vacuum cleaner, was first released in 2002 by the
company iRobot.

In 2004, Cornell University revealed a robot capable of self-replication; a set of cubes capable of
attaching and detaching, the first robot capable of building copies of itself. On 3 and 24 January
the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity land on the surface of Mars. Launched in 2003, the two
robots will drive many times the distance originally expected, and Opportunity is still operating
as of mid 2012.

Self-driving cars had made their appearance by the middle of the first decade of the 21st century,
but there was room for improvement. All 15 teams competing in the 2004 DARPA Grand
Challenge failed to complete the course, with no robot successfully navigating more than five
percent of the 150 mile off road course, leaving the $1 million prize unclaimed. In 2005, Honda
revealed a new version of its ASIMO robot, updated with new behaviors and capabilities. In
2006, Cornell University revealed its "Starfish" robot, a 4-legged robot capable of self modeling
and learning to walk after having been damaged. In 2007, TOMY launched the entertainment
robot, i-sobot, which is a humanoid bipedal robot that can walk like a human beings and
performs kicks and punches and also some entertaining tricks and special actions under "Special
Action Mode".

Robonaut 2, the latest generation of the astronaut helpers, launched to the space station
aboard Space Shuttle Discovery on the STS-133 mission. It is the first humanoid robot in space,
and although its primary job for now is teaching engineers how dexterous robots behave in
space, the hope is that through upgrades and advancements, it could one day venture outside the
station to help spacewalkers make repairs or additions to the station or perform scientific work.

Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or
with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too
dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing,
assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory
research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
When you receive your equipment, you'll notice something else - every
piece is uniquely designed, uniquely crafted. Eagle is one of the few equipment manufacturers to
employ Pro/ENGINEERING. solid modeling software. Utilizing parametric principles, this
Eagleup
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multiple payment terms.
principles, this software enables Eagle to speed up the design process and incorporate the highest
degree of quality control into both design and production. You'll see the advantage in innovative
design and flawless construction that stands the test of time. But you'll also get the advantage of
We'll discover the Eagle Advantage can save you up to 12% or
quicker turnaround and the lower costs associated with greater efficiency. (If you have any
more in administrative, freight, receiving and installation costs. That's 12% or more that flows
doubt, you should know Eagle has more NSF approvals than any other equipment manufacturer
directly to the bottom line!
in the field.)

Broadline Manufacturing Isn't the Only Eagle Advantage

The first thing you'll notice when you order from Eagle "even before you
receive your order• is how easy it is to get first-class customer service. You'll receive real-time
access to the status of your order and instant order entry and processing - for inventories,
manufacturing schedule, shipping status, and delivery date. The same goes for a history of your
purchases or any other information you might wish to know. And whenever you have a question,
there's a real person to answer, either out in the field or right here in the plant.
 When you receive your equipment, you'll notice something else - every
piece is uniquely designed, uniquely crafted. Eagle is one of the few equipment manufacturers to
employ Pro/ENGINEERING. solid modeling software. Utilizing parametric principles, this
software enables Eagle to speed up the design process and incorporate the highest degree of
quality control into both design and production. You'll see the advantage in innovative design
and flawless construction that stands the test of time. But you'll also get the advantage of quicker
turnaround and the lower costs associated with greater efficiency. (If you have any doubt, you
should know Eagle has more NSF approvals than any other equipment manufacturer in the field.)

The efficiencies Eagle achieves in manufacturing adds up to yet

another advantage, not just for you, but for everyone. It's reflected in our ECO-Built label, which
signifies Eagle's ongoing commitment to consume less, emit less, and conserve more. It's a
commitment that has already accounted for significant improvements.
 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DETAILS
Over view and design tools
For the designing and development of the project we use different types of
software’s.
3.1 Cad soft- EAGLE

FIG :1 Eagle software window

EAGLE (Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor) is a proprietary ECAD program
produced by Cad Soft in Germany (American marketing division: Cad Soft USA). It is very
commonly used by private electronics enthusiasts, because there is a free limited version for non-
profit use and it is available in English and German. Cad Soft has released versions for Microsoft
Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X
 FIG :2 circuit diagram integrated on board format
EAGLE contains a schematic editor, for designing circuit diagrams and a PCB layout
editor, which allows back annotation to the schematic.
EAGLE includes a basic but functional auto router, or alternatively manual routing can
be performed. PCBs designed in EAGLE are accepted by a large amount of PCB fabrication
houses without the need to export. EAGLE is very popular with hobbyists because both a basic
free edition (with a lower feature set) and a low cost non-profit edition are available.
Schematic capture or schematic entry is a step in the design cycle of electronic design
automation (EDA) at which the electronic diagram, or electronic schematic of the designed
electronic circuit is created by a designer. This is done interactively with the help of a schematic
capture tool also known as schematic editor.
The circuit design is the very first step of actual design of an electronic circuit. Typically
sketches are drawn on paper, and then entered into a computer using a schematic editor.
Therefore schematic entry is said to be a front-end operation of several others in the design flow.
 Despite the complexity of modern components – huge ball grid arrays and tiny passive
components – schematic capture is easier today than it has been for many years. CAD software is
easier to use and is available in full-featured expensive packages, very capable mid-range
packages that sometimes have free versions and completely free versions that are either open
source or directly linked to a printed circuit board fabrication company.
In past years, schematic diagrams with largely discrete components were fairly readable
however with the newer high pin-count parts and with the almost universal use of standard letter-
sized paper, schematics have become less so. Many times, there will be a single large part on a
page with nothing but pin reference keys to connect it to other pages.
Readability levels can be enhanced by using buses and super buses, related pins can be
connected into a common bus and routed to other pages. Buses don't need to be just the
traditional address or data bus directly linked pins. A bus grouping can also be used for related
uses, such as all analog input or all communications related pin functions.

3.2 .List of open-source hardware

Many people confuse hardware specifically created to run open-source software with
open-source hardware. The guidelines for open-source hardware require that the full design,
including PCB Layout, is open sourced. The lack of PCB Layout is a common reason why
boards such as the Raspberry Pi are not actually open-source hardware.
The following is the list of open-source hardware projects for computer systems
 Arduino, an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple I/O board and a
development environment that implements the open source Processing / Wiring language.
Also clones of this platform including Freeduino.
Beagle Board – a single-board computer based on low-power Texas Instruments
processors, using the ARM Cortex-A8 core, running Angstrom Linux

 Bug Labs – a handheld prototyping system based on the Texas Instruments OMAP3530
processor with ARM Cortex-A8 (600 MHz)Angstrom Linux.
 Ethernut – open-source electronics prototyping platform for building tiny Embedded Ethernet
Devices.
 Milkymist One – Single-board computer implementing all the core logic with open
source Verilog HDL design files, which is confidential and proprietary in most other open-
source hardware computers. It is an interactive VJ station featuring the open-source
MilkymistSoC as CPU.
 Minimig – a re-implementation of an Amiga 500 using a field-programmable gate
array (FPGA).
 OLinuXino is an open-hardware single-board computer running Android (operating
system) and Linux designed by OLIMEX Ltd in Bulgaria.
 OLPC - One Laptop Per Child XO-XS
 PLAICE – The PLAICE is an open-source hardware and software project developing a
powerful in-circuit development tool that combines in one device the features of a FLASH
Programmer, Memory Emulator, and High Speed Multi-Channel Logic Analyzer. It
runs uClinux.
 PC532 – a personal computer design based on the NS32532 microprocessor, released in
1990.
 Simputer – handheld computer aimed at developing countries
 Tinkerforge - Bricks and Bricklets (Modular hardware kit).
 Panda Board – a single-board computer forked from Beagle Board

3.2.1. Arduino

An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary

components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect
of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are exposed, allowing the CPU board to be
connected to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Some shields
communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are
individually addressable via an I²C serial bus, allowing many shields to be stacked and used in
parallel. Official Arduinos have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8,
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560.
 Fig:3Arduino window screen.
Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.

Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of
switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs.
Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running on your
computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased
preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical
computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment.
3.2.2Advantages
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and
many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies
the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students,
and interested amateurs over other systems:
 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller
platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand,
and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
 Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is easy-
to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.
For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so
students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with the look and feel of
Arduino
 Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software and is published as open source
tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded
through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the
leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you
can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
Arduino hardware is programmed using a Wiring-based language (syntax and libraries),
similar to C++ with some simplifications and modifications, and a Processing-based integrated
development environment.
3.2.3.Applications

 Scientific equipment
 Arduinome: a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
 OBDuino: a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most
modern cars
 Xoscillo: open- source oscilloscope
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION

(a) Block diagram

1) Robot

Power Supply

IR Sensors Robotic Arm

Microcontroller

RFID
Reader

Relays

Voice
Recognition
Module

RF DC Motors
RX
1) Table

RF
Module

Microcontroller
Switch
 (b) Working

RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate
a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits).
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core,
an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature,
One or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to
the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Fig: 7.1.1Relay Circuit

A Relay contains 5 pins Coil 1(C1), Coil 2 (C2),Common, Closed and Open.

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts
an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or
breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the
armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed
position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters.
Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce
noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the
coil, to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. If the
coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the
solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the
minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.
RF RECEIVER AND RFID - TAG

A Radio-Frequency Identification system has three parts:

 A scanning antenna
 A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data
 A transponder - the RFID tag - that has been programmed with information.

RFID TAG
RFID tags are radio frequency identification tags, and they basically do exactly what their
name suggests! It is a process of identifying and tracking using radio waves. Contactless
integrated circuits, most commonly in the form of RFID tags, are tiny devices connected to
miniature antennae.Most RFID tags contain at least two parts
 One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and
demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions.
 The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal

There are three types of RFID tags: active, passive and battery assisted passive.

RF RECEIVER

It is a device used to communicate with RFID tags. Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) Card Readers provide a low-cost solution to read passive RFID transponder tags up to 2
inches away. The RFID Card Readers can be used in a wide variety of hobbyist and commercial
applications, including access control, automatic identification, robotics navigation, inventory
tracking, payment systems, and car immobilization. The RFID card reader read the RFID tag in
range and outputs unique identification code of the tag at baud rate of 9600.The data from RFID
reader can be interfaced to be read by microcontroller or PC.

Radio Frequency Identification Device is a means of capturing data about an object

without using a human to read data, i.e., it is a method of remotely storing and retrieving data
using devices. It is a technology similar in theory to barcode identification but one key difference
between RFID and barcode technology is RFID eliminates the need for line-of-sight reading that
barcode depends on. Also RFID scanning can be done at greater distance than barcode scanning.

An RFID system may consist of several devices like tags, tag readers, tag programming
sections, circulation readers, and sorting equipment and tag Inventory wands. Security can be
handled in two ways. Security gates can query the ILS to determine its security status or the tag
may contain a security bit which would be turned on and off by circulation or self-check reader
stations.

RFID Reader Module, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves returned
from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of it.
RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate. RFID
systems use many different frequencies, but the most common and widely used & supported by
our Reader is 125 KHz.

An RFID system consists of two separate components: a tag and a reader. Tags are
analogous to barcode labels, and come in different shapes and sizes. The tag contains an antenna
connected to a small microchip containing up to two kilobytes of data. The reader, or scanner,
functions similarly to a barcode scanner; however, while a barcode scanner uses a laser beam to
scan the barcode, an RFID scanner uses electromagnetic waves. To transmit these waves, the
scanner uses an antenna that transmits a signal, communicating with the tags antenna. The tags
antenna receives data from the scanner and transmits its particular chip information to the
scanner.

The data on the chip is usually stored in one of two types of memory. The most common
is Read-Only Memory (ROM); as its name suggests, read-only memory cannot be altered once
programmed onto the chip during the manufacturing process. The second type of memory is
Read/Write Memory; though it is also programmed during the manufacturing process, it can later
be altered by certain devices.
The scanning antenna puts out radio-frequency signals in a relatively short range. The RF
radiation does two things:
 It provides a means of communicating with the transponder (the RFID
tag) AND
 It provides the RFID tag with the energy to communicate (in the case of
passive RFID tags).

This is an absolutely key part of the technology; RFID tags do not need to contain
batteries, and can therefore remain usable for very long periods of time (maybe decades).

The scanning antennas can be permanently affixed to a surface; handheld antennas are
also available. They can take whatever shape you need; for example, you could build them into a
door frame to accept data from persons or objects passing through.

When an RFID tag passes through the field of the scanning antenna, it detects the
activation signal from the antenna. That "wakes up" the RFID chip, and it transmits the
information on its microchip to be picked up by the scanning antenna.

In addition, the RFID tag may be of one of two types. Active RFID tags have their own
power source; the advantage of these tags is that the reader can be much farther away and still
get the signal. Even though some of these devices are built to have up to a 10 year life span, they
have limited life spans. Passive RFID tags, however, do not require batteries, and can be much
smaller and have a virtually unlimited life span.
RFID tags can be read in a wide variety of circumstances, where barcodes or other
optically read technologies are useless.

 The tag need not be on the surface of the object (and is therefore not subject to wear)
 The read time is typically less than 100 milliseconds
 Large numbers of tags can be read at once rather than item by item.
Two main Types of RFID Tags:

Passive RFID Tags

Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical
current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just
enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a
response. The lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small:
commercially available products exist that can be embedded in a sticker, or under the
skin.
 As of 2006, the smallest such devices measured 0.15 mm × 0.15 mm, and are
thinner than a sheet of paper (7.5 micrometers). [2] The lowest cost EPC RFID tags, which are
the standard chosen by Wal-Mart, DOD, Target, Tesco in the UK and Metro AG in Germany, are
available today at a price of 5 cents each. The addition of the antenna creates a tag that varies
from the size of a postage stamp to the size of a post card. Passive tags have practical read
distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) (ISO 14443) up to a few meters (EPC and ISO
18000-6) depending on the chosen radio frequency and antenna design/size. Due to their
simplicity in design they are also suitable for manufacture with a printing process for the
antennas.

Active RFID Tags

Unlike passive RFID tags, active RFID tags have their own internal power source which
is used to power any ICs that generate the outgoing signal. Active tags are typically much more
reliable (e.g. fewer errors) than passive tags due to the ability for active tags to conduct a
"session" with a reader.
Active tags, due to their onboard power supply, also transmit at higher power levels than
passive tags, allowing them to be more effective in "RF challenged" environments like water
(including humans/cattle, which are mostly water), metal (shipping containers, vehicles), or at
longer distances.
 Many active tags have practical ranges of hundreds of meters, and a battery life of up to
10 years. Some active RFID tags include sensors such as temperature logging which have been
used in concrete maturity monitoring or to monitor the temperature of perishable goods.
Active tags typically have much longer range (approximately 300 feet) and larger
memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to store additional information sent by the
transceiver. The United States Department of Defense has successfully used active tags to reduce
logistics costs and improve supply chain visibility for more than 15 years. At present, the
smallest active tags are about the size of a coin and sell for a few dollars.

Features

Low-cost method for reading passive RFID transponder tags

9600 bps serial interface at RS232 level
Buzzer & LED indicate valid RFID Tag detection
RS232 interface connects directly to PC, Mac or Linux machine and requires no additional
wiring
 CHAPTER- 1
ARDUINO

Arduino is an open-source single-board microcontroller, descendant of the open-

source Wiring platform, designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary
projects more accessible. The hardware consists of a simple open hardware design for the
Arduino board with an Atmel AVR processor and on-board input/output support. The software
consists of a standard programming language compiler and the boot loader that runs on the
board.
What is Arduino?

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the
physical world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform
based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software
for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of
switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs.
Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running on your
computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased
preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar
physical computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming
environment.

Why Arduino?

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available

for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard,
and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies
the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students,
and interested amateurs over other systems:

 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
 Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming
environment is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users
 to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing
programming environment, so students learning to program in that environment will be
familiar with the look and feel of Arduino

 Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software and is published as open
source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be
expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details
can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's
based. SImilarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you
want to.

Arduino hardware is programmed using a Wiring-based language (syntax and

libraries), similar to C++ with some simplifications and modifications, and a Processing-based
integrated development environment.

Current versions can be purchased pre-assembled; hardware design information is

available for those who would like to assemble an Arduino by hand. Additionally, variations of
the Italian-made Arduino—with varying levels of compatibility—have been released by third
parties; some of them are programmed using the Arduino software.
 CHAPTER-2
EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system can be described as one consisting of a processor,

associated peripherals and software used for a specific purpose. Embedded systems have already
improved our lives in numerous ways. A good example is an automatic washing machine or a
microwave oven. Embedded system does not require a complete operating system, which may
make the system bulky, but only the basic functionalities of an operating system, is needed. All
embedded systems not have the same software and hardware, which is why these systems
perform, varied task.

All embedded systems need microprocessor and the kind of microprocessors

used in them are quite varied. Embedded systems have already improved our lives in numerous
ways. Such a system is in direct contrast to personal computer, which is not designed to do a
specific task. The PC aids us in drafting a letter, in computing at a faster rate, in chatting with
friends and so on, but an embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time
frame, repeatedly, endlessly with or without human intervention
.
Unlike a PC, embedded system does not require a complete operating system,
which may make the system bulky, but only the basic functionalities of an operating system is
needed. Software for the embedded system must handle problems beyond those found in
application software for desk computers or mainframe computers. Embedded software often
have several things to do at once, respond to external events, cope with unusual conditions
without human intervention, while being subjected to deadlines etc. All Embedded systems do
not have the same hardware and software, which is why these system perform, varied task. All
embedded systems need a microprocessor, and the kinds of microprocessor used in them are
quite varied.
4.1 Embedded System Overview
Embedded system is a combination of hardware, software and perhaps additional
mechanical parts designed to perform a specific function. All embedded systems need a
microprocessor and the kinds of microprocessor used in them are quiet varied.

4.2 Requirements of Embedded Systems

4.2.1 Reliability :
Embedded systems have to work without the need for the rebooting or resetting typical of
many desktop systems. This calls foe very reliable hardware and software. However, embedded
software developers must take the reliability of the hardware, as well as that of the software, of
paramount importance because the system is not readily accessible to human intervention.

4.2.2 Cost-effectiveness :
An embedded system is designed for a very special purpose. If the embedded system is
for mass market, cost is a major consideration. Choosing the right processor, memory devices,
and peripherals to meet the functionality and performance requirements while keeping the cost
reasonable is of critical importance.

4.2.3 Low power consumption :

Many embedded systems are powered by batteries, rather than a main supply. In such
cases, the power consumption should be minimized to avoid graining the batteries. Hardware
designers must address this issue.

4.2.4 Efficient use of processing power :

A wide variety of processors with varying processing powers are available to embedded
systems. Developers must keep processing power, memory, and cost in mind when choosing the
right processor. Processor is the term generally used to refer to a micro-controller, a
microprocessor, or a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) used in embedded systems. The processing
power requirement is specified in million instructions per second (MIPS). The MIPS requirement
for the application has to be estimated first, and, given this estimate, the developer can choose
the processor.

4.2.5 Efficient use of memory :

Most embedded systems do not have secondary storage such as hard disk. The memory
chips available on the embedded systems are only Read-Only Memory (ROM), to hold the
program; and Random Access Memory (RAM), to hold the data. Depending on the functionality,
the developer may determine the program size and the data size based on which memory
requirements are more important. The cost of memory is certainly going down, but even one
dollar can make a big difference.

4.2.6 Appropriate execution time :

In real-time embedded systems, certain tasks must be performed within a specified time.
Normally, desktop PC’s cannot achieve real-time performance. Therefore, special operating
systems, known as real-time operating systems, run on these embedded systems. In hard real-
time embedded systems, which are subject to very strict deadlines for performing specific tasks,
as the timing analysis is of great importance. The software developers need to ascertain whether
the embedded system is a hard real-time system or a soft real-time system and perform the
performance analysis accordingly. The performance requirement also calls for code optimization
to the maximum possible extend.

4.3 Categories of Embedded Systems

4.3.1 Stand-alone embedded systems :
Stand-alone embedded systems work in a stand alone mode, taking input and producing
output. The input can be electrical signals from sensors or commands from a human being, such
as pressing a button. The output can be electrical signals to drive another system, or an LED or
LCD display for displaying information to users. Many embedded systems for process control in
manufacturing units and automobiles fall into this category. In process control systems, the
inputs come from transducers that convert a physical entity, such as temperature, into an
electrical signal. The electrical signals become the output that can control devices such as valves.
In some stand-alone systems, the deadlines to carry out a specific task may not be very strict,
means, the response time is not crucial.

4.3.2 Real-time embedded systems :

Some embedded systems are required to carry out specific tasks in a specified amount of
time. Such systems are called real-time embedded systems. Real-time embedded systems are also
extensively used in process control, when time-critical tasks have to be carried out.

4.3.3 Networked appliances :

Some embedded systems are connected to a network – typically, one based on a TCP/IP
protocol suite, such as the internet or a company intranet. These systems are of a new brand that
has emerged in recent years. They run the complete TCP/IP protocol stack and can communicate
with other nodes on the network. Even a Web server running HTTP can be embedded into the
system. The system can monitor some parameters and send the data over a network to a
centralized system for online monitoring.

4.3.4Mobile devices :
With the advent of wireless networks that can support very high speeds, mobile devices
are capable of supporting high data rate services in addition to the voice services. Accessing
Internet services such as e-mail, the World Wide Web, and so on can be done while a person is
on the move. Such devices need to run a powerful mobile operating system and download
information from the Web sites. Many such devices are Java-enabled; hence, they can download
Java applets and execute them. The special requirements of these mobile devices are threefold:
they should have powerful computing and communicating capabilities, they should be able to
perform some real-time tasks in addition to non-real-time tasks, and they should be capable of
handling multimedia applications. These requirements call for a powerful processor, a powerful
operating system, and a lot of memory with minimal power.
4.4 Advantages of Embedded System
The advantages of embedded system are

4.4.1 Higher performance:

The integration of various ICs shortens the traveling route and time of data to be
transmitted resulting in higher performance.

4.4.2 Lower power consumption:

The integration of various ICs eliminates buffers and other interface circuits. As the
number of components is reduced less power will be consumed.

4.4.3 Slimmer and more compact:

Housed in a single separate package, the chip is smaller in size and therefore occupies
less space on the PCB. Hence products using embedded system are slimmer and more compact.

4.4.4 Reduced design and development system:

The systems on a chip provide all the functionalities required by the system. Systems
designers need not worry about the basic function of the system- right from the beginning of the
design phase, they can focus on the development of new features. As a result, the time spends on
research and development is reduced and this in turn reduces the time to market of their
products.

4.4.5 Lower system costs:

In the past, several chips in separate packages were required to configure a system. Now,
just one system – on chip can replace all of these, dramatically reducing the packaging cost.
4.5 APPLICATION AREAS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded technology is present in almost every electronic device we use

today. There is embedded software inside the cellular phone, automobile and thermostat in air –
conditioners, industrial control equipments and scientific and medical equipment’s, defence uses,
communication satellites etc. Embedded technology thus covers a broad range of products that
generalization is difficult.
 This is a multipurpose infrared sensor which can be used for obstacle sensing, color
detection (between basic contrasting colors), fire detection, line sensing, etc and also as an
encoder sensor. The sensor provides a digital and an analog output. The sensor outputs a logic
one (+5V) at the digital output when an object is placed in front of the sensor and a logic zero
(0V), when there is no object in front of the sensor. An onboard LED is used to indicate the
presence of an object. The sensor outputs an analog voltage between 0V and 5V, corresponding
the distance between the sensor and the object at the analog output.The analog output can be
hooked to an ADC to get the approximate distance of the object from the sensor.
IR sensors are highly susceptible to ambient light and the IR sensor on this sensor is
suitably covered to reduce effect of ambient light on the sensor. The sensor has a maximum
range of around 40-50 cm indoors and around 15-20 cm outdoors. For better ambient light
immunity, please see our

 Range of around 25 cm
 Input Voltage: 5V DC
 Comes with an easy to use digital output
 Can be used for wireless communication and sensing IR remote signals
 Uses the popular TSOP1738 for sensing IR signals and works on the 38 kHz frequency
 Sensor comes with ambient light protection
 The sensor a hole of 3mm diameter for easy mounting.
Micro Controller AT Mega – 328

In the area of control and automation, the need for some processing unit became
indispensable in a wide variety of applications. Among these, microcontrollers stand as a lower
cost alternative, satisfactory reliability, simplicity, reduced consumption energy, however, with
limited memory capacity and processing.

A microcontroller contains a processor, memory access and peripheral input / output. It is

a microprocessor that can be programmed for specific functions, in contrast to other general
purpose microprocessors (such as those used in PCs). Basically, the use of a microcontroller is in
the processing of data from one of your peripherals, with the set of output data. For example,
send data via serial port or generate a reaction in system as an LED light.
The architecture of a microcontroller generally consists of a core processing, bus and
Peripherals:
 Processing core consists of the data processor (calculations, flow control program, etc.)
and administration of peripherals.
 Bus is divided into data and address, is on the lines of communication between the
processor and peripherals.
 Peripherals characterize the set of features available by the microcontroller and are
controlled by the processor. For example, memory, serial port, parallel port and AD
converter.
Microcontrollers are typically used in automation and control products and peripherals,
such as control systems of automotive engines, remote controls, machines, etc.

The ATmega8 is an 8-bit microcontroller with low power CMOS technology and
RISC architecture. Displays the ability to execute one instruction per clock cycle due to direct
connection of its 32 general registers with an arithmetic logic unit and frequency of operation in
a range from 0 to 16 MHz Moreover, although RISC has a large number of instructions, which
allows better optimization of high-level code in C.
 The Atmel®AVR® core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock
cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten
times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory

technology. The Flash Program memory can be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial
interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip boot program
running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the application
program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash Section will continue to
run while the Application Flash Section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation.
By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic
chip, the Atmel nATmega8 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and
cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Pin Descriptions

VCC – Supply voltage (5v)

GND - Ground.

Port B (PB7..PB0) - XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can
be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier.

If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7...6 is used as
TOSC2...1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

Port C (PC5..PC0): Port C is an 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET: If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL
Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
Port D (PD7.PD0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

RESET input: A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
reset, even if the clock is not running.

FEATURES
High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
512Bytes EEPROM
1Kbyte Internal SRAM
Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
Programming Lock for Software Security
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode
One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Three PWM Channels
8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
6-channel ADC in PDIP package
Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
Special Microcontroller Features
Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby
I/O and Packages
23 Programmable I/O Lines
28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF
Operating Voltages
4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)
Speed Grades
0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)
Power Consumption at 4 MHz, 3V, 25°C
Active: 3.6mA
Idle Mode: 1.0mA
Power-down Mode: 0.5μA
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

To implement a robot to be used for exchanging files and other

records. The robot is designed with wireless communication, a robotic arm for handling
files, a location identification system, voice recognition module. The robot moves
through a predefined path using a line follower method. An RFID reader and Tags are
used to identify the tables or shelf.
CONCLUSION

The design of an ‘OFFICE ROBOT’ has been completed. This system

would make it easier for officers. The officer can call the robot using a wireless connectivity.
The robot identifies the call and moves to the corresponding table. The users can now handover
the files to the Robotic Arm. Then he should provide a voice command regarding the destination
of the file. The robot then moves to the location and keeps the file there on the shelf.