Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance

Phase Behavior
Introduction to Phase Behavior

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 1
Phase Behavior: Learning Objectives
●Describe a reservoir fluid in terms of its character and compositional
aspects.
●Construct the phase diagrams (p-T diagrams) for the various reservoir
fluids.
●Describe/define the formation volume factor, fluid viscosity,
compressibility for various reservoir fluids.
●Construct plots of various fluid properties for dry gases and black oil
reservoir fluids.
●Construct phase diagrams (p-T diagrams) for pure, binary, ternary, and
natural gas mixtures.
●Construct the general phase diagrams (p-T diagram) for a sample
hydrocarbon fluid, indicating all points of interest on the diagram.
●Describe the composition of common reservoir fluids.
●Describe the "material balance equations" for "black oil," "solution gas
drive," and "dry gas" fluid cases.
●Describe/construct/use z-factor, gas compressibility, and gas viscosity
plots and correlations (dry gases).
●Describe/use "black oil" correlations for the oil formation volume
factor, solution gas-oil-ratio, oil compressibility, and oil viscosity.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 2
Phase Behavior: Introduction to Reservoir Fluids
● Classification of Reservoir Fluids:
— Dry Gas
— Wet Gas
— Gas Condensate
— Volatile Oil
— Black Oil
● Definitions:
— Formation Volume Factor
— Fluid Viscosity
— Rock and Fluid Compressibility
— Law (or Principle) of Corresponding States
● Examples:
— Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties
— z vs. ppr and pr (dry gas case)
— g vs. T (and p) (dry gas case)
— gz vs. p (dry gas case)
— gcg vs. p (dry gas case)

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 3
Phase Behavior: Classification of Reservoir Fluids
From: Schlumberger: Fundamentals of Formation Testing
(March 2006).

Discussion: Classification of Reservoir Fluids

●Generic guidelines on properties of reservoir fluids.
●Useful to assess dominant component(s) and properties.
●Often assume that a system is dry gas or non-volatile oil.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 4
Phase Behavior: Classification of Reservoir Fluids (McCain)
● Black Oil Reservoirs: ● Gas Condensate Reservoirs:
— GOR < 1,000 SCF/STB — 70,000 < GOR < 100,000 SCF/STB
— Density less than 45° API — Density greater than 60° API
— Reservoir temperatures < 250°F — Light in color
— C7+ composition < 12.5%
— Oil FVF < 2.00 (low shrinkage oils)
— Dark green to black in color ● Wet Gas Reservoirs:
— GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
— C7+ composition > 30%
— No liquid is formed in the reservoir.
● Volatile Oil Reservoirs: — Separator conditions lie within phase
— 1,000 < GOR < 8,000 SCF/STB envelope and liquid is produced at
surface.
— Density between 45-60° API
— Oil FVF > 2.00 (high shrinkage oils) ● Dry Gas Reservoirs:
— GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
— Light brown to green in color
— No liquid produced at surface.
— C7+ composition > 12.5%

From: McCain, W.D., Jr. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids.

2nd ed. Tulsa, OK: PennWell (1990).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 5
Phase Behavior: Fluid Types and Petroleum Products

b. Petroleum products identified according to carbon

number.
a. Reservoir Fluid Types. From: Whitson, C.H. and Brulé, M.R.: Phase Behavior,
Monograph Series, SPE, Richardson, Texas (2000)
From: Sampling Petroleum Reservoir Fluids API
20.
Recommended Practice 44 (Second Edition, April
2003).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 6
Phase Behavior: PT Diagrams — Single Component System
From: Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids — Bursik (1957).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Single Component System

 Note the "Liquid+Vapor" line.
 Single component systems not of much interest, other than for illustration.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 7
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram — Multi-Component Systems
From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering — Calhoun (1953).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Multi-Component (Hydrocarbon) System

 Note the "Bubble Point" and "Dew Point" lines.
 Location of critical point determines fluid type.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 8
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram — Hydrocarbon Systems
(1953). (modified to reflect various reservoir fluid cases)
From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineer-ing — Calhoun

Schematic p-T Diagram: Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids

 Names represent conventional nomenclature.
 Locations of names represent relative locations of these fluid types.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 9
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram — Black Oil Reservoir Fluid
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids — McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Black Oil

 Fluid is typically dark — black, brown, or dark green.
 o>45o API, GOR < 1000 scf/STB, Boi < 2.0 RB/STB, C7+ > 30 %.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 10
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram — Volatile Oil Reservoir Fluid
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids — McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Volatile Oil

 Fluid is typically dark — brown, orange or green.
 45<o<60o API, 1000 < GOR < 8000 scf/STB, Boi > 2.0 RB/STB, 12.5 < C7+ < 20 %.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 11
PT Diagrams: Retrograde Gas (Condensate) Reservoir Fluid
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids — McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Retrograde Gas

 Fluid is typically light — brown, orange, green, or water-white.
 o>60o API, 70,000 < GOR < 150,000 scf/STB, C7+ < 12.5 %.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 12
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram — Wet Gas Reservoir Fluid
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids — McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Wet Gas

 Fluid is typically very light — water-white.
 GOR > 100,000 scf/STB.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 13
Phase Behavior: PT Diagram — Dry Gas Reservoir Fluid
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids — McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Dry Gas

 No fluid is produced at surface or in the reservoir.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 14
Phase Behavior: Definition of Formation Vol. Factor (Bo,g,w)

Fluid volume at reservoir conditions

Bo,g,w =
Fluid volume at standard conditions

Bo,g,w is defined as a volume conversion for oil, gas, or water — and is

defined on a mass (or density) basis.

The Formation Volume Factor "converts" surface

volumes to downhole conditions.
Typical values:
Oil: 1.2 to 2.4 RB/STB
Gas: 0.003 to 0.01 rcf/scf
Water: 1.00 to 1.03 RB/STB

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 15
Phase Behavior: Fluid Viscosity (o,g,w)

Is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow

... the proportionality of shear rate to shear stress,
a sort of internal friction.

Fluid viscosity depends on pressure, temperature,

and fluid composition.

Typical values:
Oil: 0.2 to 30 cp
Gas: 0.01 to 0.05 cp
Water: 0.5 to 1.05 cp

Discussion: Fluid Viscosity (o,g,w)

● Gas is the most mobile fluid.
● Heavy oils can be into the 1000's or 10,000's of cp.
● Simple correlations are typically used for gas and water.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 16
Phase Behavior: Rock and Fluid Compressibility
Fluid Compressibility: co,g,w
1 dBo Bg dRso 1 dBg 1 dBw Bg dRsw
co    cg   cw   
Bo dp Bo dp Bg dp Bw dp Bw dp
Typical values:
Oil: 5 to 20 x10-6 psi-1 (p>pb)
30 to 200 x10-6 psi-1 (p<pb)
Gas: 50 to 1000 x10-6 psi-1
Water: 3 to 5 x10-6 psi-1
Formation Compressibility: cf
1 d
cf 
 dp
Typical values:
Normal: 2 to 10 x10-6 psi-1
Abnormal: 10 to 100 x10-6 psi-1

Discussion: Rock and Fluid Compressibility

● Gas and water compressibility are very straightforward.
● Oil compressibility has a "jump discontinuity" at pb.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 17
Phase Behavior: Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties

Discussion: "Black Oil" PVT Properties (pb=5000 psia)

● Note the dramatic influence in properties at pb.
● Oil compressibility is the most affected variable.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 18
Phase Behavior: z vs. p (Various Hydrocarbons)

a. z-factor for Methane. b. z-factor for Ethane. c. z-factor for Propane.

d. z-factor for n-Butane. e. z-factor for Methane-Ethane (160 Deg F). f. z-factor for Methane-Propane (160 Deg F).

From: B. H. Sage, W. N. Lacey. Monograph on API Research Project 37 -

Thermodynamic Properties of the Lighter Paraffin Hydrocarbons
and Nitrogen, American Petroleum Institute, New York (1950).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 19
 Phase Behavior: z vs. ppr (Law of Corresponding States)
From: Katz, D. L., Cornell, R., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F. H., Vary, J.
A., Elenblass, J. R., & Weinaug, C. G.: Handbook of Formation
Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance
(McGraw–Hill, New York) (1959).

a. z-factor plot — z-factor versus pseudo-

reduced pressure (paraffin
hydrocarbons).
b. z-factor plot — z-factor versus pseudo-
Law (or Principle) of Corresponding States reduced pressure (paraffin hydrocarbons
(van der Waals) — suggests that all fluids, plus nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and
when compared at the same reduced water).
tempera-ture and reduced pressure, have
approximately the same compressibility
factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior
to about the same degree.

Discussion: Law of Corresponding States

● Basis for "pseudo-reduced" temperature and pressure.
● Examples used to confirm the law of corresponding states.
● Certainly "accurate enough" for engineering calculations.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 20
Phase Behavior: z vs. ppr and pr (Dry Gas Case)

a. "Standing-Katz" base plot (z vs. ppr) — b."Standing-Katz" plot (z vs. pr) —

Poettmann-Carpenter Data (5960 data Poettmann-Carpenter Data (5960 data
points). points).

Discussion: z vs. ppr and pr (dry gas case)

● z-factor data are fitted using equation-of-state (EOS).
● Reduced density (pr) shows "polynomial" behavior basis for EOS.
● These charts establish basis for all (dry gas) reservoir engineering variables.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 21
Phase Behavior: g vs. T (and p) (Dry Gas Case)
From: Londono, F.E.: "Simplified Correlations for Hydrocarbon Gas Viscosity and
Gas Density: Validation and Correlation of Behavior Using a Large-Scale
Database," M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University (December 2001).

b. Original Lee, et al. correlation for hydrocarbon

gas viscosity.

c. Londono "implicit" correlation for hydrocarbon

a. Gas viscosity versus temperature for the Gonzalez et gas viscosity (residual viscosity type model).
al data (natural gas sample 3) compared to the
implicit correlation for gas viscosity (Londono) and
the original Lee, et al. correlation for hydrocarbon
gas viscosity.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 22
Phase Behavior: gz vs. p (Dry Gas Case)

Discussion: "Dry Gas" PVT Properties (gz vs. p)

● Basis for the "pressure-squared" approximation.
● Concept — (gz) = constant, valid only for p<2000 psia.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 23
Phase Behavior: gcg vs. p (Dry Gas Case)

Discussion: "Dry Gas" PVT Properties (gcg vs. p)

●Concept — If gcg  constant, pseudotime NOT required.
●Note that gcg is NEVER constant, pseudotime is required...
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 24
Phase Behavior: Questions to Consider (Reservoir Fluids)
Q1. Limitations of assuming a "black oil" for liquids?
A1. There are issues … but historically, the use of the constant com-
pressibility concept (i.e., a "black oil") has tolerated even extreme
violations of the assumption with few substantial problems. The
most obvious case where a black oil concept will not suffice is
that of a volatile oil (very high GOR).
Q2. Limitations of assuming a "dry gas" for gases?
A2. The major limitation is that of very rich gas condensate cases
(analogous to the "volatile oil" case mentioned above).
Q3. Are existing fluid properties correlations sufficient?
A3. For most cases, yes. For cases of extremely high pressure and/or
temperature, new correlations are warranted.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 25
 Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance

Phase Behavior
Applications of Reservoir Fluid Data

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 26
PVT Applications:
● Typical Applications:
— Reservoir Engineering
— Production Engineering
● Data/Schematics:
— Typical compositions
— P-T schematic diagram for the application of a black oil
reservoir model
— P-T schematic diagram for the application of a compositional
reservoir model
● Material Balance:
— Black oil material balance
— Dry gas material balance

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 27
 PVT Applications: Starter Discussion — Phase Diagrams
Schematic P-T diagram Vapor-liquid Interface Fluid density
for a pure fluid. for a pure fluid. for pure fluids.
From: Katz, D. L., Cornell, R., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F. H., Vary, J.
A., Elenblass, J. R., & Weinaug, C. G.: Handbook of Formation
Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance
(McGraw–Hill, New York) (1959).

P-T diagram for various P-T diagram for an

binary fluid mixtures. example gas mixture.
P-T diagram for
methane-propane
pentane mixtures.

Pressure, psia

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 28
PVT Applications: Reservoir Fluids — Phase Diagrams
From: Pirson, S. J.: Elements of Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, (1950).

Phase relationships and types of oil and gas fields

possible with complex hydrocarbon systems.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 29
PVT Applications: Reservoir Fluids
●Reservoir Engineering:
— Volumetric Calculations ● Production Engineering:
— Material Balance (black oils/dry — Surface Equipment Design
gases) — Wellbore Fluid Mechanics
— Compositional Material Balance — Production Test Analysis
— Pressure Transient Analysis
(volatile oils/gas condensates)
— Well Completion
— Enhanced Oil Recovery

Diagrammatic representation of volume

and phase changes upon the reduction of
pressure by retrograde-condensation
path.
From: Calhoun, J.C., Jr.: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK (1953).
Craft, B.C., and Hawkins, M.F.: Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1959).

Pressure-temperature
phase
diagram of a reservoir fluid.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 30
PVT Applications: Typical Compositions of Reservoir Fluids

Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67
C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77
C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95
C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73
C5 1.15 3.97 0.83 0.08 0.88
C6 1.59 3.38 0.60 0.12 —
C7+ 42.15 11.91 3.80 0.42 —
MWC7+ 225 181 112 157 —
GOR (scf/STB) 625 2000 18,200 105,000 —
Gravity (oAPI) 34.3 50.1 60.8 54.7 —
Liquid Color Green/Black Orange Straw White —

Typical compositions (mole percent) of single-phase reservoir fluids.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 31
PVT Applications: PT Diagram (Black Oil)

Pressure-Temperature diagram of a
typical reservoir fluid and areas of
application for a "black oil" model.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 32
PVT Applications: PT Diagram (VO/GC)

Pressure-Temperature diagram of a
typical reservoir fluid and areas of
application for a "compositional"
model.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 33
 Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance

Phase Behavior
Properties of Reservoir Fluids

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 34
PVT Properties: Orientation
●Reservoir Gases:
— Physical properties.
— Correlation of pseudocritical temperature and pressure with gas gravity.
— Correction of pseudocritical temperature and pressure for contaminants.
— z-factor chart and Dranchuk-Abou Kassem equation of state (EOS).
— Gas formation volume factor (relates surface and reservoir volumes).
— Gas compressibility (reduced compressibility and DAK-EOS).
— Gas viscosity (simple nomographs, Carr et al method, Lee et al method).
●Reservoir Oils:
— Oil formation volume factor (relates surface and reservoir volumes).
— Gas-oil-ratio (GOR) and bubblepoint pressure relations (reversible).
— Oil compressibility relations.
— Oil viscosity relations.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 35
PVT Properties: Correlations
●Properties of Natural Gases:
— Sutton calculation for pseudoreduced temperature and pressure.
— Wichert and Aziz corrections (carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or hydrogen sulfide (H2S)).
— z-factor (Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS).
— Gas compressibility (Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS).
— Gas viscosity (Lee, Gonzales, and Eakin correlation).
●Properties of Reservoir Oils:
— Oil formation volume factor (Standing correlation).
— Solution gas-oil ratio (Standing correlation).
— Oil compressibility (Villena-Lanzi and Vasquez-Beggs correlations).
— Oil viscosity (Egbogah-Beggs-Robinson and Vasquez-Beggs correlations).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 36
PVT Properties: Physical Properties of Gases

Discussion: Working Table for Physical Properties

● Properties for paraffin hydrocarbons and other components.
● Values should be considered as "standards."
● Gas viscosity values are for reference.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 37
 From: Katz, D.L. et al.: Handbook of Formation Evaluation and the
Analysis of Reservoir Performance, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New
York City (1959).
Standing, M.B. and Katz, D.L.: “Density of Natural Gases,” Trans.,
AIME (1942) 146, 140-144.

Standing Correlation

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance

Equations for "California Gases"

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.

PVT Properties: Pseudo-Critical Correlations (Dry Gases)

From: Wichert, E. and Aziz, K.: “Compressibility Factor for Sour Natural
Gases,” Cdn. J. Chem. Eng. (1972) 49, 269-75.
Slide — 38
PVT Properties: z vs. ppr/Tpr and pr (Dry Gas Case)

z versus ppr/Tpr format is a bit

easier to read and use.

z versus pr format illustrates

the functional nature of the correlation.
 A A A A   A A  2

z  1 A  2
 3
 4
 5  
 A  7
 8 
 1 T T 3 T 4 T 5 r  6 T T 2 r
 r
r r r 
  r
r 

A A  5 2
 2 
 8   r  A10 (1  A11 r ) r3 exp( A11 r )
7 2
 A9
T T 2  Tr
 r r 
0.27 p r
r 
zTr

Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS for the

z-factor (natural gases).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 39
PVT Properties: Gas Compressibility (Dry Gas Case) [Mattar]
From: Mattar. L., Brar, G.S., and Aziz. K.: "Compressibility of Natural
Gases," J. Cdn. Per. Tech. (0ct.-Dec. 1975) 77-80.

Estimate cg using the definition:

cr  cg ppc

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 40
PVT Properties: Gas Compressibility (gas case) [DAK-EOS]
Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS for the z-factor:
 A A A A   A A  2A A  5
z  1   A  2  3  4  5  r   A  7  8  r  7  8  r
 1 T T 3 T 4 T 5  6 T T 2  T T 2 
r r
 r r r   r   r r 
2  0.27 p 
2 r 2 r
 A10 (1  A11 r ) 3
exp( A11 r )  where   
r zT 
Tr  r 

Definition of Gas Compressibility:

1 1  dz  The "best approach" is to simply

cg   differentiate the Dranchuk and
p z  dp  Abou-Kassem EOS to estimate
the (dz/dp)T-term.
T

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 41
PVT Properties: Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)
Definition:

T psc z
Bg 
z T p
sc sc

zT  ft 3  Simply compute Bg using the

 0.0282   appropriate z-factor.
p scf
 

 5.02
zT  RB 
p  Mscf 

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 42
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases) [older methods]
Residual density concept for Nomograph for low pressure
From: Jossi, J.A., Stiel, L.I., and Thodos G.: "The Viscosity of Pure Substances in the
Dense Gaseous and Liquid Phases," AIChE Journal (Mar. 1962) 8, No.1; 59-62.

hydrocarbons and common natural gases (p < 3000 psia).

non-hydrocarbon components.

From: GPSA (2004), Engineering Data Book, 12th ed., Gas Processors Suppliers
Association, 6526 East 60th St., Tulsa, OK 74145.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 43
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases)
From: Carr, N.L. Kobayashi, R., and Burrows, D.B.: "Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases
Under Pressure," Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 264-272.
[Carr, et al-1]

Plot used to estimate gas viscosity at 1 atm (step 1).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 44
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases) [Carr, et al-2]
Chart for estimating pseudo-critical T and p from gas gravity (Step 2).
Chart for estimating g/g,1atm using TR (and pR)
[alternate (Step 3)].
From: Carr, N.L. Kobayashi, R., and Burrows, D.B.: "Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases
Under Pressure," Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 264-272.

Chart for estimating mg/mg,1atm using TR (and pR) (Step 3).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 45
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases) [Lee, et al]
Definition of Correlation: Variables:
● Gas density (g/cc).
μg  (1104 ) K exp[ XρY ] ● Temperature (Deg R).
Natural Gases," JPT (Aug. 1966) 997-1000; Trans., AIME, 237.
From: Lee, A.L., Gonzalez. M.H., and Eakin, B.E.: "The Viscosity of

● Density from z-factor.

where
986.4
X  3.448   0.01009M w
T

K
9.379  0.01607M w T 1.5
209.2  19.26Mw  T 
Y  2.447  0.2224 X
 pMw 
3
ρ  1.493510  
 zT 
Discussion: Lee, Gonzalez, Eakin Gas Viscosity Correlation
● Should be valid for natural gases (used extensively).
● Developed for relatively low pressures (p < 8000 psia).
● Developed for relatively low temperature (T < 340 Deg F).
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 46
PVT Properties: Oil Formation Volume Factor [Standing-1]
Correlation:
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.

Discussion:
● Very old correlation (1947).
● Still in use (many other correlations, but this one works).
● Standing was either brilliant or lucky, or both.
Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 47
PVT Properties: Oil Formation Volume Factor [Standing-2]
Correlation Plot:
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 48
PVT Properties: Oil Formation Volume Factor [Standing-3]
Nomograph: (graphical solution of the correlation equations)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 49
PVT Properties: Solution GOR/Bubblepoint [Standing-1]
Correlation: (same relation, solved in reverse)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 50
PVT Properties: Solution GOR/Bubblepoint [Standing-2]
Correlation Plot: (Correlation is often "reversed" to solve for GOR)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 51
PVT Properties: Solution GOR/Bubblepoint [Standing-3]
Nomograph: (graphical solution of the correlation equations)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 52
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (Definition)
Definition:
1 dBo Bg dRso
co   
Bo dp Bo dp

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 53
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (p < pb) [Villena-Lanzi]
Correlation:
Compressibility of Black Oil at Pressures Below the Bubble Point," M.S.
From: Villena-Lanzi, A.J.: "A Correlation for the Coefficient of Isothermal

Thesis, Texas A&M U., College Station, TX ( 1985).

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 54
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (p > pb) [Vasquez/Beggs]
Correlation:
From: Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: "Correlations for Fluid Physical Property
Prediction," JPT (June 1980) 968-970.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 55
 From: Egbogah, E.O.: "An Improved Temperature-Viscosity Correlation For Crude
Oil Systems," paper 83-34-32 presented at the 1983 Annual Technical
Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM, Banff, Alberta, May 10-13, 1983.
Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R.: "Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil
Systems," JPT (Sept. 1975) 1140-41.
Correlation:

"Live Oil"
"Dead Oil"

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance

Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.
PVT Properties: Oil Viscosity (p < pb) [Egbogah/Beggs-Robinson]

Slide — 56
PVT Properties: Oil Viscosity (p > pb) [Vasquez/Beggs]
Correlation:
From: Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: "Correlations for Fluid Physical
Property Prediction," JPT (June 1980) 968-970.

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 57
 Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance

Phase Behavior
(End of Lecture)

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu

Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide — 58