UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

Caloocan Campus

A PROPOSAL PROTOTYPE ON STIRLING ENGINE

Submitted by:

De Jesus, Jhon Rafael

Gamboa, Ariel C.
Nicolas, Emmersonn M.

EN – 9C

October 5, 2016
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and

expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that

there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work (“Wikipedia”, 2016). It has

attracted much attention over the years for some countries. Its potential for high

efficiency and the reliability to use a wide variety of fuels has made it a serious

contender for alternative power sources. The potential for Stirling engines to replace the

internal combustion engine in automobiles was explored in the late 1970’s and 1980’s

(Normani, 2013).

Rogdakis, Antokanos and koronaki (2016) stated that the limit of the engine is

based on the geometric components of the machine, design and structure of the unit,

the kind of atmosphere which will it work, and the size of the load. they also explained

that Stirling engines, as outside combustion engines, can be powered using a variety of

heat sources achieving significantly reduced emissions. Energy systems using Stirling

engines optimize their performance in specific operating conditions. Therefore, the

numerical analysis of each Stirling engine using more realistic independent variables is

crucial for getting the real stated power and heater and cooler metal temperatures and

efficiency for a given engine speed, mean pressure.

The usage of Stirling engine is like no other energy converter, as they are capable of

converting solar energy and renewable fuel sources into kinetic energy in a renewable
sustainable and climate-friendly manner. On the other hand, the used of widely common

type of engine depends on the user, process and its impact to the environment. The

research made is to show the convenience and performance of a Stirling engine in

terms of its advantages and benefits to the users. However, due to the large amount of

different kinds of chemicals and pollutants emitted, ecological environment would lead

to some various consequences. Therefore, using Stirling engine as an alternative

energy resource or generator can bring to a developed, innovative and environmental-

friendly industry.

Thus, this study aims to build a prototype engine from fine-graded materials. The

process accomplished in the study depends on the expenses and availability of the

equipment used. The design is the same as the way of standard assembly.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to build a prototype Stirling engine and to demonstrate its

reliability and efficient operation.

Specifically, the following questions will be answered:

1. How does the engine work?

2. What would be the design of the engine?

3. What are the possible materials intended to make the engine?

4. What can Stirling engines be used for?

5. Are Stirling engines really the most efficient engines possible?

C. Objectives of the Study

General Objective:

This study aims to build a prototype Stirling engine and to demonstrate its

reliability and efficient operation.

Specific Objectives:

- To operate by cyclic compression and expansion of air in the way that the

pressure of the gas inside of the engine constantly changed.

- To build a single cylinder beta configuration and crankshaft engine type.

- To design a product out of scrap or homemade materials.

- To produce power continuously using the difference between something hot

and cold in machines; ideal for solar power plants, cars and acts as a

generator.

- The potential efficiency of a Stirling engine is high. It is comparable to the

efficiency of a diesel engine, but is significantly higher than that of a spark-

ignition (gasoline) engine.

D. Significance of the Study

The primary significance of this study is to further understand the operational

concept and environmental impact to the auto-mechanical industry. Due to the amount

of pollution emitted by different kinds of vehicles and machineries, a lot of research and

development has been made. By using some current type of resource engine such as

diesel and gasoline-powered engine can be replaced and improved using Stirling
engines. The difference in using Stirling engine than any types of engine as the main

energy resource is that it wastes the least amount of heat to the environment for the

amount of work it produces of any engine. This also works for lesser energy input and

produces much more useful work than any comparable cycle type of engine. Aside from

the reduction smog-producing chemicals or air pollutants, it will be used in a way that it

can promote development and highly contribution to the environment and on the field of

engineering.

The research is very helpful to demonstrate how Stirling engine operates and its

efficiency in terms of providing energy or electricity compound. A Stirling engine can

provide electrical energy through the use of medium for conversion to be stored in

batteries and outlets that can be used for flashlights, cellular phones or any devices,

etc. However, this study will give some knowledge about mechanical engineering theory

to others, in a way that any source of heat can be transformed into a useful form of

energy.

E. Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the selection of the Stirling engine as a convenient

alternative source of energy and its reliability in terms of usage. The research also

meant to deliver understanding on the concept of external combustion engine and how

the simple temperature phenomena can lead into power generation potential.

However, the stability of the Stirling engine depends on the durability of the

materials that are going to use. It might be prone in over-heating and malfunctioning.

Thus, this study does not go deeply on the design and distribution of electricity
produced by a generator or medium. It only focuses on the mechanical aspect and

operational work.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

A. Stirling Engine cycle

The Stirling engines virtue is reliable,simple and safe in both practically and

theoretically and is a important device. closed thermodynamic cycle must need for the

engine to operate which is reversible. Hussain, Islam, Kubo (2016) and Watanabe

stated that Stirling engine is operated needed a focused solar energy to be a source of

power to gain energy. to operate the Stirling engine, highly focused heat radiations with

less heat loss from the cavity receiver are required. Therefore, the

efficient Stirling engine generator need heat transfer from the required greatest

utilization of solar energy with least heat losses for cavity receiver.

Kong (2004) expressed that the Stirling motor has been accounted for to be

dependable and the generation expenses would not be higher than a standard

responding motor in a scale creation. Stirling motors work unobtrusively and effectively

and are moreover basic and safe to work.

Alanne and Saari (2004) talked about the advantage of Stirling motor is their capacity to

use manageable powers, as regenerative biomass, which makes them appealing.

Notwithstanding numerous specialized and financial hindrances constraining the

accessibility and attainability of these innovations right now, the writing is idealistic

about their future. The achievement of new innovation is frequently viewed basically as

an issue of choice making.This article is a general survey of issues that can should

impact choices while considering little scale CHP as an option vitality hotspot for

structures.

Markman, Shmatok, Krasovkii (1983) led an analysis utilizing the beta-design of

the Stirling motor to decide the parameters of a 200 W Stirling motor by measuring the

warm flux and mechanical-power misfortunes. The point of the task was to enhance and

increment the motor effectiveness.

Orunov. Trukhov, Tursunbaev (1983) introduced a technique to compute the

ideal parameters of a solitary chamber Stirling motor. They reasoned that mass and

size qualities of the motor could be enhanced by utilizing the right decision of the ideal

parameters which would bring about bigger productivity.

Abdalla and Yacoub (1987) concentrated on the practicality of utilizing waste

warmth from a reject incinerator with a Stirling motor. Heat from burning was utilized to

control the desalination plant and the Stirling motor. Utilizing saline food crude water as

the cooling water and by accepting half warmth recuperation productivity, they

guaranteed that the motor effectiveness could be enhanced and a warm proficiency of

27% was acquired.

Kang, Kuo, Chen, Wen-A Lu (2010) examined a gamma-design Stirling motor

have composed and built. The single and twin power barrel motors are tried with air at

barometrical weight by utilizing an electric radiator as a heat source.

 Hsu, Lin, and Chiou (2003) provided details respecting what is authorized to

create power and be the immediate examination of the Stirling cycle, empowered by

waste energy. Incinerator was the source of heat. Trial hardware joined to a free-

cylinder Stirling engine coupled to an immediate alternator. The analysts picked the

free-cylinder Stirling in light of the way that driven Stirling motors displayed some

troublesome setup issues, including power change, spillage of working fluid, isolation of

oils, and so forth (Hsu et al., p. 61). Their discoveries showed the pointed way for many

researchers to seek after the subject in reproducing genuine and big motor execution

scale, these creators created the path for different kinds of people to pursue on the

subject. In 2008, Snyman, Harms, and Strauss explored the Stirling engine into

imploying thermal power through waste solar recuperation. Their task focused on the

use of three output investigating styles for presenting a Beta setup Stirling engine using

latent heat. Likewise integrated into their research was a test structure, utilizing an

created Beta Stirling,fueled by fumes gasses from the ignition of propane. The

recreation circumstances reproduced trial setup. The creators discoveries reveals that

real engines execution can be foreseen in reenacting the examination. Chang and Ko

(2009) additionally contemplated waste thermal heat recuperation for power using the

Stirling cycle. The renewable thermal power cause utilized as a part of their examining

from a incinerator. Leu (2010) focused on the usefulness of biomass as a hotspot for

little proportioned electrical power using Stirling engine. In this operation, strong

biomass power can altered the bunk gasifier using a combustor. generator set from pipe

gas gave the power contribution to the Stirling engine generator set from the combustor.
 Berchowitz and Urieli (1984) stated that due to immensely oscillating essence of

the outflow within Stirling engines it is acceptable to consider that the flow would

consistantly be turbulent. Organ (1997) mentioned that its still a mere expectation that in

order to be able to analyze the actualiation and undestand situations of Stirling engines.

The accustomed case of cyclically reversing, compressable flow of friction, heat

relocation and pressure fluctuation is not yet understood.Thus, the use of steady flow

correlations remains dependent on the subject to arbitrary explanations involving on

imploying these to regenerator and Stirling engine .

For their operation, every cutting edge motor accomplished an day-by-day utilize

to work an understanding cycle normal. For details, four-stroke working inner burning

motors use sparkplug ignition. These quantity as per Otto cycle. Motors that use

compressing ignition stuck on the engine cycle. These are mechanical cycles in which

the running liquid, a fuel-air concoction, doesnt get involved on a thermodynamic cycle

and adding cooling to the underlying state. It is not reversible. Or maybe, after the

ignition completely work on the instrument, the remaining parts of the working liquid are

ousted from the motor and supplanted with crisp blend. A complete cycle may desire a

couple of 360° simultaneously (Cengel and Boles, 1998; Howell and Buckius, 1992;

Wood, 1991).

The Stirling cycle is a reversible thermodynamic cycle comprising of four stages:

heat expansion (isovolumetric heating), expansion (isothermal extension), heat

dismissal (isovolumetric cooling), and pressure (isothermal pressure). The four stages,

which constitute one complete cycle, are finished in a solitary 360° upset. A displacer on

the other hand carries the working liquid from the cool to the hot workspaces of the
motor in synchronization with the force cylinder. At the point when in the hot workspace,

the working liquid is warmed, its weight increments and it extends, therefore moving a

force cylinder and doing work. At the point when the displacer transports the working

liquid into the chilly workspace, it is cooled, its weight is diminished, and the force

cylinder packs the working liquid back to its unique volume (Beale, 1984; Biwa, Tashiro,

and Yazaki, 2008; Gras, 2011; Woodbank Communications, Ltd., 2011).

The positive aspects of the cycle have been absolutely understood since its

discovery. Their incorporate smooth operation, huge warm proficiency, safe operation,

directness of operation, and the scope to work on almost any class of heat power

(counting both common ignition and non-polluting sources, for example, biomass,

thermal energy, and geothermal energy). defects of the Stirling cycle have thwarted its

expanding application in rivalry with steam, electric, and inside burning. These

inadequacies incorporate the many-sided quality of outline and a broadly low energy

yield per size and mass (Beale, 1984; Der Minassians and Sanders, 2009; Karabulut,

Yucesu, and Koca, 2000; Snyman et al., 2008).

B. Heat Engine

In the present study, a real heat engine is explored by utilizing different thermo-

economic appraisal criteria in the literature. A criteria that has not yet explored in specs

of interest or considered and it is named as ecological-economic criteria. It is the

differentiation of the energy rate and power destruction rate cost of the foundation.

Organ (2000) expressed that two other fundamental improvements in motor

outline likewise have been finished by Stirling siblings in 1840, to expand the warmth

exchange space they constructed a motor containing an external regenerator and

tubular warmth exchangers. In 1845 they constructed a motor that utilized a different

pump to top off the motor with compressed air. Liao (2009) communicated the

supposition utilized for the isothermal working spaces and warmth exchangers infers

that the warmth exchangers includindg the regenerator are viable with an exceptional

temperature appropriation as appeared in the figure above. The stirling motor which is a

five part serially associated model, comprising individually of a pressure space, cooler,

regenerator, radiator and development space.

Martinez (1995) stated that thermal problems in power-generation equipment that

includes heat transfer difficulty, particularly cooling issues, which are often critical to any

kinds of engines, not just in dividers and valves cooling in responding engines, high-

temperature gas turbines for turbine-blades, but more on common heat complications

because of friction, issues of inteference and fixing due to thermal analysis (losses,

wear, noise, cracks), etc. Additionally, the literature on heat engines is commonly

related to gasses and their real combustion procedure, the component needed

(counting the required cooling), the lubrications and their mechanisms, the working pipe

fluid (air submission, fuel injection, and product exhaust), the ignition if any, the form

and its supports (including vibration separation), their performances in terms of torque

and shaft velocity (e.g. for coupling to screw propellers or vehicle wheels), the electronic

framework (sensors and controls), testing and diagnostic means, and so on.

Karamchandani and Patel (2014) stated that heat engine might be isolated into

two theory classes, as pointed out by where the igniton of fuel happens. In one class,

the combustion of fuel literally occurs outside of the cylinder, and there such an engine

named the external burning engine. The most widely recognized model of this class are
steam turbines and steam motors, where the active source is steam. In an external

combustion engine, the power is consists two stages. An energy consumed from the

furnace of the boiler and fuel is immediately used to evaporate water in a boiler and

then the steam was delivered and is made to take place on the cylinder of the steam

engine or at the blades of the steam turbine that is trasferring power. At the point when

the combustion of fuel happens internally on engine cylinder so that the result of

combustion specifically goes up on the piston, the engine is classified as internal

combustion engine. The common examples of this class where the working medium is

the result of ignition are diesel engine, gas engine and petrol engine.

C. Combustion

The procedure which the inflammable matter in a substance conjoined with

oxygen at a temperature higher that the ignition temperature of the substance and

results in progress of heat and light is classified as combustion. A fuel, at a period of

ignition, order to fuse with oxygen a fuel must be in gaseous form in which is accessible

in the atmosphere. A liquid fuel must be condensed or atomized in order to burnt it. The

method of gasifying a solid fuel and blending it with the air at the maintaning

temperature is a lot complicated and many arrangement have been used in decades to

get the best possible igniting of solid fuels (Karamchandani and Patel, 2014). The

combustion method contains the oxidation of constituents in the fuel that are potentially

fit for being oxidized, and can, therefore,chemical equation can be represented. These

circumstances shows the value of oxygen that is required to combine with the given

portion of fuel and also the amount of resulting gases developed by the combustion.

The knowledge of these tests alllows an engineer to get the exact amount of air to be
consumed and the portion of heat to be deflected by the result of combustion on the

chimney (Karamchandani and Patel, 2014). The energy discharged by combustion

makes a rose of temperature of the output of combustion. The temperature attained

depends on the portion of release and dissipation of the themal energy and the amount

of combustion products. Air is the economical source of oxygen, but because air is

three-quarters nitrogen by mass, nitrogen becomes the huge constituent of the products

of combustion, and the rise in temperature is substantially lesser if purified oxygen were

used.

According to Salazar (2016) Combustion in SI engines is composed of three

phases. Flame and ignition upgrading is the first process of combustion where just

about less than 10% of the air-fuel combination is consumed. During flame development

combustion has barely started and there is a little pressure increase, so there is no big

work done. The second phase composed of the propagation of the fire. This phase eats

about 80-90% of the air-fuel substance. During this phase there is significant pressure

increase, which supply the power that generates the work in the expansion stroke. The

third and final phase of the combusting process is the flame terminating. This phase

consumes only just around 5% of the air-fuel matter. During this stage the pressure

quickly declines and combustion stops. Internal combustion engines are device that

develops work utilizing the results of combustion as the potential fluid rather than as a

heat displacement medium. To produce work, the combustion is finished in a method

that creates huge-pressure combustion outputs that can be expanded using a turbine or

cylinder. The engineering of these high-pressure equipments presents and assorted

elements that significantly impact the arrangement of pollutant (LoRusso, Kaiser and

Lavoire, 1983).

Thorpe (2009) stated that air is the least expensive source of oxygen, but

because air is seventy-five percent (by weight) nitrogen, nitrogen change into the

significant constituent of the results of burning, and the ascent in temperature is

generously not accurately if immaculate oxygen were utilized. Hypothetically, in any

burning, a base portion of air to make fuel is needed to complete ignition. The ignition,

in any problem, can be made and more promptly finish, and the vitality released

expands, by expanding the scope of air. An overabundance of air, be that as it may,

lessens a authoritative temperature of the items and the size of the discharged vitality.

In this manner, an idea of air-to-fuel proportion can often be resolved, contingent upon

the amount and the temperature of ignition and the last temperature coveted.

immaculate oxygen or Air with advanced oxygen content, as on account of the oxy-

acetylene light, might be utilized to improvised high temperatures. The amount of

burning might be extend by finely isolating the fuel to creates its surface zone and

subsequently its amount of response, and by blending it with the atmosphere to give the

essential measure of oxygen to the fuel.

D. Low Temperature Differential Stirling Engine

The low temperature differential (LTD) Stirling engine is a kind of Stirling motor

thing that can work with a less-temperature heat supply. There are kinds low-

temperature heat sources that can be used including sunlight based vitality. The LTD

Stirling engine contributes the probability of direct change of sun powered vitality to

mechanical work. Rizzo (1997) states that a LTD Stirling engine can be run with a small
temperature change between the hot and cold ends of the displacer cylinder. LTD

Stirling motors supplies value as practice units, but they quickly become one of interest

when thinking the possibility of power generation from other minimal-temperature waste

heat supply.

Low temperature Stirling motors are not as effective as their high temperature

partners. Abdullah (2005) proposed a reasonable outline of low temperature differential

two-fold acting Stirling motor for sun oriented application. Bancha and Somchai (2003)

proposed an audit of sun based controlled Stirling motors and low temperature

differential Stirling motors.

Gaynor, Webb, Lloyd (2010) talked about that a force yield assurance of a

gamma-arrangement low temperature differential Stirling motor have study. The

previous chips away at the figuring of Stirling motor force yield are talked about. Comes

about because of this study show that the mean weight power recipe is most proper for

the count of a gamma-arrangement, low temperature differential Stirling motor force

yield.

Kongtragool and Wongwises (2007) expressed that two single-acting, twin force

cylinder furthermore, four force cylinders, gamma-arrangement, low temperature

Differential Stirling motor have composed and built. The motor execution is tried with air

at barometrical weight by utilizing a gas burner as a warmth source. The motor is tried

with different warmth inputs. Varieties of motor torque, shaft power and brake warm

productivity at different warmth contributions with motor rate and motor execution are

introduced.
 Orunov, Trukhov, Tursunbaev (1983) inspected the advancement of Stirling

motors, sun oriented fueled Stirling motors, and low temperature differential Stirling

motors was done and found a possible arrangement which lead to a preparatory

calculated configuration of a workable sunlight based fueled low temperature differential

Stirling motor. The exploration show that Stirling motors working with generally low

temperature air are conceivably appealing motors without bounds, particularly sun

oriented fueled low temperature differential Stirling motors with vertical, twofold acting,

gamma-design.

E. Regenerators

The warmth exchanger is set between the hot and frosty spaces of the motor.

The capacity is to recover the warmth from the hot liquid that generally would be

conveyed to the earth and lost irreversibly outside the cycle and convey the warmth

back to the working liquid while being exchanged to the hot space of the motor. In that

way, the effectiveness of the procedure is expanded by taking benefit of reused interior

warmth and in this manner, the force yield of the motor is higher for the same

temperatures of the hot and cold sides.

Kongtragool (2003) said that if a regenerator is utilized for always separating and

adding warmth to the liquid in each stroke of the cylinder, a lessened measure of

warmth from the outer source is required and the warm proficiency of the motor is

moved forward. On account of a perfect regenerator, the Stirling and Carnot efficiencies

are proportionate.
 Watanabe et. al. (1999) stated that the efficiency of Stirling engines relies on the

storage and performance of regenerators. Regenerators are commonly expected that

would have great temperature influence. Moreover, the stream misfortunes and dead

space must be minimized. These elements, in any case, are contrary to one another.

regardless of the fact that a lot of test has focused on these three variables, some

studies have break them down in authentic acknowledgement streams. In addition, it

has not been reasonable to measure the temperature ability by utilizing active gas

because of the rapid change of the gas temperature. Along these words, in this

literature, they measured the movement of the temperature in the streams in a

regenerator by utilizing water rather than a gas and after that analyzed the attributes of

the regenerator. Moreover, Snyman et al. (2008) discussed that a feature consisting

of tier and coils of heat-absorbent material placed on the inside surfaces of working fluid

passageways. This characteristic is used to boost the efficiency of the cycle by

gathering excess heat from the expanding working fluid, which can be transferred to the

fluid during and after cycles, and deducing the amount of thermal heat that can be

acquired by the external heat sink through the cold workspace.

Patton and Bennett (2011) stated a special motor, in light of the regenerative

guideline, is being developed with the objectivity of getting proficiency high brake over a

wide energy range. It can be detailed as an internal combustion Stirling engine (ICSE).

The motor is a part cycle formed with a regenerator beside the exhaust cylinder and

compression. The regenerator goes about as a counter-stream heat exchanger. Amid

fumes, the hot gasses are cooled by the regenerator. The regenerator restores this

heat.
F. Solar thermal

In a solar thermal Stirling system, Stirling motor has a critical commitment in the

entire framework. The Stirling motors are the most favored motors for these

components such as high power thickness, high proficiency, low upkeep operation and

the potential for long haul use systems. A rudimentary Stirling motor is included with a

development cylinder, a pressured cylinder, and three heat exchangers: a cooler, a

heater, and a regenerator. Kalogirou (2004) dealt with the particular sorts of solar

thermal gatherers and applications. It is specified that utilization of some following

frameworks enhances the effectiveness of sunlight based gatherers since it makes

them keep up a zero frequency point. Stine and Harrigan (1985) considered optical

mistakes of following frameworks as normal blunders in moving sunlight based

concentrators. Harris and Lenz (1985) considered the impact of hole's geometry and the

edge point of the concentrator on the temperature profile of the depression. Nepveu et

al. (2009) explored a nodal strategy for computing the vitality misfortunes by reflection,

convection, and conduction through the clay dividers. Beltran et al. (2012) introduced a

scientific model to outline a dish/cavity framework. Sendhil and Reddy (2007) have

demonstrated a numerical examination of characteristic convective misfortunes in a

collector hole at a specific slant. Sendhil and Reddy (2008) additionally worked a fluffy

central sun based dish concentrator which utilizes three diverse hole recipients. Fraser

(2008) explored the radiation discharged by the hole. In his work, by considering view

components, he computed the compelling absorbance and the gap region.

Andraka and Moss (1995) said that the receiver serves as a warm cushion between the
concentrator and the motor, and in light of the fact that it exchanges warmth to the

motor by buildup, it permits the motor to work at a high normal temperature and

effectiveness. Dish-Stirling frameworks have shown that they are equipped for creating

power for the matrix and for remote force applications.

Farret and Simões (2006) said that the Stirling motor is worked with an outer

warmth source, the ignition of the fuel in a biomass Stirling motor is made persistently in

a burner . As an other option to biomass Stirling motor there is the sun powered Stirling

motor utilizing sun oriented radiation as warmth source. The motor in this concentrate

however is been utilizing biomass as force info. The execution of Stirling motors is

exceptionally subject to the warmth exchange from the combusted gasses to the

working liquid. Nishiyama (2007) expressed the temperature of the info gas and the

stream rate are imperative variables that influence the general effectiveness of the

motor.

Related Studies

Several studies have been conducted in relation to creating a Stirling engine.

Eames, Kieran and Pickering (2015) stated that Stirling engines operate in a closed

shut-cycle; implying that the same working fluid circulates between the hot-side and

cold-side of the engine. Therefore, both sides of a Stirling cycle engine require a heat

exchanger: one to pass heat energy from the high temperature heat source to the

engine’s working fluid and a second to interchange the heat from the working liquid to a

cooling medium outside the engine. Closed cycle engines had all this impediment.
Because heat must be passed within a short time, there must be temperature contrast

at the warm- and cold-sides of the engine cycle, in order to get the vital heat rates.

Gaynor, Webb and Lloyd (2008) expressed that the second form of Stirling

motors known as Beta turned out on 1816 which contained two additional parts

displacer and force cylinder in a barrel to help declining loss of stream among

chambers. Despite the fact that economizer was presented and licensed by Stirling

brothers in 1816, it wasn't utilized in a working motor till 11 years after the development.

Star (2010) said that as per the US Environmental Protection Agency, more than

half of the air contamination in the country is brought on by versatile sources, basically

vehicles which use the inside ignition motor. Knowing how an inward burning motor

works, there must be an outlet after the ignition stage, and that outlet is the fumes.

Organ (2007) expressed that these fumes gasses are a type of warmth waste,

with temperatures surpassing 1000°F, and are the primary driver of contamination. The

goal was to discover a approach to change over this warmth waste into vitality and set

that vitality back into the framework. Since the measure of warmth being squandered

was known, the errand of building a more successful Stirling motor that will work off the

fumes warmth, and which will be known as Eco Motor was utilized. Its absence of

transfer of contamination was an essential explanation behind picking a Stirling motor

as its virtuoso designing will permit it to keep running on "free vitality".

Senft (2007) composed numerous genuine motors the development and

pressure forms generally happen in motor spaces that have moderately little warmth

exchange territory. Instrument wear must be controlled to keep up a satisfactory

administration life. For the same reasons that they squander vitality, responding
displacers load different parts (e.g., heading and linkages), requiring more hearty

configuration of these segments.

Kongtragool and Wongwises (2006) said that Stirling motor is not another

innovation, its creation goes back to 1816. In any case, there is as of now a restored

enthusiasm for its application for little scale power era utilizing both fossil-powers and

renewable wellsprings of vitality, for example, sun oriented and biomass. The business

sector for Stirling motor however is still exceptionally constrained to particular

applications.

Rogdakis, Antokanos and koronaki (2016) stated that the limit of the engine is

based on the geometric components of the machine, design and structure of the unit,

the kind of atmosphere which will it work, and the size of the load. they also explained

that Stirling engines, as outside combustion engines, can be powered using a variety of

heat sources achieving significantly reduced emissions. Energy systems using Stirling

engines optimize their performance in specific operating conditions. Therefore, the

numerical analysis of each Stirling engine using more realistic independent variables is

crucial for getting the real stated power and heater and cooler metal temperatures and

efficiency for a given engine speed, mean pressure.

Vikas, Sahil and Sunny (2016) stated that a hot air engine working on principle of

air that contracts on being cooled and extends form being heated. These motors has

zero exhaust and are external combustion engines, wide display of fuels can be used to

kickoff a Stirling motor that involves biochemical products, alcohol and waste gases etc.

These engines are appropriate for operations which have other needs: speeds, long

startup method,noise less operation and constant power output.

 M.H Ahmadi and Mehrpooya (2016) stated that limted-time thermodynamics is

carrying out to get the clear thermal effectiveness and power amount of the system with

limited-rate heat alteration, generating loss of heat, conducive thermal linking loss and

limited regenerating time needed. The model examinedto determine the effects of the

volumetric ratio of the engine, the basin temperature of the heat rate, capability of heat

capacitance and heat interchangers rates on the declared power amount and thermal

suitability of the engine. product power of the Stirling engine is boosted under two

escalation synopsis. In the main situation, the higher working temperature of

the Stirling engine is considered as a choice configuration parameter (choice variable)

while in the second situation, notwithstanding the high working temperature, the

temperature portion of the engine is likewise deliberated as an outline parameter.

Stirling stirling is an ecological agreeable heat motor which can decrease carbon

discharge through igniting process. Different criteria ought to be considered for outlining

and enhancing Stirling heat motors, for example, torque, force, and weight misfortune in

heat interchangers of Stirling motor, effectiveness et cetera. In the previously mentioned

criteria, yield power and shaft torque are the most essential criteria which speak to the

execution and effectiveness of the Stirling motors. In this way, assurance of yield power

and shaft torque with high precision and low vulnerability are required.

Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia (2014) stated that the hotness for the

extension chamber is given by an outer persistent burner that can work on gas, liquor,

characteristic propane, butane, or gas, and the fumes created has low and free carbon

chemicals and dangerous gas levels. The Stirling motor runs easily in light of the fact

that weight varies in the compression and extending chambers are sinusoidal, that is,
commonly steady, as opposed too touchy as in interior burning cycles. The need of

quick repulsion of warmth from the hot working gas requires an extending radiator,

which makes this sort of motor less compatible to small automobiles.

Christoph et. al. (2007), investigated the Stirling motor from financial point. They

pointed that lone a little power operation can complete a Stirling motor, which applies a

great deal to vitality preservation. On the off chance that sun oriented is utilized to pass

vitality for the Stirling motor, the expense would be chopped down for a considerable

amount, it costs much to arranging. Stirling motor debilitates neatly and keep away from

parcel of contamination, which reduce such an huge measure of cost for tainting control

and government. Toward the end of eighteenth century and the mid nineteenth century

the warmth motor effectiveness is low, yet now the effectivity of Stirling engine can

come up to 80% or fundamentally more. So another bit of cost is saved.

Wang, Sanders, Dubey, Choo and Duan (2016) discussed the ought to be

situated toward two headings for functional applications, including giving ease solution

for temperatures, and moderate proficient arrangements with moderate expenses for

medium temperatures. Thermo-acoustic motor for low temperature application are

particularly efficient because of their high efficiency, low cost, simplicity, and prevalent

reliabilities over the other mechanical Stirling motors.

 Theoretical Framework

APPLICATION OF
KINEMATICS AND
THERMODYNAMICS
EFFICIENCY AND
STABILITY OF THE
CONCEPT OF WORKING CYCLE
ADIABATIC EXPANSION
AND COMPRESSION

PROTOTYPE
STIRLING ENGINE

PROPAGATION OF HEAT
Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS

 M6 Machine screw  Making

 M6 Washers  Assembling
 M6 nut
 Fabrication
 Balloon, rubber band
 1mm wire (con rod)  Drilling
 1.6mm wire/bicycle
 Cutting
spoke piece (as cranks)
 Steel wire wool (roll)  Separation

 0.45mm fishing thread  Attaching

 Terminal blocks
 Fitting
 Epoxy resin
 Tuna tin  Testing and
 Drinks cans
Troubleshooting

OUTPUT

Prototype Stirling
Engine
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

A. Project description

The proposed research project began with researching the background and

design of existing Stirling engines. The study work aims to build a small-scale modified

engine out of fine and reusable materials to examine the principles of Stirling engine

construction and operation. The design was intended to be less productive, with the

intention of the availability and cost of materials that will be use compared to the other

types of structure and design.The structure consists of diaphragm, displacer,

crankshaft, heat sink and flywheel that acts as the main parts of the engine. The

operation will undergo a Stirling cycle process. This engine used a burning candle as its

heat source.
B. Materials and Tools

B.1 Cylinder

The cylinder is composed of two coke cans. The first or top cylinder stores

the crankshaft, flywheel, piston, and the diaphragm while the bottom can serve

as the displacer cylinder where the displacer piston is located.

B.2 Balloon (ordinary)

This will serve as the diaphragm of the engine. It is reinforced with a piece

of inner tube in the center or the tip of the balloon. The neck of the balloon will be

used and can be attained by cutting the half length of it.

B.3 Steel Wire Wool

The displacer piston is made from steel wire wool wrapped around a piece

of steel wire. The size must be fitted inside the base or can.

B.4 Crankshaft

For the cranks, used some approximate 1.8mm bicycle spoke (can also

use copper wire and steel wire). This will serve as the connecting point of some

parts to run the engine.

B.5 Flywheel

Old compact discs will be used as the flywheel of an engine. It is

mechanically connected to the piston or crankshaft of the engine.

 B.6 Heat sink

The sink that will be used in this design is a tin can. It must have a wider

diameter that can hold the cylinder and acts as regenerator.

B.7 Other materials and tools

Fishing thread, steel wire, M6 screw, M6 nut, washer and terminal blocks

are some materials that will be used as the connectors. Pliers, heavy duty

scissors, super glue, and epoxy resinare the tools that will be used in order to

assemble the parts.

C. Project Design

This project concentrated on advancing the design and construction towards

completion with particular emphasis on the continuous cycle, instrumentation

components, and gas flow through the regenerator. In order to develop a compact and

low cost prototype Stirling engine, a beta type Stirling engine that had a single power

piston arranged within the same cylinder on the same shaft as a displacer pistonwas

designed. A regenerator was located on the displacer. The firebox has made to support

and hold the whole structure and serve as the storage for heat source input. At the

completion of this project, the displacer piston actuation system has been redesigned.
D. Experimentation

D.1 Cutting

The bottom of the cans will be cut using heavy duty scissors. Then, the

center of the first can will be cutin circle shape so it will serve as the viewing

window for the parts.

D.2 Making the Diaphragm

 The diaphragm of this engine is made from a balloon. The neck of a

balloon will be cut, and stretch the balloon end over the top of a can.

After that, the center of the diaphragm will beholed for the displacer wire.

D.3 Making the Cranks

For the cranks the researchers used some approximate 1.8mm bicycle

spoke. Then, bend the spoke at 45 degrees and form 3 bends in different

directions using pliers. The electrical blocks are fitted as bending the cranks.

D.4 Fitting the cranks and blocks

Thread the cranks through the viewing window at an angle with terminal

blocks for it will serve as the stopper. Then, leave one end of the cranks long for

the flywheel attachment.

D.5 Make the displacer

The displacer is made from steel wire wool wrapped around a piece of

steel wire. Bend a small hook in the end of the wire and begin rolling steel wool

around this. Once it gets near the size of a coke can, cut the wool. Pull out the

wire most of the way and cut the wool so that the displacer is around 2 inches

high. On the other end of the wire, bend a spiral then trim a slight bevel around

the top to match the bevel on the coke can. After that, tie about a foot of fishing

wire onto the hook end of the displacer. Apply some super glue to the knot so

that it won’t wriggle loose when the engine is running.

Then, the pin will be removed from the diaphragm and threading the loose
 end of the fishing wire through the diaphragm so that the inner-tube rubber will

be on the inside of the pressure vessel.

D.6 Make the pressure vessel.

Cut the bottom off a coke can leaving about an inch from the base. Put the

displacer and balloon into the pressure vessel, then push this base into the end

of the can. Then, fit the balloon over the top.

D.7 Making the flywheel

To make the flywheel,1cm piece of 20mm wooden dowel will be used as a

center for some old CD's. The dowel was about 0.5mm big for the CD. Then, the

flywheel is held on by bending a hook on the end of the crankshaft.

D.8 Connecting all together and balancing

The can with the cranks is pushed onto the top of the pressure vessel.The

first thing to do is to connect the displacer and balance it. Then, cut a small piece

of steel wire about 30mm to connect the displacer wire terminal, to the one on

the cranks. The push rods will be screwed into the outside terminal blocks, put

the cranks in the lowest position and fit the rods into the terminal blocks. Tighten

them up all up.

E. Testing

Technical or manual application test will be conducted to test if the engine

work continuously. It is a mechanical test wherein the procedure starts by

rotating the flywheel few times for it to operate the cycle. The pressure vessel
 must be filled with cold water while the engine is running to balance the

temperature.

Testing the engine will let us see the operation and procedures done

within it and will test the durability and efficiency of the engine.

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Findings, Conclusion, Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary and findings of the study, the conclusion and

recommendation for the solution and improvement of the study.

A. Summary and Findings

After the experimentation done on the prototype, it was found to perform the following

functions:

1. Production of power in a net conversion of heat into work continuously.

2. Cyclic compression and expansion of air at given temperatures.

3. Power pistons at the end of the cylinder through crankshaft drives the flywheel.

B. Conclusion
 This project provided an opportunity to gain experience with mechanical

concept, design and the fundamentals of Stirling engines. However, testing the engine

took several attempts to make run the engine. Our current prototype configuration has

run at a steady-state reliably for few minutes, and we have gained iteration ideas to

improve the reliability and performance. It would be great at this point to operate the

engine continuously using a candle light as heat source or steam as fuel. Thus, this

research study can be concluded to know the efficiency and reliability of Stirling engine

and its commercial usage to some sort of resources such as car engines, generators,

power plants, and machines. Therefore, we can assure and state that usage of Stirling

engines as power source was indeed a great decision because of its efficiency to the

economy and industry. The demand on electricity and petroleum will probably be

decreased.

C. Recommendation

The following are recommended to further improve the study:

1. Usage of larger, high-grade and quite expensive materials for better

stability of engine.

2. Adjustment and widening of spaces and some assembled parts for much

work.

3. Application of a generator or dynamo for electricity supply.

4. Enough time for improvement.

COMBUSTION.pdf

AirPollution88-Ch2.pdf

Peters_Summerschool_reference.pdf

chapter3.pdf

thermod11.pdf

Chapter19.pdf

HeatEnginesVol_2_Chapter_3_RS.pdf

HeatEnginesVol_1_Chapter_9_RS.pdf

HeatEnginesVol_3_Chapter_1_RS.pdf

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