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Eye Strain
Headaches
Poor Posture
Tripping Over Unseen Objects
Increased Likelihood Of Error
Increased Time To Evacuate
Health Effects
Skin Burns
Dehydration
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Cramps
Heat Cataracts
Heat Strokes
Heat Stress
Radiant Heat Burns
Protective Measures
Medical Pre-Selection
Acclimatisation
Cold Drinks
Mininise Exposure
Shielding And Refuges
Regular Work Breaks
Ventilation
Control Of Humidity
Suitable Clothing
Heat Surveillance
Reducing Hot/Cold At Source
Mechanical Aids
Health Effects
Onset Of Fatigue
Shivering
Loss Of Dexterity
Cold Burns
Frostbite
Hypothermia
Precautions
Thermal Clothing
Reduced Exposure
Monitoring
Follow Safe Mechanisms
Alarms For Cold Stores
Welfare Requirements
Sanitary Conveniences
Washing Facilities
Drinking Water
Accomodation For Clothing
Facilities For Changing Clothing
Facilities For Eating Meals
Inadequate Lighting
Cramped/Dirty/Untidy Conditions
Poor Layout(Privacy/Security)
Glare,Temperature/Humidity
Inadequate Ventilation/Stale Air
Noise,Viberation
Inadequate Welfare Facilities
Inclement Weather Conditions
Violence At Work
Hse Definition:-
Internal Violence:-
External Violence:-
Persons At Risk(Violence)
Preventing Measures:-
Inadequate Design
Poor Housekeeping
Poor Lighting
Slippary Surfaces Or Unsuitanle Footwear
Damaged Flooring Or Coverings
Manual Handling/Rushing
Working At Height
Precautions:-
Hazards To Pedestrains
Housekeeping
Hazards:-
Precautions:-
Construction-Effective Management:-
1. The Client
2. Consultants
3. Designers
4. The Principal Contractor
5. Other Contractors
Client’s Duties:-
Consultant’s Duties:-
Designer’s Duties:-
Sub-Contractor’s Duties:-
Site Security:-
Fencing
Hoardings
Warning Signs
Security Boards
Visiting Schools
Viewing Panels
Construction Hazards:-
Methods Of Demolition:-
1. By Hand
2. By Machine
Pusher Arm
Demolition Ball
Impact Hammer
3. By Chemical Agent
Demolition By Explosives
Hydraulic Bursters
Hot Cutting
Expanding Demolition Agents
High Pressure Water Jetting
Hazards Of Demolition:-
Falling Debris,Masonary
Premature Collapse Of Building
Falls From Height Or On Same Level
Services E.G. Gas And Water
Explosion And Fire
Chemical Contamination E.G. Lead Dust,Silica Dust
Asbestos
Biological Hazards
Manual Handling
The Use Of Explosives
Collision With Heavy Plant
Noise E.G. Neumatic Drills,Power Tools
1. Protection Of Public
Restricted Areas
Safe Distances
Airbone Contamination
2. Protection Of Workforce
Sequence Of Demolition
Permit Systems
Existing/Temporary Services
Flammables
Segeration
Ppe
Types Of Roofs:-
Pitched Roofs
Flat Roofs
Fragile Roofs
Roof Work
Crawl Boards
Running Line And Safety Harness
Barriers Or Covers To Roof
Roof Edge Protection
Covers To Roof Lights
Ladder’s Hazards:-
Tied Scaffold
Through Tie
Reveal Tie
Wrong Materials
Unstable Foundations
Improperly Designed
Improper Irection
Overloading
Modified Incorrectly
Undermined By Excavations
Hit By Machinery
Excessive Winds/Rain
Inspection Of Scaffold:-
Scaffold Towers
Hazards
Overturning
Collapse
Fall From Height
Falling Objects
Overhead Obstructions
Affected By:-
Hazards
Equipment Failure
Unsuitable Ground Conditions
Defective Or Unused Outriggers
Overloaded Carrier
Carrier Struck By A Slung Load
Mewp Struck By Another Vehicle
Precautions:-
Do Not (Awp)
Precautions:-
Regular Inspection
Safe Working Load
Competent Staff
Safety Equipment Working
Platform Edge Protection
Guard Rails And Toe Boards Fitted
Adverse Weather Rules
Protected Electricity Supplies
Communication
Emergency Procedures
Excavation Hazards
Excavation Assessment
Noise
Vibration
Solvent And Cleaners
Fumes And Radiation
Biological Hazards
Dusts:-
Saw Dust
Lead Dust
Silica Dust
Asbestos Fibres
Cement:-
Irritant Dermatitis
Allergic Dermatitis
Skin Burns And Ulcers
Storage Of Materials
Hazards:-
Precautions
Minimum Quantities
Effective Storing
Low Or Possible
Clearly Marked Areas
Ensure Good Housekeeping
The Minimum Recommended Safe Working Distance Is 6 Metres From The Nearst Part Of The Crane.If
The Minimum Distance Cannot Be Maintained The Electricity Supply Should Be Disconnected.
Plid
Element-2
People/Vehicle Collision
Collisions With Other Vehicles
Falling From Vehicles
Being Struck By Insecure Loads
Vehicles Overturning
Associated Activities,Battery Charging
Segeration If Possible
Seperate Routes
High Visibility Clothing
Clearly Marked/Signed Routes
Gangways Suitable Width And Clearance
Speed Limits
Adequate Lighting
Clear Direction Signs And Door Marking
Sharp Bends Avoided
Good Floor Conditions/Gentle Gradients
Sufficient Parking
Avoid Reversing
Alerting People To Hazards
Reversing Of Vehicles:-
Avoid Reversing
One-Way Systems
Drive Through Systems
Turning Circles
If Must Reverse
Seperation
Suitable Design
Audible Alarms
Mirrors
Adequate Lighting
Banksmen
High Visibility Clothing
Site Rules/Training
Driver Selection:-
Should Include:-
Personal Responsibilities
Safe Working Load Estimations
Pre-Use Vehicle Inspection
Suitable Maintenance
Safe Parking And Security
Speed Restrictions
Safe Rules And Signs
Floor Conditions
Vehicle Reversing
Petrol,Diesel,Lpg Hazards
Flames Or Sparks
Exhaust Fumes Including Carbon Monoxide
Surface Temperature Of Exhaust System/Hot Surfaces
Noise
Manual Handling Of Lpg Cylinders
Battery Charging:-
Hazards
Precautions
Small As Possible
Not To Carry More Than Two People
Edge Protection
Locked Gate
Guard To Protect Against Moving Parts
Safety Harness And Fitting Points
Hazards To Drivers:-
Fumes (Diesel/Petrol)
Fire/Explosion
Collision With Building
Manual Handling
Falling Objects
Noise
Vibration
Ergonomics
Electrical Hazards
Element-3
Fire Safety
(Smothering) (Cooling)
Fuel
(Starving)
Sources Of Ignition:-
Naked Flames
Electricity (Overheating/Arcing)
Smoking Materials
Hot Work (Welding,Burning)
Chemical Appliances (Hot Surfaces)
Friction (Inadequate Lubrication)
Static Electricity
Lightning
Improper Storage Of Flammable Materials
Lack Of Supervision And Inspection
Main Effects
Being Burnt
Inhaling Toxic Fumes
Effects Of Smoke Inhalation
Deplemention Of Oxygen Supply
Other Effects
Collapse Of Building
Crush Or Other Injury Sustained While Escaping
Some Important Definitions:-
Flash Point
Fire Point
Auto-Ignition Temperature:-Temperature At Which Gasses Or Vapour Will Ignite Without Any
External Source Of Ignition.
Flammable:-Which Flash Point B/W 32 Degree Celcius And 55 Degree Celcius
Highly Flammable:-Liquids With A Flash Point Below 32 Degree Celcius
1)Conduction 2)Convection
Causes Of Fire:-
Deliberate(Arson)
Electrical Faults
Misuse Of Electrical Equipment
Smoke Materials
Smoking In Prohibited Areas
Loss Of Control Burning Rubbish
Heating Equipment
Unsafe Storage Of Materials
Flammable Liquids/Gases
Welding/Hot Work
Mechanical Heat(Friction)
Classification Of Fires:-
A:-Combustible Solids
B:-Flammable Liquids Or Liquified Solids
C:-Flammable Gases
D:-Flammable Metals
F:-Combustible Cooking Media
Fires Involving Electrical Equipment:-
Electrical Classified According To The Source Of
Ignition Rather Than Fuel Source.
Pre-Inspection By Users
Suitability Of Equipment
Inspection/Maintenance By Competent Person
Avoid Misuse Of Equipment
Prevent Overloading Of Circuit
Correct Design And Rating For Task
Isolate If Not In Use
Improved Means Of Protection E.G. Rcd
High Standards Of Housekeeping
Staff Awareness Training
Terms:-
Fire Preventions:-
Minimum Quantities
Suitable Fixed Storage Tanks
Keep Upright In Well Ventilated Area
Clear Making Of Containers
Clearly Marked Storage Area
Spillage Controls
Adequate Ventilation
Suitable Fire Fighting Equipment
Trained Competent Staff
Adequate Warning Signs
Fire Protection:-
Restricts The Spread Of Fire And Smoke Within A Building Depends Upon:-
Fire Precautions:-
Fire/Smoke Detection
Fire Alarms
Means Of Escape
Means Of Fighting The Fire
Emergency Evacuation Procedures
Fire Alarms:-
Gongs,Bells Etc
Automatic Systems
-Continuous Detection
-Alarm Sounding
-Trigger Extinguishers
Means Of EscapeDefinition)
A Means Of Escape Is A Continuous Path Along Which A Person Can Travel From Wherever He/She May
Be In The Building And Reach Safely By His Own Unaided Efforts.
Multiple Exits
Fire Resistance Of Structure
Adequate Size Of Numbers
Travel Distance
Clearly Marked Exits
Emergency Lighting
Exit Free Of Obstructions
Final Exit Door
Unblocked Openings Outwards
Fire Smoke Doors Self Closing
Fixed Stairs To Upper Floors
Exit To Safe Place
Suitable Assembly Point
Hose Reel
Sprinkler
Hose Reel:-
Permanently Connected To The Main Water Supply.Should Be Sitted In A Location Which Covers The
Whole Area.
Advantages:-
Inexpensive,Effective
Harmless To Health
Unlimited Supply Of Water At Good Pressure
Greater Force Than Sprinkler
Operators Need Not To Be Too Close To The Fire
Disadvantages:-
A Network Of Water Pipes With Spray Heads Normally At Ceiling Height Is Installed In Vulnerable Areas.
Advantages:-
Large Coverage Of Water To Prevent The Spread Of Fire In Large Open Plan Buildings Where
Compartmentalisation Is Not Practical.
Disadvantages:-
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
Harmful To Health
System Must Be Disconnected When People Enter The Protected Area
Fire Extinguishers:-
1. Water:-Class A
Lowers The Ignition Tempertature
Prevents Re-Ignition
Only To Be Used On Class A Fires
2. Foam:-Class B
Excludes Oxygen-Blanket Effect
Suitable For Class B Fires
Aqueous Film Forming Foam
3. Dry Powder:-Class A,B,C
Powder Has A Smothering Effect But No Cooling Properties
Can Be Used On All Types Of Fire
4. Carbondioxid:-Class B,E
High Pressure Cylinder Containing Liquified Co2
Liquid Vapourises In Contact With Air
Safe To Use On Electrical Fires And Burning Liquids
Inspection:-
Routine (Perhaps Monthly) Visual Check To Ensure Extinguishers Are Place,Not Been Discharged Or
Damaged.
Maintenance:-
Involves An Annual Examination By A Competent Person With The Removal And Replacement Of
Equipment Found Faulty And The Date Af The Inspection Recorded.
Accessibility
Proximity To Exits/Escape Routes
Visibility And Signage
Locate Off Ground With Adequate Support
Suitable Type
Protection Against Damage And Weather
Practice Drills:-
Element-4
Electrical Safety
Ohms Law:-
The Higher The Electrical Pressure (V) Or The Lower The Circuit Resistance (R),The Higher Is The Current
That Flows In An Electric Circuit.
I=V/R
Electrical Power=Voltage*Current
Indirect Contact:-
Coming Into Contact With A Conductor That Is Not Live In Normal Conditions But Has
Become Live Due To A Fault.
2. Arcing
3. Fire And Explosion
4. Burns
Current In Amperes
Length Of Contact Time
Path Through The Body
Conductivity/Resistance Of The Body
The Voltage
Conductivity Of The Environment
Nature Of The Current
Nature Of Contact
Age And Health Status Of Victim
Secondary Effects:-
Fuses
Circuit Breaker
Earthing
Isolation
Reduced Voltage
Battery Operated Tools
Residual Current Devices (Rcd)
Double Insulation
Fuse:-
A Specialy Designed Weak Link Which Is Designed To Melt At A Predetermined Value Of Current.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
Circuit Breakers:-
Electromagnetic Devices Which Perform The Same Function As Fuses But Operate Faster.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
Earthing:-
Electricity Will Always Try To Reach Earth And Earthing Is Means Of Providing A Low Resistance Path To
Earth.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
Isolation:-
Shutting Off The Electric Supply To An Item Or Equipment And Preventing The System From Being
Mistakenly Reconnected.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
Reducing The Mains Voltage By Means Of A Transformer To A Lower Safer Voltage E.G. 110 Volts Or 55
Volts.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
Limited Use
Low Power Output
Constant Charging Required
Residual Current Device (Rcd):-
Compares The Electricity Flow To The Equipment With The Return Flow And If A Difference Is Detected
The Equipment Is Isolated.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-
May Isolate Crucial Equipment If One Rcd Covers A Number Of Distribution Points E.G. Freezers
And Computers
Mechanical Device Which Could Fail
No Overload Protection
Double Isolation:-
Two Separate Layers Of Insulation Are Provided Which Allows For Fault Detection Where One Layer Has
Failed The Other Still Provides Protection.
Advantages:-
Two Layers Of Insulation Prevent User Contact With Any Live Parts
No Earth Required
Disadvantages:-
Types Of Inspection:-
User Checks
Formal Visual Inspection
Combined Inspection And Test (Pat)
Manufacturer’s Recommendations
Age Of Equipment
Robustness Of Equipment
Double Insulated Or Earthed
Type Of Cable
Extent Of Use
Users Of Equipment
Environment
Abuse Or Misuse
History Of Equipment
Element-5
Ergonomics:-
Ergonomic Assessment
Organisation:-
Supervision,Procedures,Breaks,Shift Patterns.
Equipment Or Process:-
The Individual:-
Environment:-
Temperature,Noise,Space,Lighting Etc.
Causes Of Wrulds:-
W=Work
R=Related
U=Upper
L=Limb
D=Disorders
Symptoms Of Wrulds
Wrulds Prevention:-
D=Display
S=Screen
E=Equipments
D.S.E Assessment
Organisation:-
Job Rotation,Breaks.
Individual:-
Physical Characteristics,Training.
Environment:-
Noise,Lighting,Glare,Temperature,Space Etc.
Equipment:-
Height/Position Of Keyboard And Screen,Seating Posture,Design Of Chair,Screen Definition And
Colour,Adjustibility Of Equipment.
Good Lighting
No Glare,Distracting Reflection
Noise To Minimum
Aple Legroom To Allow Postural Movement
Minimise Glare (Windows)
Suitable Software
Screen Suitable Position
Ample Work Surfaces
Suitable Chair/Adjustable
Footrest If Necessary
Suitable Environment
Laptops(Design,Usage)
Manual Handling
Pulling
Putting Down
Pushing
Lifting
Carrying
Moving
Holding
Construction Workers
Ware House
Care And Health Workers
Postmen,Refuse Collectors,Furniture Movers Etc.
External
Internal
1. Filters Twisting:-
Guidance Weights Should Be Reduced By10% If Thee Work Involves A Twisting Action Through
45 Degree Or More By 20% If A Twist Through 90 Degree Or More Is Involved.A Seated Person Should
Not Attempt To Lift More Than 5kg.
L=Oad
I=Ndividual
T=Ask
E=Nvironment
Load Factors:-
Individual Factors:-
Sex
Physical Health
Stature (Physique,Height Etc)
State Of Health
Level Of Training
Hazards To Prgnant Women
Person’s Perception Of Their Ability
Task Factors:-
Environment Factor:-
Lighting (Poor)
Ventilation (Strong Air)
Obstacles
Height Of Work Surface
Temperature (Hot/Cold)
Floor Conditions
Space Available
The Load
The Workplace
The Handling Equipment
The Employees Involved
Crane Overturning
Overloading
Collision With Other Crane,Overhead Cables
Crushing B/W The Load And Another Object Or B/W The Sling And The Load Or The Sling And
The Hook
Failure Of Support I.E. Outriggers Not Fully Extended
Loss Of Load Due To Rope,Chain Or Sling Failure
Failure Of Load Bearing Part I.E. Jib Breaking
Heavy Wind And Rain
Overloading
Incorrect Slinging Arrangements
Damaged Attachments
Textile Slings Damaged,Cut,Abraded Or Stretched
Chains-Deformed,Cracked Or Streched Links
Broken Wires Or Kinks
No Examination Or Pre-Use Inspection
Damage To Accessories During Use
Lack Of Training
Belt
Roller
Screw Conveyors
Hazards:-
Trapping
Contact
Entaglement
Striking
Impact
Items Falling Off
Slips
Manual Handling
Noise And Vibration
Sharp Edges
Lifting Equipment:-
Sufficient Strength,Tested
Through Examination
Inspected At Regular Intervals
Suitably Marked
Lifting Operations:-
Hoist:-
Chain Hoist
Goods Hoist
Patient Hoist
Regular Maintenance
Training And Refresher Training For All Operators
Carry Out Hoist Operation From One Position
Driver Must Have Good Visibility Of Landings
Clear Signals/Audible Warning Be Given Prior To Lifting Operation
Goods Properly Secured,No Loose Items Of Material In Goods Lift
Gates Correctly And Properly Secured Before Lifting
Element-6
Unwanted Sound:-
Intensity
Frequency
Chronic
Tinnitus
Permanent Threshold Shift
Loss Of Frequency
Acute
1. Source:-Design,Maintenance/Lubrication,Reduce Speed,Energy.
2. Path:-Location,Enclosure,Silencers,Absorption,Damping,Isolation,Screens.
3. Receiver:-Ear Protection,Job Protection.
Ear Plugs
-Comfort
-Hygiene
Ear Defenders
-Comfort
-Reusable
Poorfit
Resistance To Use
Uncomfortable
Incompatibility
Interfence
Hygiene
Supervision
Deterioration
Abuse
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Ray
Neutron
Easy To Detect
Radiation Can Be Very Penetrating
Radiation Can Destroy Living Cells
Acute Effects
1. Somatic:-
Mild Nausea To Severe Illness
Diarrhoea
Headaches
Hair Loss
Redness Of Skin
2. Genetic:-
Damage To Reproductive Cells
Chronic Effects
1. Somatic:-
Complete Hair Loss
Lungs Cancer Etc
2. Genetic:-
Damage To Offspring Of Exposed
Time-Reduce Exposure
Distance-Increase Distance
Shielding-Use Barriers
Ppe
Environmental And Personal Monitoring
Training And Supervision
Correct Disposal Of Radiation Material
Good Hygiene Practices
Non-Ionising Radiation
Ultra-Violet
Infra-Red
Lasers
Microwave
Ultra-Violet
Infra-Red
Lasers In Use
Cutting
Surgery
Hazards
Eyes Are More Vulnerable To Damage From Mild Retina Burns To Permanent Blindness
Shielding
Distance B/W Suorce And Person
Reducing Duration Of Exposure
Ppe
Protective Creams
Stress
Stress Is Defined As The Reaction People Have To Excessive Pressures Or Other Types Of Demands
Placed Upon Them.
Home:-
Sickness
Children
Marital
Financial
Travel
Work:-
Kind Of Work
Physical Conditions
Uncertainty
Conflict
Kind Of Jobs
1. Physical Effects
Raised Heart Rate
Increased Sweating
Headaches
Dizziness
Blured Vision
Arching Neck
Skin Rashes
Lower Resistance To Infection
2. Behavioural Effects
Increased Anxiety
Irritability And Sudden Mood Changes
Drink Or Smoke More
Difficulty Sleeping
Poor Concentration
Inability To Deal With Tasks
Lack Of Motivation
Lack Of Commitment
Poor Time Keeping
Increases In Mistakes
Poor Decision Making
Poor Planing
Increases In Absense
Welding Hazards
Electric Shock
Oxygen Enrichment
Manual Handling
Fire Risk
Eye Damage
Burns
Fume Inhalation
Tripping Over Cables
Electrical And Mechanical Hazards Associated With Machinery Such As Food Mixers And
Processors
Hot Surfaces
Sharp Implements
Wet Or Obstructed Floors Increasing The Risk Of Slips,Trips And Falls
Boiling Water And Hot Cooking Oils Causing Burns
Manual Handling Hazards
Hot,Busy Environment Of A Commercial Kitchen
Health Hazards
Element-7
1. Hazards
Heat Or Cold Problems
Chemicals
Biological
2. Suitability Guarded
3. The Location
4. Cable Of Being Isolated/Lock Off
5. Safe Access And Egress
6. Personnel Trained And Competent
7. Any Other Specified Risks
Appropriate Protection
People Not Come Into Contact
Clear Layout Of Controls
Means Of Isolation
Stable
Adequate Lighting
Maintenance
Appropriate Markings
Warning Devices
Responsibilities Of Users
Maintenance Hazards
Machinery Hazards
Location Of Equipment
Capable Of Being Isolated?
Can Stored Energy Be Dissipated?
Can We Segeregate?
Is There Safe Access And Egress?
Is Ppe Required?
Are Personnel Trained?
Are There Heat Or Cold Problems?
Are There Chemical Residues?
Are There Biological Hazards?
Hand-Held Tools
Portable Power Tool:-Tools Which Have An External Power Sources Such As Electricity,Compressed
Liquid,Air Etc. I.E. Pneumatic Drill,Electric Screw Driver.
Mechanical Hazards:-
Entanglement
Cutting
Abrasions
Ejected Material
Non-Mechanical Hazards:-
Dust
Electricity
Ergonomics
Manual Handling
Noise Vibration
(Acronym-Entice)
En=Entanglement
T=Traps:Shearing,Crushing,Drawing In
I=Impact
Traps:-Where Parts Of The Body (As Hands Or Finger) Are Caught Or Trapped In Parts Of Moving
Machines.
Burns
Lacerations
Abrasions
Puncture
Cuts
Ejection:-Where The Parts Of The Machine Or Materials Being Used Fly Out And Hit The Body.
Office Machinery
Common Hazards:-
Electrical
Ergonomic
Noise
Stability
Photocopiers:-
Document Shredders:-
Manufacturing/Maintenance Machinery
Entanglement (Hair/Clothing)
Contact (Stabbing/Puncture)
Impact (Unsecured Workpiece)
Cutting From Swarf
Ejection (Drill Bit/Material)
Strimmer/Chainsaw
Impact
Crushing
Noxious Substances And Fumes
Biological Infection
Drawing In Traps
Non-Ionising Radiation
Crushing
Spillages And Breakages Of Material
Entaglement
Chemicals
Noise
Manual Handing
Order Of Guarding
(Remember-Fiat)
F=Fixed
I=Interlock
A=Automatic
1. Guards
Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-Adjusting
2. Devices
Presence Sencing
Safety Controls(Trip Wire Cable,Two Hand Control)
Gates
Pullback
3. Location/Distance
4. Feeding And Ejection Methods
5. Miscellaneous Aids
Awareness Barriers
Protective Shields
Hand-Feeding Tools
Fixed Guard
It Is A Physical Barrier That Prevent Access To Danger Area
Its Not Connected Machine Motion Controls
With Out Any Moving Parts
Fixed On Any Part That It Requires A Special Tool To Remove It
Disadvantages
No Protection If Removed
Requires A Tool To Remove
If Solid Hampers Visual Inspection
If Solid May Cause Heat Problems
Interlock Guard
It Have Movable Parts That Are Interconnected With The Control System
Usually Electrical,Mechanically Or Pneumatic Interconnections
Machinery Will Not Operate Unless Guard Is Closed
Less Likely To Slow Production
Generally Move Expensive And Require More Checking And Maintenance
Disadvantages
More Complex
Difficult To Inspect
Difficult To Maintain
Subject To Wear
Subject To Operator Abuse
If A Gateoperator Can Step Inside
Automatic/Pushaway Guards
Adjustable Guards
Provides A Barrier Which Moves According To The Size Of The Stock Entering The Danger Area.
Pullback Devices
Gate
Movable Barrier Device Which Protects The Operator At The Point Of Operation Before The
Machine Cycle Can Be Started
If The Gate Does Not Fully Close Machine Will Not Function
Locate The Machine Or Its Dangerous Moving Parts So That They Are Not Accessible Or Do Not
Present A Worker During Normal Operation
Maintain A Safe Distance From The Danger Area
Element-8
Physical:-Machinery,Electricity,Heat,Noise
Chemical:-Acids,Alkalis,Asbestos
Biological:-Hiv Virus,Legionella,Bacteria
Ergonomic:-Posture Problems,Fatigue
Psychological:-Stress,Shock,Anxiety
Biological Hazards
Legionnaires Disease
Hepatitis
Weils Disease
Anthrax
Rabies
Cleaning/Disinfecting
Water Treatment Programmes
Vermin Control
Procedures For Handling,Containment And Disposal
Personal Hygiene
Immunisation
Health Surveillance
Specific Training
Ppe
Gases
Vapour
Mists And Aerosols
Smoke
Fumes
Dusts
Liquids
Solids
Toxicology:-The Study Of How Different Materials Will Affect The Human Body.
Factors:-
Route Of Entry
Toxicity
Dose And Response
Routes Of Entry
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Injection (Direct Entry)
Dose:-How Much Of A Substance You Are Exposed To And How Long The Exposure Lasts.
Body Weight
Age
Skin Type
Sex
Diet
Health
Toxic Effects
Acute
Headaches
Dizziness
Nausea
Inflammation
Eye Irritation
Unconsciousness
Death
Chronic
Cancers
Death
Local Systemic
Sensilisation
Dermatitis:-Removal Of Natural Oils From Skin Which Causes Reddening,Soreness,Cracking And Bleeding
Of Exposed Skin,Usually Occurs To Arms And Hands.
Causative Agents:-
Solvents
Detergents
Mineral Oils
Diesel Fuel
Cement
Dust Etc.