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Corresponding Author: Jaeho Choi, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea
Tel: +82 43 261 2425, Fax: +82 43 276 7217,
E-mail: choi@cbnu.ac.kr
Abstract- This paper describes a LCL filter design method for a grid connected NPC three-level inverter. By analyzing the ripple
current according to the switching of NPC three-level inverter, the inverter side inductor is designed without any information
about the modulation index. After considering the relation between the inductance ratio of inverter inductor to grid inductor and
the filtering effect at the switching frequency, the relation between the inductance ratio and the attenuation of output ripple, and
the current ripple of inverter side inductor, the optimized value of LCL filter is designed to meet the design criteria. Finally, the
proposed design method is validated through the simulation and experimental results.
Keywords- Solar energy, PCS (power conditioning system, LCL filter design, NPC three-level inverter, grid-connected inverter
Fig. 1. Configuration of grid connected NPC type three level inverter with LCL filter.
Vg
Vi 1 1 1
sL i Ii Ic sC f Vc sL g Ig
The criteria of LCL filter design is described as followings: The analysis for current ripple of inverter output side is
done under the assumption of inverter side inductor only for
A. The total inductance value of both inverter side inductor LCL filter. It is complicate to consider all PWM switching
and grid side inductor should be lower than 10% of base condition, so the voltage waveform is simply modified as that
inductance value to limit the voltage drop at inductors during in the most serious situation which generates the highest ripple
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SW Pole SW
𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟑 𝑺𝟒
Ftn. Vtg. State
𝑉𝑑𝑐
0.5 ON ON OFF OFF + P
2
0 OFF ON ON OFF 0 O
𝑉𝑑𝑐
-0.5 OFF OFF ON ON − N
2
The current ripple is maximum at the modulation index of The filter capacitor and the grid side inductor can be
0.5, so it will be given as: designed by using the same method in [9]. The transfer
2𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑇𝑠 2𝑉𝑑𝑐 function of the capacitor voltage ripple to the inverter voltage
△I = = (15) can be described differently for the cases of LC filter and LCL
6𝐿𝑖 6𝐿𝑖 𝑓𝑠𝑤
filter, but the former of which the harmonics attenuation effect
and the RMS value of fundamental component of current is worse is considered to design the capacitor value in this
ripple is given as: work [9,13]. The system block diagram of LC filter is shown
𝑉𝑑𝑐 as Fig. 5.
𝐼𝑖,𝑠𝑤 = (16)
12√3𝐿𝑖 𝑓𝑠𝑤
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Vi 1 1
sL i Ii sC f Vc
𝑟𝑖 𝑃 (𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −6√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 )
DC Voltage (𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) 400 V
𝐶𝑓 = (21)
3𝜋 𝑟𝑣 𝜔𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑐2 Capacitor Voltage (𝑉𝑐 ) 127 V
From Fig. 2, the ripple components ratio of grid current to Switching Freq. (𝑓𝑠𝑤 ) 10 kHz
inverter current can be expressed as (22), and then the gird side
Grid Freq. (𝑓1 ) 60 Hz
inductor is derived from (21) and (22) with the grid side
current ripple ratio of 𝑟𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔,𝑠𝑤 /𝐼𝑔,1 as (23):
Table 3. LCL parameters for three different cases in Fig. 6
𝐼𝑔,𝑠𝑤 𝑟𝑔 𝐼𝑔,1 1
= = 2 𝐿 𝐶 +1 (𝐼𝑔,1 ≈ 𝐼𝑖,1 ) (22)
𝐼𝑖,𝑠𝑤 𝑟𝑖 𝐼𝑖,1 𝜔𝑠𝑤 𝑔 𝑓 Parameters Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
3𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑔2 𝑟𝑣 (𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑔 ) 𝑟𝑖 0.07 0.15 0.2383
𝐿𝑔 = (23)
𝜔𝑠𝑤 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑔 𝑃 𝐴
𝑟𝑣 0.011 0.0294 0.0294
2.4 LCL filter design area to meet design criteria 𝐿𝑖 [mH] 2.1 1 0.59
𝐿𝑔 [mH] 0.55 1.4 1.6
Substituting (18) and (23) into the criterion of total
inductance in (6), the first range of the inverter side current 𝐶𝑓 [uF] 11 8 13
ripple ratio, 𝑟𝑖 , is given as (24):
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 {Hz} 2,299.7 2,330.9 2,127.1
5𝜋𝜔1 𝑟𝑔 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (𝜋𝑉𝑑𝑐 −12√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 )
𝑟𝑖 ≥ (24) A 0.26 1.4 2.7
3√3𝑉𝑐 {𝜔𝑠𝑤 𝑟𝑔 (𝜋𝑉𝑑𝑐 −6√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 )−10𝜋𝜔1 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑑𝑐 }
THDi [%] 1.9 1.7 1.6
Substituting (22) into the criterion of filter capacitance in
(7), the second range of 𝑟𝑖 is given as (25):
As examples of filter design, three cases in Fig. 6 are
0.05𝜋𝜔𝑠𝑤 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑟𝑖 ≤ (25) considered to analyze the filtering performances as shown in
𝜔1 (𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −6√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 )
Table 3 with different LCL parameters, resonance frequencies,
And substituting (18), (21), and (23) into the criterion of and THDi values.
resonance frequency in (8), the third range of 𝑟𝑖 , is given as
Although the LCL filter parameters satisfy all design
(26):
criteria, but the parameter values are all different in each case,
𝑟𝑔 (1.25𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −15√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 ) and also the THDi values of LCL filter output current are also
≤ 𝑟𝑖 ≤
0.25𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −7.5√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 different. In each case, it can be considered the filter transfer
𝑟𝑔 {𝜔𝑠𝑤 (𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −12√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 )+100𝜔12 (𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −6√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 )
2
function and the suppression ratio of the filter output current
(26)
100𝜔12 (𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 −6√3 𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 )−6√3𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑐 as the inductance ratio of grid to inverter inductor which is
The voltage ripple ratio should be less than 0.03 according given as shown in (31).
regulations of IEEE 519 [14]. And grid current ripple ratio at 1 𝑎
𝐿𝑔 = 𝑎𝐿𝑖 , 𝐿𝑖 = 𝐿 𝑇 , 𝐿𝑔 = (27)
the switching frequency of 10kHz should be less than 0.003 𝑎+1 𝑎+1
according to the regulation of IEEE 1547 [15]. Substituting (27) into (1), the gain value of LCL filter
The LCL filter parameters are designed according the transfer function at switching frequency can be represented as
voltage ripple ratio, 𝑟𝑣 and the current ripple ratio, 𝑟𝑖 . Table 2 in Fig. 7.
shows system parameters. The appropriate region for 𝑟𝑣 and 𝑟𝑖 As shown in Table 3 and Fig. 7, the value of total
can be derived to meet the design guide line as the shade inductance is largest but the output current THDi is the highest
region shown in Fig. 6. In Fig. 6, the right side of the dotted in case 1.
line represents (24), the left side of dot-and dash line
represents (25), and the region between two solid lines And also, the filter effect will be changed radically even
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Case 2
Case 1
Fig. 10. Simulation results of inverter output current.
𝑟𝑖 0.1312 0.09736
𝑟𝑣 0.01526 0.02067
𝐿𝑖 [mH] 1.1 1.5
𝐶𝑓 [uF] 14 7.5
𝐿𝑔 [uH] 780 1,100
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 [Hz] 1,992.4 2,323.7
𝑖𝑟𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 [A] 1.9 1.3 Fig. 12. Simulation results of grid current.
3. Simulation
Fig. 15. Simulations results of inverter output current (left) and grid current (right) at different value of 𝒂.
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4. Experiment
5. Conclusion
In this paper, the design method of LCL type filter for grid-
connected NPC 3-level inverter is proposed. By analyzing the
ripple current according to the switching of NPC three-level Fig. 18. Voltage and current waveforms of phase a.
inverter, the inverter side inductor is designed without any
information about the modulation index. Three design criteria
are applied to meet the given specifications of inductor voltage
drop, current ripple rate, and reactive power absorbed by filter
capacitor. And the design area to meet the design criteria of
LCL filter has been shown. In addition, by considering the
relation between the filtering effect and the attenuation of
output current and the inductance ratio of grid side inductor to
inverter side inductor, the optimized value of LCL filter has
been designed. Through the simulation and experimental
results, it has been verified that the designed values are well
meet the design criteria.
Fig. 19. Load voltage waveform under stand-alone mode.
Acknowledgement
[4] Youcef Soufi, Sihem Ghoudelbourk, Tahar Bahi, and
This work was supported by the research grant of Hichem Merabe, “Harmonics Minimization of Multilevel
Chungbuk National University in 2013 Inverter Connecting Source Renewable Energy,”
International Journal of Renewable Energy Reserch, vol.
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