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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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College of Engineering 
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FORMULAE AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

FOR

HEATING, VENTILATING AND

AIR-CONDITIONING
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 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
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Sources:
1. Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, 2005, Heating and
Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency,
International Edition, McGraw-Hill Publication,
2. F.C.McQuiston and J.D.Parker, 2005, Heating,
Ventilating and Air Conditioning: Analysis &
Design, 6th.ed, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Density of air, ρ = 1.2 kg/m3
Specific heat capacity of air, Cp = 1.005 kJ/(kg·K)
Volumetric latent heat of moisture in air at standard conditions, ρhfg = 3010 W/(L/s)

. N
Well-mixed model for ventilation: Vo 
C s  Co

Outdoor airflow of ventilation system with filter located before outdoor air intake:
.
. N  Ev Fr RE f C s Vr
Vo 
Ev [C s  C o ]

Outdoor airflow of ventilation system with filter located after outdoor air intake:
.
. N  Ev Fr RE f C s Vr
Vo 
Ev [C s  (1  E f )C o ]

.
where Vo = flow rate of outdoor air into building

C s = concentration of contaminant in supply air

C o = concentration of contaminant in outdoor air

N = rate of contaminant production in the conditioned space

.
Vr = flow rate of return air from the conditioned space
R = fraction of return air that is recirculated
E f = filter efficiency

Fr = flow reduction factor for VAV system

E v = ventilation effectiveness

1 S
Ev 
1  RS

The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) model:

.
The air volumetric flow rate, V  Aleak a s T  a w v 2 (in L/s)

where Aleak = total effective leakage area (in cm2), as = stack coefficient (in L2/s2), aw
= the wind coefficient (in L2/s2), v is the average velocity (in m/s) and T is the indoor
and outdoor temperature difference (in K)
 .
Q cool
Partial Load Ratio (PLR) for chillers = .
Q full
.

Chiller power input, W in 

. Q full
COPfull
A  BPLR   CPLR 
2

where COPfull = COP at rated full-capacity point

Part-load power consumption of fans:

With variable-speed drives installed:

.
W
.
 0.00153  0.0052( PLR)  1.1086( PLR) 2  0.1164( PLR) 3
Wrate

With outlet dampers:

.
W
.
 0.371  0.973( PLR)  0.342( PLR) 2
Wrate

With inlet vane control:

.
W
.
 0.351  0.308( PLR)  0.541( PLR) 2  0.872( PLR) 3
Wrate
.
where W = power input at part load, hp (kW)
.
Wrate = power input at rated design flow, hp (kW)
.
V
PLR  .
= ratio of flow at part load to design rated flow
Vrate
Figure 1: Acceptable ranges of operative temperature and humidity, for sedentary
activity and typical summer and winter clothing. (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl,
Heating and Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition,
McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)

Table 1: Guidelines for concentrations of air contaminants according to ASHRAE

Standard 62-1999 (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Building,
Design for Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)
Table 2: Data for effective leakage areas of building components at standard conditions
(from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Building, Design for
Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)
Table 3: (a) Stack coefficient as and (b) Wind coefficient aw(from Kreider, Curtiss, and
Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition,
McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)

(a)

(b)
Table 4: CLTD for sun-lit walls (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and
Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill
Publication, 2005)
Table 5: CLTD for flat roofs (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and Cooling of
Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)

Table 6: CLTD for glass surfaces (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and
Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill
Publication, 2005)
Table 7: Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for glass surfaces (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Building, Design for
Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)
Table 8: Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for lights (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency,
International Edition, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)
Table 9: Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for occupants (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Building, Design for
Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)
Table 10: Part-load coefficient for VC chillers. (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl,
Heating and Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition,
McGraw-Hill Publication, 2005)

Table 11: Saturated refrigerant-134a – Pressure Table (from Cengel and Boles,
Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach, Fourth Edition in SI Units, McGraw-Hill
Publication, 2002)
Table 12: Superheated refrigerant-134a (from Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics
An Engineering Approach, Fourth Edition in SI Units, McGraw-Hill Publication, 2002)

(Table continues in the next page)

Table 13: Summary of fan laws. (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating and
Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill
Publication, 2005)

Table 14: Summary of pump affinity laws. (from Kreider, Curtiss, and Rabl, Heating
and Cooling of Building, Design for Efficiency, International Edition, McGraw-Hill
Publication, 2005)