Computer monitor

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A liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitor

A cathode ray tube (CRT) computer monitor

A computer monitor is an output device which displays information in pictorial form. A monitor
usually comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. The display device in
modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) with LED
backlighting having replaced cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlighting. Older monitors
used a cathode ray tube (CRT). Monitors are connected to the computer via VGA, Digital Visual
Interface (DVI), HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) or other
proprietary connectors and signals.
Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for
entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both
data processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some computer
functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and computer monitors, has changed from 4:3
to 16:10, to 16:9.

Contents
[hide]

 1History
  2Technologies
o 2.1Cathode ray tube
o 2.2Liquid crystal display
o 2.3Organic light-emitting diode
 3Measurements of performance
o 3.1Size
o 3.2Aspect ratio
o 3.3Resolution
 4Additional features
o 4.1Power saving
o 4.2Integrated accessories
o 4.3Glossy screen
o 4.4Curved designs
o 4.5Directional screen
o 4.63D
o 4.7Touch screen
o 4.8Tablet screens
o 4.9Ultrawide screens
 5Mounting
o 5.1Desktop
o 5.2VESA mount
o 5.3Rack mount
o 5.4Panel mount
o 5.5Open frame
 6Security vulnerabilities
 7See also
 8References
 9External links

History[edit]
Early electronic computers were fitted with a panel of light bulbs where the state of each particular
bulb would indicate the on/off state of a particular register bit inside the computer. This allowed the
engineers operating the computer to monitor the internal state of the machine, so this panel of lights
came to be known as the 'monitor'. As early monitors were only capable of displaying a very limited
amount of information and were very transient, they were rarely considered for program output.
Instead, a line printer was the primary output device, while the monitor was limited to keeping track
of the program's operation.[citation needed]
As technology developed engineers realized that the output of a CRT display was more flexible than
a panel of light bulbs and eventually, by giving control of what was displayed in the program itself,
the monitor itself became a powerful output device in its own right.[citation needed]
Computer monitors were formerly known as visual display units (VDU), but this term had mostly
fallen out of use by the 1990s.

Technologies[edit]
Further information: Comparison of CRT, LCD, Plasma, and OLED and History of display technology
Multiple technologies have been used for computer monitors. Until the 21st century most used
cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.
Cathode ray tube[edit]
Main article: cathode ray tube
The first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Prior to the advent of home
computers in the late 1970s, it was common for a video display terminal (VDT) using a CRT to be
physically integrated with a keyboard and other components of the system in a single large chassis.
The display was monochrome and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern flat-panel monitor,
necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that
could be displayed at one time. High-resolution CRT displays were developed for the specialized
military, industrial and scientific applications but they were far too costly for general use.
Some of the earliest home computers (such as the TRS-80 and Commodore PET) were limited to
monochrome CRT displays, but color display capability was already a standard feature of the
pioneering Apple II, introduced in 1977, and the specialty of the more graphically sophisticated Atari
800, introduced in 1979. Either computer could be connected to the antenna terminals of an ordinary
color TV set or used with a purpose-made CRT color monitor for optimum resolution and color
quality. Lagging several years behind, in 1981 IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter, which
could display four colors with a resolution of 320 x 200 pixels, or it could produce 640 x 200 pixels
with two colors. In 1984 IBM introduced the Enhanced Graphics Adapter which was capable of
producing 16 colors and had a resolution of 640 x 350.[1]
By the end of the 1980s color CRT monitors that could clearly display 1024 x 768 pixels were widely
available and increasingly affordable. During the following decade, maximum display resolutions
gradually increased and prices continued to fall. CRT technology remained dominant in the PC
monitor market into the new millennium partly because it was cheaper to produce and offered to
view angles close to 180 degrees.[2] CRTs still offer some image quality advantages[clarification needed] over
LCDs but improvements to the latter have made them much less obvious. The dynamic range of
early LCD panels was very poor, and although text and other motionless graphics were sharper than
on a CRT, an LCD characteristic known as pixel lag caused moving graphics to appear noticeably
smeared and blurry.
Liquid crystal display[edit]
Main articles: Liquid-crystal display and Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
There are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid crystal displays (LCD).
Throughout the 1990s, the primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors was in laptops
where the lower power consumption, lighter weight, and smaller physical size of LCD's justified the
higher price versus a CRT. Commonly, the same laptop would be offered with an assortment of
display options at increasing price points: (active or passive) monochrome, passive color, or active
matrix color (TFT). As volume and manufacturing capability have improved, the monochrome and
passive color technologies were dropped from most product lines.
TFT-LCD is a variant of LCD which is now the dominant technology used for computer monitors.[3]
The first standalone LCDs appeared in the mid-1990s selling for high prices. As prices declined over
a period of years they became more popular, and by 1997 were competing with CRT monitors.
Among the first desktop LCD computer monitors was the Eizo L66 in the mid-1990s, the Apple
Studio Display in 1998, and the Apple Cinema Display in 1999. In 2003, TFT-LCDs outsold CRTs for
the first time, becoming the primary technology used for computer monitors.[2] The main advantages
of LCDs over CRT displays are that LCD's consume less power, take up much less space, and are
considerably lighter. The now common active matrix TFT-LCD technology also has less flickering
than CRTs, which reduces eye strain.[4] On the other hand, CRT monitors have superior contrast,
have a superior response time, are able to use multiple screen resolutions natively, and there is no
discernible flicker if the refresh rate is set to a sufficiently high value. LCD monitors have now very
high temporal accuracy and can be used for vision research.[5]
High dynamic range (HDR) has been implemented into high-end LCD monitors to improve color
accuracy. Since around the late 2000s, widescreen LCD monitors have become popular, in part due
to television series, motion pictures and video games transitioning to high-definition (HD), which
makes standard-width monitors unable to display them correctly as they either stretch or crop HD
content. These types of monitors may also display it in the proper width, however they usually fill the
extra space at the top and bottom of the image with black bars. Other advantages of widescreen
monitors over standard-width monitors is that they make work more productive by displaying more of
a user's documents and images, and allow displaying toolbars with documents. They also have a
larger viewing area, with a typical widescreen monitor having a 16:9 aspect ratio, compared to the
4:3 aspect ratio of a typical standard-width monitor.
Organic light-emitting diode[edit]
Main article: Organic light-emitting diode
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors provide higher contrast and better viewing angles than
LCD's but they require more power when displaying documents with white or bright backgrounds. In
2011, a 25-inch (64 cm) OLED monitor cost $7500, but the prices are expected to drop.[6]

Measurements of performance[edit]
The performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters:

 Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2 also

called a Nit).
 Aspect ratio is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length.
Monitors usually have the aspect ratio 4:3, 5:4, 16:10 or 16:9.
 Viewable image size is usually measured diagonally, but the actual
widths and heights are more informative since they are not affected
by the aspect ratio in the same way. For CRTs, the viewable size is
typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube itself.
 Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension
that can be displayed. For a given display size, maximum resolution
is limited by dot pitch.
 Dot pitch is the distance between sub-pixels of the same color in
millimeters. In general, the smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the
picture will appear.
 Refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display is
illuminated. Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time.
 Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from
active (white) to inactive (black) and back to active (white) again,
measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers mean faster transitions
and therefore fewer visible image artifacts.
 Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color
(white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the monitor is capable
of producing.
 Power consumption is measured in watts.
 Delta-E: Color accuracy is measured in delta-E; the lower the delta-
E, the more accurate the color representation. A delta-E of below 1
is imperceptible to the human eye. Delta-Es of 2 to 4 are considered
good and require a sensitive eye to spot the difference.
 Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the
monitor can be viewed, without excessive degradation to the image.
It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.
Size[edit]
Main article: Display size

The area, height and width of displays with identical diagonal measurements vary dependent on aspect ratio.

On two-dimensional display devices such as computer monitors the display size or view able image
size is the actual amount of screen space that is available to display a picture, video or working
space, without obstruction from the case or other aspects of the unit's design. The main
measurements for display devices are: width, height, total area and the diagonal.
The size of a display is usually by monitor manufacturers given by the diagonal, i.e. the distance
between two opposite screen corners. This method of measurement is inherited from the method
used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in
common use. Being circular, it was the external diameter of the glass envelope that described their
size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement
of the rectangular image was smaller than the diameter of the tube's face (due to the thickness of the
glass). This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded
rectangles; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing
when the aspect ratio was universally 4:3.
With the introduction of flat panel technology, the diagonal measurement became the actual
diagonal of the visible display. This meant that an eighteen-inch LCD had a larger visible area than
an eighteen-inch cathode ray tube.
The estimation of the monitor size by the distance between opposite corners does not take into
account the display aspect ratio, so that for example a 16:9 21-inch (53 cm) widescreen display has
less area, than a 21-inch (53 cm) 4:3 screen. The 4:3 screen has dimensions of 16.8 in × 12.6 in
(43 cm × 32 cm) and area 211 sq in (1,360 cm2), while the widescreen is 18.3 in × 10.3 in (46 cm
× 26 cm), 188 sq in (1,210 cm2).
Aspect ratio[edit]
Main article: Display aspect ratio
Until about 2003, most computer monitors had a 4:3 aspect ratio and some had 5:4. Between 2003
and 2006, monitors with 16:9 and mostly 16:10 (8:5) aspect ratios became commonly available, first
in laptops and later also in standalone monitors. Reasons for this transition was productive uses for
such monitors, i.e. besides widescreen computer game play and movie viewing, are the word
processor display of two standard letter pages side by side, as well as CAD displays of large-size
drawings and CAD application menus at the same time.[7][8] In 2008 16:10 became the most common
sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors and the same year 16:10 was the mainstream standard
for laptops and notebook computers.[9]
In 2010 the computer industry started to move over from 16:10 to 16:9 because 16:9 was chosen to
be the standard high-definition television display size, and because they were cheaper to
manufacture.
In 2011 non-widescreen displays with 4:3 aspect ratios were only being manufactured in small
quantities. According to Samsung this was because the "Demand for the old 'Square monitors' has
decreased rapidly over the last couple of years," and "I predict that by the end of 2011, production on
all 4:3 or similar panels will be halted due to a lack of demand."[10]
Resolution[edit]
Main article: Display resolution
The resolution for computer monitors has increased over time. From 320x200 during the early
1980s, to 800x600 during the late 1990s. Since 2009, the most commonly sold resolution for
computer monitors is 1920x1080.[11] Before 2013 top-end consumer LCD monitors were limited to
2560x1600 at 30 in (76 cm), excluding Apple products and CRT monitors.[12] Apple introduced
2880x1800 with Retina MacBook Pro at 15.4 in (39 cm) on June 12, 2012, and introduced a
5120x2880 Retina iMac at 27 in (69 cm) on October 16, 2014. By 2015 most major display
manufacturers had released 3840x2160 resolution displays.

Additional features[edit]
Power saving[edit]
Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal is received. This
allows modern operating systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period of inactivity. This also
extends the monitor's service life.
Some monitors will also switch themselves off after a time period on standby.
Most modern laptops provide a method of screen dimming after periods of inactivity or when the
battery is in use. This extends battery life and reduces wear.
Integrated accessories[edit]
Many monitors have other accessories (or connections for them) integrated. This places standard
ports within easy reach and eliminates the need for another separate hub, camera, microphone, or
set of speakers. These monitors have advanced microprocessors which contain codec information,
Windows Interface drivers and other small software which help in proper functioning of these
functions.
Glossy screen[edit]
Main article: Glossy display
Some displays, especially newer LCD monitors, replace the traditional anti-glare matte finish with a
glossy one. This increases color saturation and sharpness but reflections from lights and windows
are very visible. Anti-reflective coatings are sometimes applied to help reduce reflections, although
this only mitigates the effect.
Curved designs[edit]
In about 2009, NEC/Alienware together with Ostendo Technologies (based in Carlsbad, CA) were
offering a curved (concave) 43-inch (110 cm) monitor that allows better viewing angles near the
edges, covering 75% of peripheral vision. This monitor had 2880x900 resolution, LED backlight and
was marketed as suitable both for gaming and office work, while for $6499 it was rather
expensive.[13] While this particular monitor is no longer in production, most PC manufacturers now
offer some sort of curved desktop display.
Directional screen[edit]
Narrow viewing angle screens are used in some security conscious applications.
3D[edit]
Main article: Stereo display
Newer monitors are able to display a different image for each eye, often with the help of special
glasses, giving the perception of depth.
Active shutter
Main article: Active shutter 3D system
Polarized
Main article: Polarized 3D system
Autostereoscopic
Main article: Autostereoscopy
A directional screen which generates 3D images without headgear.
Touch screen[edit]
Main article: Touchscreen
These monitors use touching of the screen as an input method. Items can be selected or moved with
a finger, and finger gestures may be used to convey commands. The screen will need frequent
cleaning due to image degradation from fingerprints.
Tablet screens[edit]
Main article: Graphics tablet/screen hybrid
A combination of a monitor with a graphics tablet. Such devices are typically unresponsive to touch
without the use of one or more special tools' pressure. Newer models however are now able to
detect touch from any pressure and often have the ability to detect tilt and rotation as well.
Touch and tablet screens are used on LCDs as a substitute for the light pen, which can only work on
CRTs.
Ultrawide screens[edit]
Monitors that feature an aspect ratio of 21:9 as opposed to the more common 16:9.[14]

Mounting[edit]
Computer monitors are provided with a variety of methods for mounting them depending on the
application and environment.
Desktop[edit]
A desktop monitor is typically provided with a stand from the manufacturer which lifts the monitor up
to a more ergonomic viewing height. The stand may be attached to the monitor using a proprietary
method or may use, or be adaptable to, a Video Electronics Standards Association, VESA, standard
mount. Using a VESA standard mount allows the monitor to be used with an after-market stand once
the original stand is removed. Stands may be fixed or offer a variety of features such as height
adjustment, horizontal swivel, and landscape or portrait screen orientation.
VESA mount[edit]
The Flat Display Mounting Interface (FDMI), also known as VESA Mounting Interface Standard
(MIS) or colloquially as a VESA mount, is a family of standards defined by the Video Electronics
Standards Association for mounting flat panel monitors, TVs, and other displays to stands or wall
mounts.[15] It is implemented on most modern flat-panel monitors and TVs.
For Computer Monitors, the VESA Mount typically consists of four threaded holes on the rear of the
display that will mate with an adapter bracket.
Rack mount[edit]
Rack mount computer monitors are available in two styles and are intended to be mounted into a 19-
inch rack:

A fixed 19-inch (48 cm), 4:3 rack mount LCD monitor

Fixed
A fixed rack mount monitor is mounted directly to the rack with the LCD visible at all times. The
height of the unit is measured in rack units (RU) and 8U or 9U are most common to fit 17-inch or 19-
inch LCDs. The front sides of the unit are provided with flanges to mount to the rack, providing
appropriately spaced holes or slots for the rack mounting screws. A 19-inch diagonal LCD is the
largest size that will fit within the rails of a 19-inch rack. Larger LCDs may be accommodated but are
'mount-on-rack' and extend forward of the rack. There are smaller display units, typically used in
broadcast environments, which fit multiple smaller LCDs side by side into one rack mount.

A 1U stowable clamshell 19-inch (48 cm), 4:3 rack mount LCD monitor with keyboard

Stowable
A stowable rack mount monitor is 1U, 2U or 3U high and is mounted on rack slides allowing the
display to be folded down and the unit slid into the rack for storage. The display is visible only when
the display is pulled out of the rack and deployed. These units may include only a display or may be
equipped with a keyboard creating a KVM (Keyboard Video Monitor). Most common are systems
with a single LCD but there are systems providing two or three displays in a single rack mount
system.
A panel mount 19-inch (48 cm), 4:3 rack mount LCD monitor

Panel mount[edit]
A panel mount computer monitor is intended for mounting into a flat surface with the front of the
display unit protruding just slightly. They may also be mounted to the rear of the panel. A flange is
provided around the LCD, sides, top and bottom, to allow mounting. This contrasts with a rack mount
display where the flanges are only on the sides. The flanges will be provided with holes for thru-bolts
or may have studs welded to the rear surface to secure the unit in the hole in the panel. Often a
gasket is provided to provide a water-tight seal to the panel and the front of the LCD will be sealed to
the back of the front panel to prevent water and dirt contamination.
Open frame[edit]
An open frame monitor provides the LCD monitor and enough supporting structure to hold
associated electronics and to minimally support the LCD. Provision will be made for attaching the
unit to some external structure for support and protection. Open frame LCDs are intended to be built
into some other piece of equipment. An arcade video game would be a good example with the
display mounted inside the cabinet. There is usually an open frame display inside all end-use
displays with the end-use display simply providing an attractive protective enclosure. Some rack
mount LCD manufacturers will purchase desk-top displays, take them apart, and discard the outer
plastic parts, keeping the inner open-frame LCD for inclusion into their product.

Security vulnerabilities[edit]
According to an NSA document leaked to Der Spiegel, the NSA sometimes swaps the monitor
cables on targeted computers with a bugged monitor cable in order to allow the NSA to remotely see
what's displayed on the targeted computer monitor.[16]
Van Eck phreaking is the process of remotely displaying the contents of a CRT or LCD by detecting
its electromagnetic emissions. It is named after Dutch computer researcher Wim van Eck, who in
1985 published the first paper on it, including proof of concept. Phreaking is the process of exploiting
telephone networks, used here because of its connection to eavesdropping.[citation needed]

See also[edit]
 History of display technology
 Flat panel display
 Multi-monitor
  Vector monitor
 Virtual desktop

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors".
Infodingo.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-26.
Retrieved 2011-05-20.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b "CRT Monitors". PCTechGuide.Com. Archived from
the original on 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
3. Jump up^ "TFT Central". TFT Central. 2017-09-29. Archived from the
original on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
4. Jump up^ "Is the LCD monitor right for you?".
Infodingo.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-27.
Retrieved 2011-05-20.
5. Jump up^ Wang, P. and D. Nikolić (2011) An LCD monitor with
sufficiently precise timing for research in vision. Frontiers in Human
Neuroscience, 5:85. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on
2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
6. Jump up^ Agoraquest, LLC – The only place for the Sony
Enthusiast. "Sony's Outs Two New OLED Monitors". Agoraquest.
Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
7. Jump up^ NEMATech Computer Display Standards "Archived copy".
Archived from the originalon 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
8. Jump up^ "Introduction—Monitor Technology Guide".
necdisplay.com. Archived from the originalon 2007-03-15. (currently
offline)
9. Jump up^ "Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9
Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 and Monitor LCD Panels, New
DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises". DisplaySearch. 2008-07-
01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
10. Jump up^ Widescreen monitors: Where did 1920×1200
go? Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Mybroadband.co.za (2011-01-10). Retrieved on 2011-12-24.
11. Jump up^ Monitors/TFT 16:9/16:10 | Skinflint Price Comparison
EU Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine.. Skinflint.co.uk.
Retrieved on 2011-12-24.
12. Jump up^ What resolution is the best gaming monitor resolution?
monitornerds.com Dec 14, 2016Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback
Machine.
13. Jump up^ R. Nelson (2009) Archived 2013-04-14 at the Wayback
Machine.. NEC/Alienware Curved Display Now Available
14. Jump up^ "Ultrawide Monitor Buyer's Guide - Best Ultrawide Monitors
for Gaming, Productivity, and Multi-Media". Ultrawide Monitors Guide.
2017-04-11. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
15. Jump up^ "FDMI Overview" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on
2011-09-27.
16. Jump up^ Shopping for Spy Gear: Catalog Advertises NSA Toolbox,
dec 2013 Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine.

External links[edit]
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