AE 231 Thermodynamics

Recitation 9
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sinan Eyi
 Problem 1
Question:A heavily-insulated cylinder fitted with a frictionless
piston contains ammonia at 6°C, 90% quality, at which point the
volume is 200 L. The external force on the piston is now
increased slowly, compressing the ammonia until its temperature
reaches 50°C. How much work is done on the ammonia during
this process?

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 Problem 1
Solution:
C.V. ammonia in cylinder, insulated so assume adiabatic Q = 0.
Cont.Eq.: m2 = m1 = m ; Energy Eq.: m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
Entropy Eq.: m(s2 - s1) = ∫ dQ/T + 1S2 gen
State 1: T1 = 6oC, x1 = 0.9, V1 = 200 L = 0.2 m3
Table B.2.1 saturated vapor, P1 = Pg = 534 kPa
v1 = vf + x1vfg = 0.21166 m3/kg,
u1 = uf + x1ufg = 207.414 + 0.9×1115.3 = 1211.2 kJ/kg
s1 = sf + x1sfg = 0.81166 + 0.9×4.4425 = 4.810 kJ/kg-K,
m1 = V1/v1 = 0.2/0.21166 = 0.945 kg
Process: 1‡2 Adiabatic 1Q2 = 0 & Reversible 1S2gen = 0 => s1 = s2
State 2: T2 = 50oC, s2 = s1 = 4.810 kJ/kg-K
superheated vapor, interpolate in Table B.2.2 => P2 = 1919 kPa,
v2 = 0.0684 m3/kg, h2 = 1479.5 kJ/kg
u2 = h2 - P2v2 = 1479.5 - 1919×0.0684 = 1348.2 kJ/kg
Energy equation gives the work as
1W2 = m(u1 - u2) = 0.945 ( 1211.2 - 1348.2) = -129.4 kJ

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Problem 1

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 Problem 2
Question: Two rigid tanks each contain 10 kg N2 gas at 1000 K,
500 kPa. They are now thermally connected to a reversible heat
pump, which heats one and cools the other with no heat transfer
to the surroundings. When one tank is heated to 1500 K the
process stops. Find the final (P, T) in both tanks and the work
input to the heat pump, assuming constant heat capacities.

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 Problem 2
Solution: Control volume of hot tank B, process = constant volume & mass
U2 - U1 @ mCv(T2 - T1) = 1Q2 = 10 × 0.7448 × 500 = 3724 kJ
P2 = P1T2/T1 = 1.5(P1) = 750 kPa
State: 1 = initial,
2 = final hot
3 = final cold
C.V.: total
(S2 - S1)tot = 0 = mhot(s2 - s1) + mcold(s3 - s1)
Cp,hot ln(T2 / T1) - R ln(P2 / P1) + Cp,coldln(T3 / T1) - R ln(P3 / P1) = 0
P3 = P1T3/T1 and P2 = P1T2/T1
Now everything is in terms of T and Cp = Cv + R, so
Cv,hotln(T2/T1) + Cv,coldln(T3/T1) = 0
same Cv: T3 = T1(T1/T2) = 667 K, P3 = 333 kPa
Qcold = - 1Q3 = mCv(T3 - T1) = -2480,
WHP = 1Q2 + Qcold = 1Q2 - 1Q3 = 1244 kJ
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 Problem 3
Question: An initially empty cannister of
volume 0.2 m3 is filled with carbon dioxide from
a line at 1000 kPa, 500 K. Assume the process is
adiabatic and the flow continues until it stops by
itself. Find the final mass and temperature of the
carbon dioxide in the cannister and the total
entropy generated by the process.

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 Problem 3
Solution: C.V. Cannister + valve out to line.
No boundary/shaft work, m1 = 0; Q = 0.
Continuity Eq.: m2 - 0 = mi Energy: m2 u2 - 0 = mi hi
Entropy Eq.: m2s2 - 0 = misi + 1S2 gen
State 2: P2 = Pi and u2 = hi = hline = h2 - RT2 (ideal gas)
To reduce or eliminate guess use: h2 - hline = CPo(T2 - Tline)
Energy Eq. becomes: CPo(T2 - Tline) - RT2 = 0
T2 = Tline CPo/(CPo - R) = Tline CPo/CVo = k Tline
Use A.5: CP = 0.842, k = 1.289 => T2 = 1.289×500 = 644 K
m2 = P2V/RT2 = 1000×0.2/(0.1889×644) = 1.644 kg
1S2 gen = m2 (s2 - si) = m2[ CP ln(T2 / Tline) - R ln(P2 / Pline)]
= 1.644[0.842×ln(1.289) - 0] = 0.351 kJ/K

If we use A.8 at 550 K: CP = 1.045, k = 1.22 => T2 = 610 K, m2 = 1.735 kg

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Problem 3

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 Problem 4
Question: Carbon dioxide, CO2, enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa,
300 K, and exits at 1000 kPa, 520 K. Find the compressor efficiency and the
entropy generation for the process.

Solution:C.V. Ideal compressor

wc = h1 - h2, s2 = s1 : T2s = T1(P2/P1)(k-1/k) = 300(1000/100)0.2242 = 502.7 K
wcs = Cp(T1 - T2s) = 0.8418(300-502.7) = -170.63 kJ/kg
C.V. Actual compressor
wcac = Cp(T1 - T2ac) = 0.8418(300 - 520) = -185.2 kJ/kg
hc = wcs/wcac = -170.63/(-185.2) = 0.92
sgen = s2ac - s1 = Cp ln (T2ac/T1) - R ln (P2/P1)
= 0.8418 ln(520 / 300) - 0.18892 ln(1000 / 100) = 0.028 kJ/kg K

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Problem 4

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