CVG3147 – Structural Steel Design I

Loads
 Loads
Loads - Overview
Ultimate Limit States (ULS) – Strength Design

factored resistance ≥ effect of factored loads

 R    i Si Clause 7.2.1

  Resistance Factor
i  Load Factor

 i Si

Loads Combination Load Factors Loads

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Loads
Specified vs. Factored Loads

In general, the code provides the specified loads – (representative of the

mean or expected values)

When designing a structure, the engineer always multiplies the specified

loads by partial safety factors (generally greater than 1) in various load
combinations, so that it becomes factored – (representative of the maximum
or peak values)

 R    i Si Clause 7.2.1

i Si =factored load
Si =specified load

i =load factor ( partial safety factor )

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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 (NBCC 2010)

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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 (NBCC 2010)

Based on Table 4.1.3.2 (NBCC 2015)

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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 (NBCC 2015)

1.0
(NBCC 2015)

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Loads
Loads - Overview
• Code:
NBCC 2010 – legal requirement

User Guide - NBCC 2010

Structural Commentaries – Design

Guide

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Loads
Loads - Overview
Load Types
Permanent
• Dead Loads (D) Load due to self weight
• Earth pressure (H): load due to lateral earth pressure including
groundwater
• Pre-stress (P): effects caused by pre-stress

Variable
• Live load (L): due to intended use and occupancy, cranes, liquid pressure
in containers
• Snow (S): load due to snow included associated rain
• Imposed deformations (T): Thermal effects , contraction, expansion, due
to temperature changes, shrinkage, moisture content, creep, and differential
settlement
• Wind load (W): load due to wind

Rare
• Earthquake (E): load due to an earthquake

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Loads
Key principles in load combinations

Principal load
Specified variable/rare load that dominates in a given load
Combination

Companion load
Specified variable load that accompanies the principal load
in a given load combination

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Loads
Importance Categories

When determining specified loads (Snow S) , (Wind W), and

(Earthquakes E), buildings are classified (Table 4.1.2.1) in terms of
importance as

Low (low human occupancy, minor storage buildings)

Normal (most buildings)

High (schools, community centres)

Post-disaster (hospitals, power stations, telephone exchanges,

water treatment plants, fire rescue, police, radio, television stations)

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Loads
Dead loads (Cl. 4.1.4)

Specified Dead Loads (D) – Permanent load due to self

weight of:

• Structural Components

• Materials of construction
permanently supported by structure

• Partitions

• Permanent Equipment

• Vertical load due to earth, plants, trees

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Loads
Live loads due to Use and Occupancy (Cl. 4.1.5)

• Distributed Loads due to Use of Floors and Roofs

should comply with limits in Table 4.1.5.3

Table provides minimum specified loads (kPa) as a function of

use of floor/roof

For buildings of low importance category (defined in Table

4.1.2.1), live loads may be reduced by a 0.8 factor

• Concentrated Load (Cl. 4.1.5.9)

The specified live load due to possible concentrations shall not be less than
that listed in (Table 4.1.5.9)
Roof surfaces 1.3 kN
Floors of classrooms 4.5 kN
etc…

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Loads

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Loads

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Loads
Live Load Reduction
• Live load reduction based on tributary area (Clause 4.1.5.8)

1. For
i. Assembly occupancy , storage, manufacturing, retail stores,
garages, footbridges

ii. Areas > 80 m2

iii. LL ≥ 4.8 kPa (Excluding snow)

Reduction Factor is

where A = tributary area in m2

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Loads
Live Load Reduction
2. Assembly occupancy designed for LL< 4.8 kPa and roofs designed
for minimum roof load as specified in Table 4.1.5.3 shall have no
reduction for the tributary area

3. For
Other Assemblies Area > 20 m2
No lower bound is specified for LL magnitude

Reduction Factor is

where B = tributary area m2

(excluding area supporting snow)

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Loads
Live Load due to Snow

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Loads
Live Load due to Rain

• Specified Rain Load (Cl. 4.1.6.4)

When roof drainage systems become ineffective, rain load becomes
important

Design rain load:

Load due to accumulation of water of 24 h rainfall (From Appendix
C) that has a chance of 1/50 of being exceeded in any one year

Does not act simultaneously with Snow

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Loads
Live Load due to Wind
Relevant Clause: 4.1.7
Relevant Commentary: I
• Specified wind loading (Cl. 4.1.7.1)
p = specified external pressure acting normal to the surface

p = Iw [q Ce Cg Cp ] (NBC 2010) , p = Iw [q Ce Ct Cg Cp ] (NBC 2015)

Iw =Importance factor for wind load, (Table 4.1.7.1) =1 normally for ULS
q =reference velocity pressure
Ce = exposure factor (function of height and exposure) **
Cg = gust effect factor =2.0 in general for a whole building,
for cladding = 2.5
Cp = external pressure coefficient
Ct = topographic factor

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Loads
Hourly wind pressures to be obtained from
Table C-2 “Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada”
and depend on the geographic location of the building

• Notes:
– Both External and Internal Pressures should be considered

– When H/w* >4.0, H >60 m, or Structure is susceptible to

vibrations (light weight, low natural frequency, low damping) , Cg
and Ce to be determined by dynamic approach (function of
turbulence and natural frequency of the structure), or experimentally
(wind tunnel test)

* w=building width is defined in Cl.4.1.7.2 (2) **

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Loads
Earthquake Forces

• To be covered in CVG4145

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Loads
Load combination factors

Load combination factors are provided in:

NBCC Division B part 4 (comprehensive document)

or

CAN/CSA S16 Cl. 7 (summary)

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Loads
Load Factors in Strength and Stability limit states

Clause 4.1.3.2 (4):

• Lateral Pressure: H 1.50

• Pre-stress: P 1.00

• Imposed deformation: T 1.25

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Loads
Load factors for Dead Load (Cl. 4.1.3.2(5,8))
• When dead load (D) is acting alone (principal load):
Use 1.4D

• With loads (L, S, W) as principal loads:

Use either 1.25D
or 0.90D
whichever causes the more adverse effect

• When acting with soil superimposed load,

Use 1.5D -1.25D
according to Cl. 4.1.3.2 (8)

• With Earthquake loads

Use 1.0 D

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Loads
Load factors for Live Loads (Cl. 4.1.3.2(6,7)

When live load is the Principal Load Use 1.5L

Except for liquids in tank Use 1.25L

When live load is a Companion Load Use 0.5L , ( 1.0L , NBC2015)

except for equipment and service areas Use 1.0 L , ( 1.5L , NBC2015)

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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 **

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Loads
Classification of Structural Members

• Tension Members (ties)

– Carry external loads through elongation

– detailed such that flexural stiffness plays a negligible role in carrying

external loads

– Example: bottom chord of simply supported truss

– S16 applicable clauses: 12 and 13.2, and 13.11

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Loads
Classification of Structural Members
• Compression Members (Struts, Columns)

– Carry external loads through axial shortening

– Detailed such that flexural stiffness plays a negligible role in carrying

external loads

– Example: top chord of simply supported truss

– S16 applicable clauses:

10.3.1, 10.3.3, 10.4, Appendices F and G, 11.2, 11.3, Table 1, and 13.3

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Loads
Classification of Structural Members

• Beams (Flexural Members)

– Carry loads through bending action and shear

– Detailed such axial stiffness plays a negligible role in supporting

external loads

– Examples: roof beams, floor beams

– Types include: Rolled sections, Welded Wide Flange Sections, Plate

Girders

– S16 applicable clauses: 10.2, 10.3.2, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, and 13.7

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Loads
Classification of Structural Members

• Beam-Columns: (to be covered in CVG 4143)

– Carry external loads both through flexural and axial

deformations

– Most structural members fall in this category

S16 • applicable Clauses

– Axial Compression and Bending (Cl. 13.8)
– Axial Tension and Bending (Cl. 13.9)

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Loads
Classification of Structural Members

• Other structural steel components:

– Connections
• Bolted/Welded
• Simple/Moment Connections
• Connections for HSS members
• Connections for seismic requirements

– Shear walls
– Base Plates
– Stiffener Plates
– Open Web Steel Joists
– Composite Beams
– Plate Girders
– Anchor Rods (anchor bolts)

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Loads
Simple Connection (bolted)

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Loads
Simple Connection bolted/welded

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Loads
Moment Connection (welded)

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Loads
Moment Connection (bolted/welded)

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Loads
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS connections)

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Loads
Open Web Steel Joists

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Loads
Anchor Rods/Base Plates

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Loads
Plate Girders

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Loads
Steel Plate Shear Wall

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Loads
Composite beams

**
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