SILICICLASTIC

 PARASEQUENCES  
ESTUARY  -­‐  INTERTIDAL    
SILICICLASTIC  PARASEQUENCES  
ESTUARY  -­‐  INTERTIDAL  PARASEQUENCE  
CARBONATE  PARASEQUENCES  
CARBONATE  PARASEQUENCES  
CARBONATE  PARASEQUENCES  
CARBONATE  PARASEQUENCES  
CARBONATE  PARASEQUENCES  
CARBONATE  PARASEQUENCES  
CARBONATE  PARASEQUENCES  
PARASEQUENCES  STACKING  AND  
SYSTEM  TRACTS  
 PARASEQUENCE  SETS  
PROGRADATIONAL  PARASEQUENCE  SET  

Rate  of  deposi,on  

>  1  
Rate  of  
Accommoda,on  
RETROGRADATIONAL  PARASEQUENCE  SET  

Rate  of  deposi,on  

<  1  
Rate  of  
Accommoda,on  
AGGRADATIONAL  PARASEQUENCE  SET  

Rate  of  deposi,on  

=  1  
Rate  of  
Accommoda,on  

(Van  Wagoner  et  al,  1990,  Fig.  10)  

SEQUENCE  STRAT  BUILDING  BLOCKS  

Parasequence:  gene,cally  related  beds  or  bedsets  

bounded  by  marine  flood  surfaces;  each  is  a  cycle  
of  shallowing  upward  facies  bounded  by  surfaces  
of  abrupt  deepening  (flooding  surfaces).  May  be  
autocyclic  

Can  see  in  the  outcrop  and  core  –  something  you  

can  describe  and  measure.  
SEQUENCE  STRAT  BUILDING  BLOCKS  

Parasequence  sets:  succession  of  “gene,cally  

related”  parasequences  that  form  “dis,nc,ve  
stacking  paQerns;  bounded,  in  many  cases,  by  
major  marine-­‐flooding  surfaces  and  their  
correla,ve  surfaces.  

Stacks  of  parasequences.  

SEQUENCE  STRAT  BUILDING  BLOCKS  

Sequence  =  conformable,  gene,cally  related  

succession  of  strata  bounded  by  unconformi,es  
or  their  correla,ve  conformi,es  (Mitchum,  1977)  

A  stack  of  parasequences  /  

parasequence  sets  bounded  
by  an  unconformity  (the  
sequence  boundary)  or  its  
conformable  equivalent  (a  
plane  of  correla,on).  
 SEQUENCE  STRAT  BUILDING  BLOCKS  

Systems  tracts:  defined  based  on  their  posi,on  

Maximum  flooding  surface:   within  the  sequence  and  their  facies  with  respect  
surface,  real  or  inferred  that   to  rela,ve  sea  level.  
records  the  maximum  
extent  of  marine  drowning;  
separates  transgressive  
units  below  from  regressive  
units  above  (separates  TD  
from  HSD  and  condensed  
sec,on)  (also  some,mes  
referred  to  as  the  downlap  
surface);  change  from  
landward-­‐onlapping  and  
upbuilding  succession  to  a  
basinward-­‐prograding  edge  
which  downlaps  onto  the  
MFS.    
SYSTEM  TRACTS  
SYSTEMS  TRACTS  
Ilustrated  
 SYSTEMS  TRACTS  
Lowstand  

TYPE-­‐I  

(Van  Wagoner  et  al,  1990,  Fig.  34)  

 SYSTEMS  TRACTS  
Lowstand  

TYPE-­‐I  

SEQUENCE  BOUNDARY  

(Van  Wagoner  et  al,  1990,  Fig.  34)  

 SYSTEMS  TRACTS  
Lowstand  

TYPE-­‐I  

(Van  Wagoner  et  al,  1990,  Fig.  35)  

 SYSTEMS  TRACTS  
Transgressive  

(Van  Wagoner  et  al,  1990,  Fig.  36)  

 SYSTEMS  TRACTS  
Highstand  

(Van  Wagoner  et  al,  1990,  Fig.  37)  

 (Van  Wagoner  et  al,  1990,  Fig.  38)  
THE  NEXT  SEQUENCE  

Lowstand   Submarine  
wedge   fan  ss  &  cgl;  
turbidite  ss     base  =  seq  
&  mudstn   bndry;  
overlies  
LSW  
 CARBONATE  SEQUENCE  STRATIGRAPHY  

2   1  

3  

SEQ-­‐24  
SEQUENCE  BOUNDARY  TYPES  

SEQ-­‐25  
 SEQUENCE  BOUNDARY  TYPES  

Type  1  sequence  boundary  (SB  1):  for  shelf-­‐slope  seZng  where  sea  level  drops  below  the  shelf-­‐
slope  break  or  for  a  ramp  causes  fluvial  incision  of  a  significant  por]on  of  the  ramp  surface  
•  Composed  of  lowstand,  transgressive,  and  highstand  systems  tracts  bounded  beneath  by  
type-­‐1  unconformi,es  and  their  correla,ve  conformi,es.          

Type  2  sequence  boundary  (SB  2):  for  ramp  margins  without  significant  break  in  slope  and  
where  sea  level  does  not  drop  below  the  shelf-­‐slope  break  for  shelf  systems.  
•  A  more  subtle  shib  in  facies  basinward  above  what  would  be  considered  a  highstand  
systems  tract.  
•  Also  results  in  unconformi,es  with  less  amounts  of  erosion  and  less  basinward  shib  in  
facies  (i.e.,  can’t  shove  everything  off  the  shelf).    
•  Composed  of  shelf-­‐margin,  transgressive,  and  highstand  systems  tracts  bounded  beneath  
by  type-­‐2  unconformi,es  and  their  correla,ve  conformi,es.  

Can  see  these  at  the  outcrop  scale  -­‐  but  best  seen  in  seismic  sec,on  or  when  you  have  enough  
data  to  construct  a  detailed  regional  cross-­‐sec,on.  

SEQ-­‐26  
 TIME,  UNCONFORMITIES  &  WEIRD  TIME-­‐CROSS  SECTION  DIAGRAMS  

LACUNA  

TIME  SPACE  
 THE  INCOMPLETE  ROCK  RECORD  
CONTACTS  &  BOUNDING  SURFACES  

DIASTEMS  

Rela]vely  short  interrup]on  in  sedimenta]on;  only  brief  interval  of  ]me  with  li^le  or  no  
erosion  before  deposi]on  is  resumed;  most  bedding  planes  are  diastems.  
 THE  INCOMPLETE  ROCK  RECORD  
CONTACTS  &  BOUNDING  SURFACES  
WHAT  ABOUT  OTHER  UNITS?  
Missing  rock  at  these  boundaries  as  well  –  missing  record  of  ]me.  

SEQUENCE  BOUNDARY  (3rd  Order)  

CONGLOMERATE  -­‐  LST  

4TH  ORDER  PARASEQUENCES  

5TH  Order  
6TH  Order  
TUSCAN  SAI,  KAZAKHSTAN;  LOWER  PERMIAN  
 SEQUENCE  BOUNDARY  =  UNCONFORMITY  

SHOREWARD   BASINWARD  

UPPE
R      SUR
FACE
 
(missing  interval  strata)  

ROCK  THICKNESS  
HIATUS  
(nondeposi]on  interval)   CONTINUOUS  DEPO  
LACUNA  

(equivalent  surface)  
TIME  

DEGRADATION  
VACUITY  
(eroded  rock)  

DISTANCE  
 TIME  SPACE  IN  SEQUENCE  STRATIGRAPHY  

LACUNA  

TIME  SPACE  
 TIME  SPACE  IN  SEQUENCE  STRATIGRAPHY  

TYPE  2  

TYPE  1  
 CYCLE  DRIVERS  
WHAT  CAUSES  THESE  CYCLES?  
WHICH  PROCESS  ARE  GLOBAL  AND  WHICH  ARE  REGIONAL/LOCAL?  

SEQUENCE  BOUNDARY  (3rd  Order)  

CONGLOMERATE  -­‐  LST  

4TH  ORDER  PARASEQUENCES  

5TH  Order  
6TH  Order  
TUSCAN  SAI,  KAZAKHSTAN;  LOWER  PERMIAN  
MulVple  physical  &  temporal  scales  =  ?  

Several  
100  m  

1  cm  

1  -­‐4  m   10-­‐100  m  

Several  100  
to  several  
1,000  m  

1-­‐50  m  
WHAT  DRIVES  THE  CYCLES  –  SEQUENCE  STRAT?  
 CYCLE  DRIVERS  
The  High  Frequency  Signal  

100,000  year  
glacial-­‐eusta,c  
cycles  determined  
from  oxygen  
isotopic  data.  
 CYCLE  DRIVERS  
The  High  Frequency  Signal  
Milankovitch  Theory  
Milankovitch  Theory  
Eccentricity:  100  kyr  (blue)  &  400  kyr  
(red)  

Obliquity  /  Tilt  41  

kyr  

Precession:  19-­‐24  kyr      (wobble)  

(wobble)  
Milankovitch  Theory  -­‐  Eccentricity  

95,  125,    400  

kyr  
Milankovitch  Theory  -­‐  Precession  

Center  of  the  Earth  

19  &  23  kyr  

END