Engineering PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE AND GENETIC ENGINEERING What is a plant disease?
A plant disease is any abnormal condition
that alters the abnormal growth or function of a plant. Disease may also reduce yield and quality of harvested product.
Plant diseases are classified in 2 categories:
a) Abiotic b) Biotic Abiotic Diseases Are caused by (non-living) environmental conditions such as frost, hail, and chemical burn. Damage caused by chronic exposure to air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide etc. Biotic Diseases Are caused by living organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, etc. Pathogens may infect all types of plant tissues to include leaves, shoots, roots, fruit, seeds etc. The Disease Triangle
For a biotic disease to occur there must be
a susceptible host plant, the pathogen, optimum environmental conditions. The Disease Cycle The development of visual disease symptoms on a plant requires that the pathogen must (a) come into contact with a susceptible host (b) gain entrance or penetrate the host through either a wound, a natural opening or via direct penetration of the host (c) establish itself within the host (d) grow and reproduce within or on the host Biotic Components Fungi:- They damage plants by killing cells or causing plant stress. Sources are infected seed, soil, crop debris, nearby crops and weed, which spread by wind and water splash, and through the movement of contaminated soil etc. They enter plants through natural openings such as stomata and through wounds caused by pruning, harvesting, hail, insects, other diseases, and mechanical damage. Common fungal diseases White blister/White rust Clubroot Botrytis rots Anthracnose Tuber diseases Viral Infections Viruses cause many plant diseases. The spread of most viruses is very difficult to control. Viruses are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects. Normally, when a RNA virus attacks a cell, it will produce enormous number of copies of itself. The copies, in turn, produce viral protein, which can help to disable the cells defenses to the virus. One way of preventing viral infections is by giving a plant a viral gene encoding the virus' 'coat protein'. The plant then produces this viral protein before the virus infects the plant. If the virus arrives, it is not able to reproduce. This is called co-suppression. When a foreign viral DNA enters the plant cell, viral coat protein is produced, and it eventually shuts down the viral protein's expression. When the virus tries to infect the plant, the production of its essential coat protein is already blocked. VCPs encapsulate the viral nucleic acid and are thought to be important in nearly every stage of viral infection including replication, movement throughout an infected plant, and transport from plant to plant Alternatively, apical or axillary meristems are generally free from viral particles, which has helped the scientists to produce virus free plants, by culturing small meristems collected from virus infected plants. Gene Transfer in plants Vector used: Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens. Ti Plasmid- Tumor Inducing Plasmid with Transfer DNA. Strategy: Collect leaf discs Infect the tissue with Agrobacterium carrying recombinant Ti plasmid. The infected tissue is then raised in Shoot regeneration medium for 2-3 days, so that transfer of T-DNA along with gene of interest takes place. Then the transformed tissues are transferred onto selection cum plant regeneration medium supplemented with usually lethal concentration of an antibiotic. This medium also contains a bacteriostatic agent, which suppresses the Agrobacterium present with the transformed tissues. After 3-5 weeks, the regenerated shoots are transferred to root inducing medium. After another 3-4 weeks, complete plants are obtained, which are transferred to soil, following the hardening of regenerated plants. Late Blight in Potato produce millions of spores from infected plants under the wet weather conditions that favor the disease. Spores produced on infected potatoes can travel through the air, land on infected plants, and if the weather is sufficiently wet, cause new infections. Late blight is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Several R genes originating from introgressions of S. demissum have been mapped to potato chromosomes using DNA markers. the molecular cloning of R1 gene for resistance to late blight that is located in the resistance hot spot on potato chromosome V. R1 among plant resistance genes containing a conserved nucleotide binding domain (NBS), a leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) and a leucine zipper motif. 300 Restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP markers) Race specific and hyper sensitive to p.infectants Those groups were R1, R3, R4, R10 and groups with a larger amount of accumulated R alleles and 90 different clones belonging to the species S. demissum, S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, S. phureja, S. bulbocastanum and S. stoloni Remaining clones in the physical map are BACs with lengths between 70 and 100 kb. Grey bars: BACs from the chromosome carrying r1. Solid black bars: BACs from the chromosome carrying R1. Mapped BAC ends are indicated by the number of recombinants separating the BAC end from R1. References http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg- fact/3000/pdf/PP401_01.pdf The%20R1%20gene%20for%20potato%20 resistance%20to%20late%20blight%20(Phy tophthora%20infestans)%20belongs%20to %20the%20leucine%20zipper,NBS,LRR%2 0class%20of%20plant%20resistance%20g enes.%20(4).pdf http://www.gmeducation.org/environment/p 190974-thirsty-plants-rely-on-fungus-for- help.html
Rayya Abdallah David Abdallah, As Next of Kin of Baby Boy Abdallah, and On Their Own Personal Behalf v. Wilbur Callender, M.D. Government of The Virgin Islands, 1 F.3d 141, 3rd Cir. (1993)