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Children
CORRESPONDENCE EDUCATION PROGRAM # 19
How to Complete this Program
Thank you for choosing Exercise ETC’s RACE correspondence program for
your continuing education needs. To earn your CECs/CEUs you will need to
read the following article, “Exercise Programs for Children.” After you
have read the article, take the test that appears at the end of the article.
Remember to choose the best or most correct answer.
We will correct your test, and assuming that you get at least 70% correct, we
will e-mail you your CEC/CEU certificate. Please e-mail us your answer
sheets before 12 noon, Eastern time Monday through Friday to receive your
certificates back the same day by 9 PM Eastern time. If you have less than
70% correct, you will need to take to test over again in order to qualify for
the CECs/CEUs.
Good luck!! If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to call
us any time at 1-800-244-1344
1. Justify the need for exercise programs in children and list several
societal factors which have contributed to the decline in physical
fitness among children.
5. Identify lifestyle risk factors for children and games and activities that
would help to reinforce a healthy lifestyle.
• Surveys have reported that one third of all youths ages 10-18 are inactive.
• Since 1960, obesity has increased 54% in children aged 6-11, and 39% in
children aged 12-17.
• Forty percent of children aged 5-8 have at least one risk factor for
cardiovascular disease. It has been estimated that between 30 and 35% of
school aged children are at risk for heart or circulatory disease and
premature deaths as adults.
• Finally, only 32% of children aged 6-17 meet minimum standards for
cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and muscle strength and endurance.
• Dysfunctional families
Rising divorce rates and the increase in single parent families have placed more
demands on the caretaker’s (generally Mom’s) time. More meals are eaten
outside of the home, often from fast food restaurants; packaged products have
become the main staple of foods consumed at home. Restaurant and packaged
foods tend to be higher in fat, sodium, and calories and lower in nutritional value.
PHYSIOLOGY OF CHILDREN
For the most part, the same basic exercise physiology principles used for adults can be
modified and applied to children as well. Fitness Professionals working with children
should be aware of the differences in their cardiovascular, respiratory, and
musculoskeletal systems in order to develop safe and effective programs.
Cardiovascular System
Children have a lower maximal and submaximal cardiac output, stroke volume, blood
pressure, blood volume and hemoglobin due to their smaller body size and heart volume.
A child’s heart is only about 30% of the size of an adult heart; to compensate, children
have higher average heart rates. Average resting heart rates in beats per minute are as
follows:
Respiratory System
Children have smaller, immature lungs. In children ages 5 to 8 the lungs are only 20%
developed; this results in an increased ventilation oxygen cost due to an increased rate
of breathing.
Children have a lower absolute VO2 Max than adults. They also have an increased
submaximal oxygen demand for activities such as walking and running due to the
increased oxygen cost of breathing. Because of their immature lungs, improvements to
the aerobic system are somewhat limited due to their immature cardiovascular system.
Before puberty, boys and girls are equally capable of performing, and often girls out-
perform boys. This changes after puberty, however.
Musculoskeletal System
The bones of children are smaller and more fragile. Epiphyses, or growth plates, are
active and vulnerable to injury. The growth plates at the distal radius and ulna, and at the
femur, tibia and fibula do not close for males until age 18-20 and for females until age
17-19. Gains in muscle strength are possible in children, however strength training is
ineffective at producing hypertrophy: until adolescence there is insufficient testosterone
and human growth hormone to produce significant muscular growth.
EXERCISE CONCERNS
Thermoregulation
Children are at high risk for heat illness due to their immature cardiovascular system.
Their risk is higher because of their greater surface area, increased metabolic cost for
certain activities, immature sweat glands, and increased core temperature to initiate
sweating. Like adults, children can acclimatize to heat, however, they are slower
physiologically and faster subjectively. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
recommends minimizing intensity and duration initially, and increasing intensity
gradually over 11-14 days when exercising in the heat. In addition, children should wear
light weight absorbent clothing, avoid rubberized sweat suits and drink 100-150
milliliters of liquid every 15 to 30 minutes. Exercise should be deferred in very hot,
humid environments.
According to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, the most often injured
sites for children are:
FITNESS TESTING
Fitness testing for children should focus on establishing a baseline against which to
compare the child’s progress, as opposed to making value judgements about the child’s
fitness level: “Your strength is excellent.” “Your cardio capacity is poor.” Fitness
testing for your young clients will generally be more subjective than objective.
Body Composition
Body composition testing should be done with caution as children are extremely body
conscious and like to compare their results with others. Labeling a child as “obese” or
“over fat”, or even using terms like “chubby” or “baby fat” could lead to low self esteem,
social isolation and perhaps, eventually, an eating disorder.
Sit-and-reach test
• Tests the flexibility of low back and hamstrings;
• Place a yardstick on the floor between the child’s legs,
with the numbers increasing as they move away from the
child and the heels at the 9 inch mark on yardstick;
• Have the child reach as far as possible on the yardstick
while keeping the knees slightly bent;
• Record the 4th try as the child’s score.
AGE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Girls 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.2 10.0
Boys 10.2 9.9 9.8 9.5 9.2 9.1 8.9 8.9
Vertical jump
• Equipment: Chalk and a wall
• Procedure: The child stands with one side to the wall
(usually the dominant side) with heels together and feet flat
on the floor. Child reaches up as high as possible making a
mark on the wall with the chalk. The child then jumps as
high as possible making another mark on the wall making
another mark on the wall with the chalk at the peak of the
jump. The score is the distance between the two marks.
Allow 4-5 trials and take the best score.
EXERCISE PROGRAMMING
GUIDELINES
Children do not respond well to a watered down adult fitness program. Twenty minutes
of continuous treadmill walking or stationary biking may prove to be part of a successful
exercise program to an adult exerciser, but will most certainly fail for a young child
because they lack aerobic endurance and tend to get bored. The two biggest reasons
children join an exercise program are to have fun and be with their friends. Why do TV
shows, computer games & video games appeal to children? They are exciting, easy to
play and watch, offer achievable goals, challenge different ability levels, are frequently
updated and consist of elements and characters children are interested in.
It’s important for the Fitness Professional to know what’s popular with children. If you
have kids of your own you probably already know what kids like to do and what the
Program Structure
A child’s program should consist of a warm-up, cardiovascular and strength
components, an educational segment and a cool down.
Warm up
The warm-up should last anywhere from 3 to 5 minutes and consist of a game or two
just to get the child moving. Some simple warm-up games include:
• Tail Tag: Each child has a strip of cloth or paper tucked into their
waistband to represent a tail. The object of the game is to collect as
many tails from others as possible while eluding other children’s
attempts to grab theirs.
Educational Component
• This should be a short lecture lasting no more than several minutes.
The purpose is to introduce or teach the children one small concept
that deals with fitness or health. Some examples include:
• Another fun game is to have the child name a food and have the
children use their bodies to imitate the food. For instance jello is soft
and wavy so they can relax their limbs as they sit, stand, or lie on the
floor. Breadsticks are hard and crunchy so they can walk with very
tall with stiff arms and legs.
Cool-down
• Use games and activities that incorporate muscle strengthening or
stretching. One advantage of ending the program with a stretching
activity is that it reinforces the idea that stretching always follows
physical activity.
Program Management
If you are conducting an exercise program for a group of children, one of your most
challenging tasks in conducting a children’s program is keeping the program under
control. Children tend to get hyperactive when they’re excited, and boredom leads to all
kinds of trouble. The following are suggestions for keeping your children under control:
• Keep the length of the class appropriate for the age group. Most
Fitness Professionals are geared to a 1 hour class format, however
this may be too long for younger children. For ages 3 to 8 a total
class time of 30 to 45 minutes is ideal.
CHILDREN’S HEALTH
PROGRAMMING GOALS
Health goals for children are similar to those for adults in that they should be aimed at
promoting good health and preventing conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular
disease. Therefore, programming should be aimed at eliminating, or minimizing, the
following risk factors:
Hypertension: The follow guidelines will vary based on developmental age and
body weight.
HYPERTENSION VALUES FOR CHILDREN
Obesity: According to a USA Today poll, 19% of boys and 18% of girls 9 to 11
years old said they have been on a diet; 13% of boys and 27% of girls age 12-13 say they
have been on a diet. Controlling body fat while promoting a healthy self-image should
be a goal of any children’s fitness program.
Smoking: More than 3,000 teenagers become smokers every day: Forty one
percent of girls ages 16 to 17 smokes. The US Surgeon General has predicted that 5
million of today’s children’s will die prematurely of smoking related disease as adults.
There are a number of games and activities that can be used to reinforce a healthy
lifestyle:
• The Risk Factor Game can be used to introduce the risk factors to
your young client(s). During the educational component, discuss
various risk factors and assign a physical movement that would
imitate the physical response in the body of that risk factor. As the
class walks in a big circle around the room, you call out a risk
factor and they respond with the movement previously assigned.
For example: Smoking -- class will cough as they continue
walking; high blood pressure -- have class jump up and down;
stress -- students run/walk in a frantic manner; obesity -- students
walk very slowly; and high cholesterol -- students walk in a
crouched position to demonstrate a narrowed space.
Aerobic Endurance
Goals of this component include preventing obesity and reducing risk factors. The
ACSM guidelines for adults in terms of frequency, intensity and duration are
appropriate for older children. (Frequency: 3-5 days per week; Intensity: 60-90% MHR;
Duration: 15-60 minutes) For younger children, the focus should be on keeping them
active rather than improving VO2 Max. Activities that require moving the whole body
such as walking, swimming, and biking are best to maximize total energy expenditure. If
you have ever observed children at play, you have noticed that their play tends to be
anaerobic: periods of highly intense activity followed by periods of low intensity rest.
The child’s exercise program should follow this model.
Flexibility
Flexibility exercises should be held to the point of tension for 15 seconds or longer, and
be performed 3 to 7 days per week. Even though children will often gravitate naturally
toward ballistic stretching, the focus should be on slow, controlled static stretching.
Conclusion
Training children can be very rewarding and very frustrating. The most important
consideration is that the program should be fun and structured without being rigid. It
helps if the Fitness Professional is a bit of a kid themselves! The ability to laugh, to be
spontaneous and have fun while instilling good habits and reaching good goals is a rare
talent. The ability to teach children to enjoy physical activity and make a healthy lifestyle
a life-long goal is a rare gift.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing
and Prescription. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins.
Bross, Cindy. (1993). Fit to Try! An Activities Guide for Health-Related Fitness.
Durham, NC: Great Activities Publishing Company.
Bross, Cindy. (1997). Children’s on the move. IDEA TODAY. 15 (10), 83.
Durrett, A. (2001). All in the family. IDEA Health & Fitness Source. 19 (9), 24.
Hunter, G., Bamman, M. and Hester, D. (2000). Obesity-prone children can benefit
from high intensity exercise. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 22 (1), 51.
Kraemer, W. and Fleck, W. (1993). Strength Training for Young Athletes. Champaign,
IL: Human Kinetics.
LeMura, L.M., and Mazielas, M. T. (2002). Factors that alter body fat, body mass, and
fat-free mass. Pediatric obesity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 34 (3), 487.
Petersmarck, K. (1999). What are federal leaders saying about childhood obesity?
Healthy Weight Journal. May-June.
Pillarella, Debi. (1995). Conquering chaos in child’s classes. IDEA TODAY. 13 (8), 50.
Taylor, W.C. et al. (1999). Childhood and adolescent physical activity patterns and adult
physical activity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 31 (1), 118.
Westcott, W.L. (1998). Youth Strength Training. IDEA Health & Fitness Source. 16
(8), 33.
1. The two biggest reasons children’s join an 5. Which of the following is/are true in
exercise program are: regards to the duration of a children’s
A. To get fit and have fun class?
B. To have fun and be with their A. Generally it should be longer than
friends a typical adult class
C. To get fit and be with their friends B. Generally it should be shorter than
D. To get fit and lose weight a typical adult class
C. Generally it should be the same
2. Which is/are true in regards to activities length as an adult class
such as walking and running for children? D. A and C
A. Compared to adults there is a
higher oxygen cost 6. Which of the following is/are true in
B. Compared to adults there is a regards to children and resting heart rates?
lower oxygen cost A. They are higher than adults
C. Compared to adults they have the B. They are lower than adults
same oxygen cost C. They are the same as adults
D. B and C D. They are more irregular than
adults
3. Which of the following does not contribute
to the increased risk of heat illness in 7. Blood pressures in children tend to be:
children? A. Higher compared to adults
A. Immature cardiovascular system B. Lower compared to adults
B. Immature sweat glands C. Dependent on developmental age
C. Initiate sweating at a lower core and body weight
temperature D. A and C
D. Increased surface area
8. The most often injured body part for
4. Which of the following activities would be children ages 5 to 14 is:
most appropriate to include in an exercise A. The head and face
program for young children? B. The knees
A. Twenty minutes of continuous C. The arms
bench stepping D. The ankles
B. Twenty minutes of low impact
aerobics to music 9. Which of the energy systems are children
C. Twenty minutes of best physiologically equipped to work in?
walking/running around a track A. The aerobic system
D. Twenty minutes of games and B. The glycogen system
activities that promote fitness C. The phosphagen system
D. A and B