STRUCTURE and POETRY

An important method of analyzing a poem is to look at the stanza structure or style

of a poem. Generally speaking, structure has to do with the overall organization of
lines and/or the conventional patterns of sound. Again, many modern poems may not
have any identifiable structure (i.e. they are free verse), so don't panic if you
can't find it!

STANZAS: Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty
line from other stanzas. They are the equivalent of a paragraph in an essay. One
way to identify a stanza is to count the number of lines. Thus:

couplet (2 lines)
tercet (3 lines)
quatrain (4 lines)
cinquain (5 lines)
sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain)
septet (7 lines)
octave (8 lines)

FORM: A poem may or may not have a specific number of lines, rhyme scheme and/or
metrical pattern, but it can still be labeled according to its form or style. Here
are the three most common types of poems according to form:

1. Lyric Poetry: It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who
expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most poems, especially modern ones, are
lyric poems.

2. Narrative Poem: It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles the
plot line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict and characters, rising
action, climax and the denouement].

3. Descriptive Poem: It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the
speaker. It uses elaborate imagery and adjectives. While emotional, it is more
"outward-focused" than lyric poetry, which is more personal and introspective.

In a sense, almost all poems, whether they have consistent patterns of sound and/or
structure, or are free verse, are in one of the three categories above. Or, of
course, they may be a combination of 2 or 3 of the above styles! Here are some more
types of poems that are subtypes of the three styles above:
Ode: It is usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an
elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern.

Elegy: It is a lyric poem that mourns the dead. [It's not to be confused with a
eulogy.]It has no set metric or stanzaic pattern, but it usually begins by
reminiscing about the dead person, then laments the reason for the death, and then
resolves the grief by concluding that death leads to immortality. It often uses
"apostrophe" (calling out to the dead person) as a literary technique. It can have
a fairly formal style, and sound similar to an ode.

Sonnet: It is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the English version, is

usually written in iambic pentameter. There are two basic kinds of sonnets: the
Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet and the Shakespearean (or Elizabethan/English)
sonnet. The Italian/Petrarchan sonnet is named after Petrarch, an Italian
Renaissance poet. The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave (eight lines) and a
sestet (six lines). The Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains (four
lines each) and a concluding couplet (two lines). The Petrarchan sonnet tends to
divide the thought into two parts (argument and conclusion); the Shakespearean,
into four (the final couplet is the summary).

Ballad: It is a narrative poem that has a musical rhythm and can be sung. A ballad
is usually organized into quatrains or cinquains, has a simple rhythm structure,
and tells the tales of ordinary people.

Epic: It is a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a

legendary or historical hero.

Qualities of an Epic Poem:

narrative poem of great scope; dealing with the founding of a nation or some other
heroic theme requires a dignified theme requires an organic unity requires orderly
progress of the action always has a heroic figure or figures involves supernatural
forces
written in deliberately ceremonial style

Other types of poems include:

Haiku: It has an unrhymed verse form having three lines (a tercet) and usually
5,7,5 syllables, respectively. It's usually considered a lyric poem.

Limerick: It has a very structured poem, usually humorous & composed of five lines
(a cinquain), in an aabba rhyming pattern; beat must be anapestic (weak, weak,
strong) with 3 feet in lines 1, 2, & 5 and 2 feet in lines 3 & 4. It's usually a
narrative poem based upon a short and often ribald

My Grandmother

� Victoria L. Payne

Published: February 2006

In my Rose Garden of memories

I see you standing there
An angel in disguise
Who taught me how to care
I long to hear your voice
for real not in my dreams
I am missing you so much these days
how empty my world seems
People say time heals all wounds
that someday the pain will subside
But Grandma I can tell you
I think they must have lied
The emptiness I am feeling now
is strong and I am weak
These days go by without you
so dreary and so bleak
In my Rose Garden of memories
I know you'll always be
for though you're gone
from this mortal world
In my heart you'll always be
Sana Kaibigan

Tula ni Maricel A. Dimaala

Naaalala mo ba?
Noong tayo�y unang nagkita
Kung saan ang isa�t isa ay di pa kilala
At ni isang simpleng ngiti ay di magawa.

Tingnan mo ngayon
Tayo�y sadyang kay saya
Aakalain mo bang tayo�y magiging magkaibigan pala?
Kaya�t maraming salamat at nakilala kita.

Tara at tayo�y alalahaninmga sandaling tayo�y magkasama

Mga araw ng lungkot at ligaya
Mga oras ng hindi pagkakasundo
Mga panahong tayo�y sadyang kay gugulo.

Sana�y hindi malilimutan

Ang ating pinagsamahan
Ito�y ating itago at pagyamanin
At minsan pa�y sabihing ika�y mahalaga sa akin.

Ito ang aking pangako

Na pinagsamahan nati�y hindi maglalaho
Mananatili ka sa puso
Panahon man ay magbago.

At iyo ring pahaalalahaning

Kung ika�y mayroong suliranin
Huwag mahihiyang lumapit sa akin
Ikaw ay tutuylungan at hindi bibiguin.

Bukas ay panibagong hamong ating haharapin

Bagong mga taong ating kikilalanin
Karagdagang kaalaman para sa tagumpay na nais kamtin
Ngunit huwag mong kalimutan na patu;oy akong alalahanin.

Ngayon tayo�y lilisan na sa lugar kung saan tayo�y nagkakilala

Ngunit huwag mangangamba alala�y di mawawala
Paligid lang ang nag-iiba
Subalit sa puso ko�y laging mananatili ka.

Ngirit (Bicol Poem) - Poem by jomark baynado

Ngirit mo sana
A buhay ko kumpleto na...
Sa labsok na mangitngit
Ika a mga bituon sa kalangitan
Na nagtataong liwanag sa buhay ko...
Sa mudtong uminanglas sa problema
Ika a patak ka preskong tubig nin solusyon
Tanganing kumalma ako.
Ngirit mo sana
A buhay ko kumpleto na...
Sa oras o sa minutong malang mundo'
Ika a kanta ka bayong na costa sa sanga ka mangga
Na nagpapamuya a puso ko.
Sa pagturog ko
Ika a panginip na abu kong lingawan ta ika
Nagtataong kapaingaluan sa pagal na awak ag kalag.

Source: https://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poem/rose-garden-of-memories-my-
grandmother

The End.

A young student of Zen happened to break a precious vase belonging to his teacher.

When he heard his teacher's footsteps, he quickly held the broken vase behind him.
As the teacher walked up to him, he asked, "Why does one die, master?"

"It's natural," said the teacher. "Everything has a beginning and an end.
Everything has just so long to live and then has to die."

The student held out the pieces of the broken vase and said, "The time for your
vase to die had come."

http://www.english-for-students.com/The-End.html

Ryokan was a Zen teacher of repute.

One day a fisherman saw him walking on the beach soon after a storm. The storm had
washed up thousands of starfish on the shore, and they were beginning to dry up.
Soon all of them would be dead. Ryokan was picking up starfish and throwing them
into the sea.

The fisherman caught up with the teacher and said, �Surely, you cannot hope to
throw all these starfish back into the sea? They will die in their thousands here.
I�ve seen it happen before. Your effort will make no difference."

�It will to this one," said Ryokan, throwing back another starfish into the sea.

Ang Pinakamabangis Na Hayop Sa Gubat

Noong bata pa ang panahon at di pa dumaraong sa ating dalampasigan ang mga Kastila,
may isang makapangyarihang sultang namuno sa isang pinakamalaking kaharian sa Lu-
sung. Siya ay kinatatakutan ng kanyang mga sakop dahil sa kanyang kalupitan at
kaimbihan ng kanyang mga kawal. Siya ay si Raha Sibasib.

Kung gaano kabuhong ang raha gayon naman ang ganda ng anak nitong prinsesa. Bukod
sa gandang panloob ay maganda rin ang ugali.Siya ay si Prinsesa Liwayway. Maraming
mga Prinsipe, Datu at Sultan sa iba�t ibang kaharian ang nagsasadya sa ama upang
hingin ang kanyang kamay.

Noon si Prinsesa Liwayway ay hindi na Malaya sapagka�t ang kanyang puso ay nakatali
na sa pangangalaga ng isang mangangaso si Matapang. Siya ay dalita. Ang kanyang
tirahan ay isang maliit na dampa sa paanan ng bundok. Siya ay dalubhasa sa paggamit
ng pana at busog. Kahit ibong lumilipad sa pawiwirin ay kanyang napaptamaan ng pana
sa isang binit lamang.

Sapagka�t si Matapang ay isa lamang alipin hindi siya makatuntong sa loob ng

palasyo. Ang magkasintahan ay panakaw na nagtatagpo sa mga liblib na pook. Oras na
malaman ng Sultan ang kanilang pag-iibigan iya�y nangangahulugan ng pagtagpas sa
ulo ng binata.

Ang napili ng Sultan upang pakasalan ni Prinsesa Liwayway ay anak ni Sultan Mataas
na ang kaharian ay karatig ng kay Sibasib hindi nakursunadahan ni Liwayway ang
lalaki pagka�t lagpas na sa gulang at pangit. Hindi napagbago ang pagtatangi ni
Liwayway kay Matapang bagaman ang binata�y kinasusuklaman ng ama.

Nang ang magkasintahan ay nagtagpo sa pugad ng aliw, sila�y namtaan ng tagasubaybay

ng Sultan. Isinumbong nito sa Sultan ang nakita upang siya�y mapuri sa kanyang
paglilingkod. Nang malaman ito ni Sultan Sibasib ay ipinatawag niya ang Prinsesa.

�Tunay nga bang kinakatagpo mo si Matapang, ang dukhang mangangaso ng kabundukan?�

tanong ng ama.

�Opo, amang Sultan,� sagot ni Liwayway. �Kami po�y nag-iibigan.�

Walang pagsidlan ng galit ang Sultan. �Wala kang turing!� ang sigaw. �Ikaw ay
Prinsesa, isang dugong mahal at anak ng pinakamakapangyarihang Sultan. Ipagkakaloob
mo ba ang iyong pagmamahal sa isang alipin? Hindi ba sinabi ko sa iyo na ikaw ay
akin nang naipagkasundo sa anak ni Raha Mataas? Ikaw ay ipakakasal ko sa kanya sa
darating na kabilugan ng buwan!�

�Subalit Ama ko,� ang daing ng Prinsesa. �Ang anak ni Raha Mataas ay napakatanda
para sa akin.Siya�y para ko nang ama! Siya�y hindi ko iniibig!�

�Magtigil ka, Liwayway. Hindi mo na muli pang makikita ang lalaking iyan,� at
dagling ipinatawag ng Sultan si Atungal ang pinakamabangis na kawal na tribo.

�Atungal,� ang sigaw na pautos, �dalhin mo sa dampa ni Matapang ang iyong mga
kaaway. Iligpit mo ang binatang iyon. Patayin mo na parang aso ! Ipakita mo sa akin
ang kanyang ulo. Kayo�y aking gagantimpalaan. Kung hindi madala rito ang kanyang
ulo ang inyong mga ulo ang kapalit!�

Dumating sa kaalaman ni Liwayway. Palihim na pinuntahan ng Prinsesa si Matapang

upang sagipin siya sa panganib.

Nang dumating doon ang Prinsesa si Matapang ay naghuhukay ng mga lamang-ugat sa

tabi ng batis. May luhang isinalaysay ng dalaga sa binata ang napipinhtong
panganib.Batid nilang dalawa kung ano ang kahahantungan ng bababla.

�Mabuting ikaw ay umalis. Lisanin mo ang lugal na ito!� ang pakiusap ni Liwayway.
�Magtago ka sa gubat. Maya maya�y narito na si Atungal at ang kanyang mga kawal.
Magmadali hangga�t may panahon!�

Subali�t si Matapang ay ayaw umalis kahit anong gawin pag-ulok ng Prinsesa.

Samantalang hinihintay ang pagdating ni Atungal, ang ginwa ni Matapang ay dinukot
ang singsing sa kanyang bulsa. Ang singsing na ito�y ibinigay sa kanya ng isang
matandang babaeng kanyang iniligtas sa makamandag na ahas sa kagubatan. Nang
ipagkaloob ang singsing kay Matapang ang Matanda ay nagtagulilin ng ganito:

�Para sa iyong pusong ginto ang pagkamatulungin, ibinibigay ko ang singsing na ito
iya�y makatutulong sa iyo sa mga sandali ng pangangailangan. Ang Diyos ay mabuti sa
mga taong may mabuting kalooban. Humingi ka ng anumang kagustuhan at iya�y
masusunod.�
Nabatid ng binata na ang singsing ay mahiwaga. Ang liwanag na nagmumula rito ay
kumikislap.

Tiningnan mabuti ni Matapang ang singsing. Naalala niya ang tagubilin ng matanda,
�Humingi ka ng kahilinga�y at iya�y ipagkakaloob. �Siya�y napangiti at ang pag-
aagam-agam niya�y naparam. Siya�y nagpalingalinga upang tiyakin ang pagdating ng
kawal ng Sultan.

Dumating si Atungal kasama ang kanyang tauhan. Akiba�t nila�y mga busog at palaso.
Namataan nila si Matapang na nangungubli sa likod ng puno.

�Iyon! Ang ulo ng traidor ay madaling tagpasin. Pihong tayo�y nakasisisguro sa

pabuya ni Sultan Sibasib!� sigaw ni Atungal. �Umabanti kayo, mga kawal!�

Nang Makita ni Matapang ang kanilang pagsulong, kanyang tinaas ang singsing at
nanalangin, �O dakilang Bathala, ako po�y iligtas mo. Ang hiling ko�y si Atungal at
ang kanyang mga kawal ay gawin mong pinakapangit na hayop sa gubat. Sana�y ang
kanilang mga sibat ay matanim sa kanilang mga bibig. Sila sana ay tugisin ng mga
mangangaso katulad ng pagtugis nila sa akin sa mga sandaling ito.�

Halos hindi pa natatapos ang panalangin ni Matapang, isang kata-takang pangyayari

ang naganap. Niyanig ang lupa. Nalumbungan ang bundok ng maitim na ulap. Lumakas
ang hihip ng hangin. Kumidlat ng matalim. Sina Atungal at mga kawal ay sinakmal ng
bagyo. Si Matapang ay hindi naano sa lilim ng punong pinangungublihan.

Nang tumigil ang bagyo, nakita ni Matapang sa lugal na kinlalagyan ni Atungal at ng

kanyang mga kawal ang mababangis na hayop na may matalas na pangil!

Mula noon ang mga hayop na naglipana sa pusod ng gubat ay tinawag na baboy-ramo.
Sila�y tinutugis ng mga mangangaso. Sila�y hinuhuli bilang aliwan at ang kanilang
mga karne ay kinakain pagka�t malinamnam.

An Istorya Kun Tanu Maharang An Lada

Paenot na taramon:
Ang osipon (short story) na ini iyo an enot na sinurat ko sa lenguwaheng Bikol na
osipon na pan-aki. Ini naging finalist sa Premio Tomas Arejola Para sa Lieraturang
Biolnon 2009 para kategoryang osipon na pan-aki.
______________________________
Aldaw kaidto nin Sabado, sosog sa kinagawian kan samuyang pamilya na pag-aldaw nin
Sabado, iyo an aldaw nin samuyang pagsungko sa namomotan mi asin an paborito kong
Lola, si Lola Meding.
Nasa Naga an harong ni Lola, kun kaya harus tolong oras an biyahe hale sa Legazpi
pasiring duman. Eksayted ako sa samuyang biyahe nin huli ta mahihiling ko na naman
si Lola asin madadangog ko na naman an saiyang mga manlaen-laen na istorya arog kan
adbentyur sa irarom kan dagat, mga hayop na nagtataram, mga magagayon na palasyo
nin mga prinsipe asin prinsesa, asin kadakul pang iba.
Alas diyes na kami nakaabot sa harong ni Lola Meding. Pag-abot mi duman, nagbisa
kami sa saiya asin pinakakan niya kami nin suman, pinuso, ibos asin pansit bato.
Pagkatapos ming magkakan, duminuman sina mama asin papa sa sala tanganing maghiling
nin palabas sa telebisyon mantang nagpapahingalo. Dai ako nag-iba sa sainda,
duminuman ako sa kusina tanganing magmasid sa pigluluto ni Lola.
�Lola ano po an pigluluto mo?�
�Ah�nagluluto ako nin Bicol Express, ini kaya an paborito ni Papa mo,� an simbag ni
Lola mantang nakangirit.
�Pwede ko po manamitan?� An inosente kong hapot sa saiya.
�Sige, alagad dikit lang Jun-Jun ta medyo maharang an,� an paliwanang niya.
Pignamitan ko an pigluluto ni Lola Meding asin sakuyang naaraman na talagang
maharang palan idto.
�Lola, tanu po ta maharang an Bicol Express?� An sakuyang hapot mantang dai akong
ontok sa pagpaypay kan sakuyang ngimot gamit an mga guramoy.
�Maharang an Bicol Express nin huli ta ini igwang lada,� paliwanag niya asin
pinahiling sa sako an itsura kan lada. Alagad medyo nagigiolok man siya sa
pagpapaypay ko kan sakuyang ngimot na nakaluwas an dila.
�Eh..tanu po maharang an lada?� An pangungulit ko ki Lola.
�May suanoy na istorya manungod sa rason kun tanu maharang an lada. Muya mong
maaraman?�
�Iyo po!� An sakuyang makusog na simbag na risa an pagkaeksayted sa bagong
istoryang madadangog ki Lola.
Inistorya ni Lola sa sakuya an siring:

KAN ENOT NA PANAHON, may sarong kadlagan na inaapod na Talingkas. Sinasabi na ang
kadlagan na ini pig-iistaran ki sarong magayonon asin makapangyarihan na engkantada
na si Esmeralda. An engkantadang ini iyo an nag-aataman kan gabos na bagay na
nabubuhay duman.
Sa tahaw kan kadlagan, mahihiling an gabos na klase nin prutas. Alagad, sa gabos na
prutas na nagtutubo duman sa Talingkas, an pinakaorog iyo si Lada nin huli ta siya
an pinakamahamis, pinakamasiram asin pinakamagayon an kolor kun hinog na. Alagad,
kun gurano si Lada kasiram, kahamis asin kagayon an kolor kun hinog na,
kabaliktadan man an saiyang ugali. Siya an prutas an pinakamahambog, madaling
mapikon asin an pinakamaharang magtaram manungod sa mga kaluyahan kan saiyang mga
pag-iriba.
Sarong aldaw, nahiling ni Lada si Santol asin ini nagsabi:
�Hoy Santol! Aram mo daw, kadakula mong kahoy alagad an bunga mo mahalsomon. Dai
kaiyan mamumuyang magkakan sa saimo,� an kantiyaw ni Lada ki Santol.
Napasupog si Santol sa tigtaram ni Lada. Aram niyang totoo an gabos na ini kun kaya
dai na lang siya nagribok. Dai man siyang magiginibo dawa iwalon pa niya si Lada
huli ta ini an tinao sa saiya. Nadangog asin nahiling ni Abokado an ginibong
pangangantiyaw ni Lada ki Santol. Nahiling man niya na napasupog an katood kun kaya
dai niya napugolan an sadiri asin sinabihan si Lada:
�Lada, tanu ta arog ka kaiyan? Bakong marhay an magtaram ki maraot sa kapwa.�
�Ay sus! Nagtaram an saru diyan, na an bunga kun hinog kaipuhan munang lagan ki
asukar bago kakanun ta dai lamang kanamit-namit,� an mahambog na taramon ni Lada.
�Aram mo Lada, kun ika nabiyayaan ki kahamisan, kasiraman, asin kagayonan nin kolor
kun hinog na, dai mo dapat iyan pighahambog kundi pigpapasalamat,� an malumanay na
pagiromdom ni Bayawas ki Lada.
�O ika Bayawas, nata nag-intra ka man sa hororon?� An hapot ni Lada ki Bayawas.
�Lada, gabos kita digdi magturugang kun kaya dapat dai kita nag-iiriwal ta saro man
sana an naggibo sa satuya. Gabos kita importante asin may sirbi sa Saiya,� an
simbag ni Bayawas bilang pagkumbinse ki Lada.
�Dai na Bayawas! Ika, may korona man kuta an saimong bunga, alagad panu man nin
pisog. Dai lamang matiyaga na magkakan sa saimo,� an pagbara ni Lada ki Bayawas.
�Tama na iyan Lada!� An suriyaw ni Mangga. �Lada, gabos kita digdi sa Talingkas
nilalang na may kanya-kanyang siram asin itsura. Gabos kita digdi espesyal asin
gabos igwa nin importansiya nin huli ta kun baku kita digdi importante dai man kita
digdi mabubuhay,� paliwanag pa niya.
�Hoy Mangga! Dawa ano pa an taramon mo ako man giraray an pinakaorog sa gabos na
prutas digdi sa Talingkas. Ako an pinakamahamis, an pinakamasiram asin an may
pinakamagayon na kolor kun hinog na,� an mahambog na taramon ni Lada.
Dai aram kan mga prutas duman na nagdadangog si Esmeralda, an engkantadang
nangangataman duman. Naisip niya na panahon na tanganing tawan nin leksyon si Lada
ta maharang gabos an nagluluwas na taramon sa saiyang ngimot.
Kinaagahan, nagbisita si Esmeralda sa gabos na prutas duman.
�Marhay na aldaw po mahal na engkantada!� An maogmang taramon ninda kan nahiling si
Esmeralda.
�Marhay na aldaw man!� An simbag niya. �Napadigdi ako nin huli ta muya kong
maaraman nindo na nadangog ko an saindong pasuruway kasuhapon. Kun kaya, muya kong
ipaaram sa saindo na gabos kamu digdi sa Talingkas importante, gabos kamu na prutas
digdi masiram asin gabos pantay-pantay,� paenot na taramon niya.
�Ika Lada, dai mo pinahalagahan an balaog na tinao sa saimo. Kun biniyayaan ka man
nin kahamisan, kasiraman asin kagayonan nin kolor kun hinog na, dai mo dapat iyan
pinaghahambog, dapat dai mo iyan ginagamit tanganing alipustahon an iba. Kun kaya
ngonian na aldaw babawion ko iyan sa saimo.�
�Pero mahal na engkantada��
�Lada,� pagputol ni Esmeralda sa taramon ni Lada. �Muya kong mareyalisar mo an
saimong mga ginigibo. Poon ngonian, dai kana mapapabilang sa mga prutas. Siring
man, nin huli ta mahambog ka asin gabos maharang na taramon an minaluwas sa saimong
ngimot, ika magiging maharang sa bilog mong buhay,� an makapangyarihan na sabi ni
Esmeralda.
�Patawad po mahal na engkantada dai��
An taramon na ini ni Lada dai na natapos nin huli ta nagbagong anyo na siya. An
dating kahoy nagi na sanang garong masetas kasadit, an saiyang bunga nagkurupos
asin nagbago man nin kolor asin an siram pati an hamis niya naribayan ki harang.
�Lola, bako po palan talaga marahay an magin mahambog asin magtaram nin maraot sa
kapwa, anu po?� An sakuyang taramon ki Lola.
�Tama an Jun-Jun,� an nakangirit na taramon ni Lola sa sakuya mantang pigbubukag an
pigluluto niyang Bicol Express.

5 Important Elements of a Short Story

A short story is a short work of fiction. Fiction, as you know, is prose writing
about imagined events and characters. Prose writing differs from poetry in that it
does not depend on verses, meters or rhymes for its organization and presentation.

Novels are another example of fictional prose and are much longer than short
stories. Some short stories, however, can be quite long. If a a short story is a
long one, say fifty to one hundred pages, we call it a novella.

American literature contains some of the world's best examples of the short story.
Readers around the world enjoy the finely crafted stories of American writers such
as O. Henry, Stephen Crane, Jack London, Mark Twain and Edgar Allen Poe.

What makes these authors such remarkable short story writers? They are true masters
at combining the five key elements that go into every great short story: character,
setting, conflict, plot and theme.

The ELLSA web-site uses one of these five key elements as the focus of each of the
five on-line lessons in the Classics of American Literature section. In each
lesson, you will explore a single American short story from the USIA Ladder Series
and discover how the author uses a certain element.

The definitions on the right are repeated on the first page of each short story
lesson.

map of ELLSA: American Literary Classics

top of page

contents: American Literary Classics

March 22, 2004

A character is a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the action
of a short story or other literary work.

see The Green Door by O. Henry

The setting of a short story is the time and place in which it happens. Authors
often use descriptions of landscape, scenery, buildings, seasons or weather to
provide a strong sense of setting.

see The Last Leaf by O. Henry

A plot is a series of events and character actions that relate to the central
conflict.

see The Open Boat by Stephen Crane

The conflict is a struggle between two people or things in a short story. The main
character is usually on one side of the central conflict.

On the other side, the main character may struggle against another important
character, against the forces of nature, against society, or even against something
inside himself or herself (feelings, emotions, illness).

see To Build a Fire by Jack London

The theme is the central idea or belief in a short story.

see The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry

MANILA, Philippines � A new Miss International has been crowned!

Kevin Lilliana of Indonesia is Miss International 2017, and she was crowned by the
Philippines' Kylie Verzosa on Tuesday, November 14. The coronation night took place
at teh Tokyo Dome City Hall in Japan.

Here is the full list of the winners:

Miss International 2017 � Kevin Lilliana, Indonesia

1st runner-up � Curacao, Chanelle de Lau
2nd runner-up � Diana Croce Garcia, Venezuela
3rd runner-up � Amber Dew, Australia
4th runner-up � Natsuki Tsutsui, Japan
Best in National Costume � Natsuki Tsutsui, Japan
Miss Perfect Body � Amber Dew, Australia
Best Dressed � Kevin Lilliana, Indonesia
The Philippines' bet, Mariel de Leon, did not advance to the Top 15 of the
competition. �
Pantay na karapatan ng LGBT titiyakin

By Leifbilly Begas

Bandera

Read more: http://bandera.inquirer.net/95578/pantay-na-karapatan-ng-lgbt-

titiyakin#ixzz4yPplUozz
Follow us: @inquirerdotnet on Twitter | inquirerdotnet on Facebook

naprubahan ng House committee on women and gender equality ang panukala na

naglalayong tiyakin na pantay ang pagtrato sa mga bisexual, homosexual at
heterosexual sa bansa.
Ayon kay AAMBIS-Owa Rep. Sharon Garin ipagbabawal ng House bill 5687 ang
diskriminasyon sa dahil sa sex, sexual orientation o gender identity (SOGI) sa mga
trabaho at naghahanap ng trabaho.
Ipagbabawal din ang hindi pagtanggap o pagpatalsik sa estudyante sa anumang
educational institution dahil dito. Gayundin ang hindi pagtanggap sa kanila sa mga
ospital.
�It is a basic right of every person, whether they are bisexual, homosexual, or
heterosexual, to be free from any form of discrimination. As a representative of a
marginalized group in Congress and as a woman, I support House Bill 5687 and I push
for equal opportunity for all,� ani Garin.
Ang mga miyembro ng third sex ay hindi rin maaaring pagbawalan na kumuha ng
lisensya o clearance sa gobyerno dahil sa kanilang kasarian.
Ayon sa panukala, ang mga kaso ng mga miyembro ng third sex na may kinalaman sa
diskriminasyon ay hahawakan ng Women�s and Children�s Desk sa mga istasyon ng
pulisya.
Upang maging epektibo, ang mga pulis na ito ay sasailalim sa pagsasanay at seminars
para matiyak na batid nila ang mga karapatang ibinibigay sa mga miyembro ng third
sex.
Ang mga lalabag sa panukalang Anti-SOGI Discrimination Act ay pagmumultahn ng hindi
bababa sa P100,000 at kulong na mula isa hanggang anim na taon.

Read more: http://bandera.inquirer.net/95578/pantay-na-karapatan-ng-lgbt-

titiyakin#ixzz4yPpigr1M
Follow us: @inquirerdotnet on Twitter | inquirerdotnet on Facebook

7 Important Elements of Any Article - Miss Just 1 Element and Your Article is
Doomed

These 7 Important Elements are your Blueprint to Article Writing Success. By

Applying these 7 Key Elements anyone will be able to craft Articles for Re-
Distribution on The Internet.

1 - The Title
The Title can make or break your article. A good friend of mine always says if I
make a mistake and my wife isn't here am I still wrong? You can write the Best
Article in the world but if it doesn't get read then what difference does it make.
Often Potential Publishers or readers will only see your Article Title. If your
Title doesn't arouse their curiosity then your article won't be read. Titles Like:

7 Key Elements...
Duplicate these 10 Steps...
The Complete Beginners Guide to...
The Best way to learn to craft good titles is to read as many titles as you can.
Scan the Article Directories see what grabs you. Go to the Supermarket and look
over those Gossip Papers. Many an Expert Copy Writer told me those are the best
places to learn about Titles and Headlines.

2 - The Abstract

The Abstract may be as Important and in Some Cases More Important then the Title,
Many Article Directories want a Short Abstract about your Article. They will
display this right under your title in their Listing. Wouldn't it be a Crime to
grab them with an Amazing Title only to loose them with a Terrible Abstract. Think
of your abstract as an Extension of your Title or a Sub Title. The best Abstract
will build suspense and peak curiosity making the reader wanting to know more.

3 - The Opening Paragraph

With many Article Directories going to RSS Feeds frequently only your Title and
part of your opening paragraph is all that is displayed on a web page. Frequently
my abstract and opening paragraph are the Same. Usually they differ only slightly

4 - Tease them with the Meat

Also known as the Article Body. This is where you get a chance to shine and show
what you know. Be Sure and Dazzle them with your Brilliance and stay away from the
Bull. You may want to tell them just enough so that they feel the learned something
but still not enough so they feel compelled to click the link in your resource box.

5 - The Closing Paragraph

Leave the Reader feeling good, Sum up your article maybe make a final key point.
Direct them to your Resource box if they want further information. Maybe even thank
them for getting this far.

6 - The Resource Box

The Resource Box is the Big Payoff. The Resource Box is the reason you wrote this
Article. A Resource Box should contain

Your Name
Your Contact Information (Phone and / or E-Mail)
An fact telling them why You are an Expert
A Link to Your Websites
A link to Your Blog (optional)
A Link Related to the Article (Optional)
Your CopyRight
A Statement allowing them to reprint your Article (Optional)
7 - Submission

You need to get your article re-published and Read. One of the best ways to do this
is to submit it to article Directories. Here is a List of over 70 Article
Directories. http://www.trafficninja.com/article-submit.html

Follow these 7 Simple tips and you too can be on your way to reaping the rewards of
article writing.

About The Author:

Mike Makler has been Marketing Online Since 2001 When he Built an Organization of
over 100,000 Members
The Elements of Fiction

Plot, Setting, Character, Conflict, Symbol, and Point of View are the main elements
which fiction writers use to develop a story and its Theme.

Because literature is an art and not a science, it is impossible to specifically

quantify any of these elements within any story or to guarantee that each will be
present in any given story. Setting might be the most important element in one and
almost nonexistent in another.

Just as a Crime Scene Investigator cannot approach a crime scene looking for a
specific clue (e. g., shell casings), you as a reader cannot approach a story
deciding to look for a specific element, such as Symbol. To assume could blind you
to important elements. Both the CSI team and you must examine the entire �area�
carefully to determine what is present and how it is important.

With that understanding, let�s examine the elements.

PLOT
Literature teachers sometimes give the impression that plot is not important, that
anyone interested in plot is an immature reader.

Of course plot is important. It was what got us interested in reading in the first
place. It was the carrot on the string that pulled us through a story as we wanted
to see what would happen next.

That said, let me emphasize that plot is rarely the most important element of a
good story. As much as I�ve always loved surprise endings, if the only thing a
film or a story has is a great twist ending, it doesn�t have anything on a second
look.

And it�s worth noting that recent fiction and film have deemphasized plot,
frequently stressing character or conflict for example. In film, for example,
think David Lynch or Pulp Fiction.

SETTING
Stories actually have two types of setting: Physical and Chronological.

The physical setting is of course where the story takes place. The �where� can be
very general�a small farming community, for example�or very specific�a two story
white frame house at 739 Hill Street in Scott City, Missouri.

Likewise, the chronological setting, the �when,� can be equally general or

specific.

The author�s choices are important. Shirley Jackson gives virtually no clues as to
where or when her story �The Lottery� is set. Examination suggests that she wants
the story to be universal, not limited by time or place. The first two stories you
will read each establish a fairly specific physical setting; consider what each
setting brings to each story.
CHARACTER
What type of individuals are the main characters? Brave, cowardly, bored,
obnoxious? If you tell me that the protagonist (main character) is brave, you
should be able to tell where in the story you got that perception.

In literature, as in real life, we can evaluate character three ways: what the
individual says, what the individual does, and what others say about him or her.

CONFLICT
Two types of conflict are possible: External and Internal.

External conflict could be man against nature (people in a small lifeboat on a

rough ocean) or man against man.

While internal conflict might not seem as exciting as external, remember that real
life has far more internal than external conflict.

Film and fiction emphasize external conflict not simply because �it�s more
interesting� but also because it�s easier to write. In a film script, you merely
have to write �A five minute car chase follows� and you�ve filled five minutes.
How long would it take to write five minutes worth of dialogue?

SYMBOL
Don�t get bent out of shape about symbols. Simply put, a symbol is something which
means something else. Frequently it�s a tangible physical thing which symbolizes
something intangible. The Seven/Eleven stores understood that a few years ago when
they were selling roses with a sign saying, �A Rose Means �I Love You.��

The basic point of a story or a poem rarely depends solely on understanding a

symbol. However important or interesting they might be, symbols are usually
�frosting,� things which add interest or depth.

It�s normal for you to be skeptical about symbols. If I tell you that the tree in
a certain story symbolizes the Garden of Eden, you may ask �Is that really there or
did you make it up?� or �How do you know what the author meant?�

Literature teachers may indeed �over-interpret� at times, find symbols that really
aren�t there. But if you don�t occasionally chase white rabbits that aren�t there,
you�ll rarely find the ones that are there.

In the film 2001, a computer named HAL is controlling a flight to Jupiter. When
the human crew decides to abort the mission, HAL�programmed to guarantee the
success of the mission��logically� begins to kill off the humans. Science
fiction�s oldest theme: man develops a technology which he not only cannot
control, it controls him.

Consider HAL�s name. Add one letter to each of the letters in his name. Change
the H to I, the A to B, and the L to M. When you realize how close HAL is to IBM,
the first response is disbelief. But clearly the closeness of the names is either
an absolute accident or an intentional choice. As much as we are startled by the
latter, we probably agree that the odds against the former�it being an accident�are
astronomical.

Somebody thought that up. Or maybe a computer.

POINT OF VIEW
Point of View is the �narrative point of view,� how the story is told�more
specifically, who tells it.

There are two distinctly different types of point of view and each of those two
types has two variations.

In the First Person point of view, the story is told by a character within the
story, a character using the first person pronoun, I.

If the narrator is the main character, the point of view is first person
protagonist. Mark Twain lets Huck Finn narrate his own story in this point of
view.

If the narrator is a secondary character, the point of view is first person

observer. Arthur Conan Doyle lets Sherlock Holmes� friend Dr. Watson tell the
Sherlock Holmes story. Doyle frequently gets credit for telling detective stories
this way, but Edgar Allan Poe perfected the technique half a century earlier.

In the Third Person point of view, the story is not told by a character but by an
�invisible author,� using the third person pronoun (he, she, or it) to tell the
story. Instead of Huck Finn speaking directly to us, �My name�s Huckleberry Finn�
and telling us �I killed a pig and spread the blood around so people would think
I�d been killed�, the third person narrator would say: He killed a pig and spread
the blood�..

If the third person narrator gives us the thoughts of characters (He wondered where
he�d lost his baseball glove), then he is a third person omniscient (all knowing)
narrator.

If the third person narrator only gives us information which could be recorded by a
camera and microphone (no thoughts), then he is a third person dramatic narrator.

In summary, then, here are the types of point of view:

First Person Narrator

Protagonist
Observer

Third Person Narrator

Omniscient
Dramatic

Different points of view can emphasize different things. A first person

protagonist narrator would give us access to the thoughts of the main character.
If the author doesn�t want us to have that access, he could use the first person
observer, for example, or the third person dramatic.

THEME
Theme isn�t so much an element of fiction as much as the result of the entire
story. The theme is the main idea the writer of the poem or story wants the reader
to understand and remember.

You may have used the word �Moral� in discussing theme; but it�s not a good synonym
because �moral� implies a positive meaning or idea. And not all themes are
positive.

One word�love, for example�may be a topic; but it cannot be a theme.

A theme is a statement about a topic.

For example: �The theme of the story is that love is the most important thing in
the world.� That�s a clich�, of course, but it is a theme.

Not all stories or poems (or films) have an overriding �universal� theme.