PSA 120 – Framework of Philippine Standards on Auditing

Purpose

- To describe the framework within which PSAs are issued in relation to the services which may be performed by
auditors

Financial Statements

- Are ordinarily prepared and presented annually and are directed toward the common information needs of a wide
range of users
o Many of the user rely on the financial statements as their major source of information because they do
not have the power to obtain additional information
- Need to be prepared in accordance with one, or a combination of:
a. Accounting standards generally accepted in the Philippines
b. International Accounting Standards
c. Another authoritative and comprehensive financial reporting framework which has been designed for use in
financial reporting and is identified in the financial statements

Audits vs Related Services

Auditing Related Services

Agreed-upon
Nature of Service Audit Review Compilation
Procedures
High, but not
Comparative level of assurance Moderate
absolute No assurance No assurance
provided by the auditor Assurance
assurance

Factual finding of
Identification of
procedures
information
compiled
- Users of the
report assess for
Negative - Users of the
Positive assurance themselves the
Report provided assurance on compiled
on assertion(s) procedures and
assertion(s) information
findings reported
derive some
by the auditor and
benefit from the
draw their own
accountant’s
conclusions form
involvement
the auditor’s work

Assurance

- Refers to the auditor’s satisfaction as to the reliability of an assertion being made by one party for use by another
party
Related Services

A. Reviews
o Objective: To enable an auditor to state whether, on the basis of procedures which do not provide all the
evidence required in an audit, anything has come to the auditor’s attention that causes the auditor to
believe that the financial statements are not prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an
identified financial reporting framework
o Comprises inquiry and analytical procedures which are designed to review the reliability of an assertion
that is the responsibility of one party for use by another party
 Does not involve some procedures ordinarily performed during an audit
 E.g. assessment of accounting and internal control systems, tests of records and of
responses to inquiries by obtaining corroborating evidence
o Level of assurance: less than an audit report
B. Agreed-upon Procedures
o Carries out procedures of an audit nature to which the auditor and the entity and any appropriate third
parties have agreed and to report on factual findings
 Recipients form their own conclusions from the report
o Report is restricted to the parties that have agreed to the procedures to be performed
o Level of assurance: None
C. Compilations
o Accountant uses accounting expertise as opposed to auditing expertise to collect, classify and summarize
financial information
o Involves reducing detailed data to a manageable and understandable form without a requirement to test
the assertions underlying that information
o Level of assurance: None
 PSA 200: Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of Audit in Accordance with
Philippine Standards on Auditing
Scope

- Establishes independent auditor’s overall responsibilities when conducting an audit of financial statements in
accordance with PSAs

Financial Statements

- A structured representation of historical financial information, including related notes, intended to communicate
an entity’s economic resources or obligation at a point in time or the changer for a period of time in accordance
with a financial reporting framework
o Related notes – comprise a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information
- Ordinarily refers to a complete set of financial statements, but can also refer to a single financial statement

Audit of Financial Statements

- Purpose: To enhance the degree of confidence of intended users in the financial statements
o Expresses an opinion on whether financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance
with an applicable financial reporting framework
 PSA requires the auditor to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements
as a whole are free from material misstatement
 Reasonable assurance – a high level of assurance obtained when the auditor has obtained
appropriate audit evidence to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level
o Is not an absolute level of assurance because there are inherent limitations of an
audit which result in most of the audit evidence on which the auditor draws
conclusions and bases the auditor’s opinion being persuasive rather than
conclusive
 Materiality
o Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if, individually
or in the aggregate they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic
decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements
o Based on judgement of auditor and circumstances
 Note: The auditor’s opinion does not assure the future viability of the entity nor the efficiency or
effectiveness with which management has conducted the affairs of the entity
 However some laws may require auditors to provide opinions on other specific matters
(e.g. effectiveness of internal control, or consistency of a separate management report
with the financial statements)
o PSAs require auditors to:
 Exercise professional judgement and maintain professional skepticism throughout the planning
and performance of the audit
 Identify and assess risks of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, based on an
understanding of the entity and its environment, including the entity’s internal control
 Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about whether material misstatements exist,
through designing and implementing appropriate responses to the assessed risks
 Form an opinion on the financial statements based on conclusions drawn from the audit evidence
obtained
  Form of the Auditor’s Opinion:
o For fair presentation framework – whether financial statements are presented
fairly, in all material respects
o For compliance framework – whether financial statements are prepared, in all
material respects, in accordance with the framework

Responsibilities of Management or those charged with governance:

a. To prepare and present financial statements in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework
o Includes design, implementation and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and
presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement
o Applicable financial reporting framework – the financial reporting framework adopted by management or
those charged with governance in the preparation and presentation of financial statements that is
acceptable in the view of the nature of the entity and the objective of the financial statements, or that is
required by law or regulation
 Fair presentation framework – a financial reporting framework requiring compliance with the
requirements of the framework and:
(i) Acknowledges explicitly and implicitly that, to achieve fair presentation of the financial
statements, it may be necessary for management to provide disclosures beyond those
specifically required by the framework
(ii) Acknowledges explicitly that it may be necessary for management to depart from a
requirement of the framework to achieve fair presentation of financial statements (but
only in extremely rare circumstances this can happen)
 Compliance framework – refers to a financial reporting framework that requires compliance with
the requirements of the framework but does not contain the acknowledgements in (i) or (ii)
 Sources of financial reporting standards:
 Reporting standards established by an authorized or recognized standard setting
organization
 Legislative or regulatory requirements
 Other sources:
o Legal and ethical environment (including statures, regulations, court decisions,
and professional ethical obligations) in relation to accounting matters
o Published accounting interpretations of varying authority issued by standards
setting, professional or regulatory organizations
o Published views of varying authority on emerging accounting issues issued by
standards setting, professional or regulatory organizations
o General and industry practices widely recognized and prevalent
o Accounting literature
 Note: In case of conflict of ideas from sources, the one with highest authority prevails
o Specific responsibilities of management:
1) The identification of applicable financial reporting framework, in the context of any relevant laws or
regulations
2) The preparation and presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the framework
3) An adequate description of that framework in the financial statements
o Financial statements may be prepared with a financial reporting framework designed to meet:
 Common financial needs of a wide range of users – General purpose financial statements
 Financial information needs of specific users – Special purpose financial statements
 b. To provide the auditor with:
1) All information (e.g. records, documentations) and other matters relevant to the preparation and
presentation of financial statements
2) Any additional information that the auditor may requires from management, and, where appropriate, those
charged with governance
3) Unrestricted access to those within the entity from whom the auditor determines it necessary to obtain audit
evidence

Overall Objectives of the Auditor

- In audit of financial statements:

a. To obtain reasonable assurance about whether financial statements as a whole are free from material
misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, thereby enabling the auditor to express an opinion on whether
financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting
framework
b. To report on the financial statements, and communicate as required by the PSAs, in accordance with the
auditor’s findings
- If reasonable assurance cannot be obtained and a qualified opinion in the auditor’s report is insufficient in the
circumstances for purposes of reporting to the intended users of the financial statements:
o Auditor should disclaim an opinion or withdraw from the engagement, where withdrawal is legally
permitted

Requirements:

I. Ethical Requirements Relating to an Audit of Financial Statements

a. Professional Skepticism
o An attitude that includes a questioning mind, being alert to conditions which may indicate possible
misstatement due to error or fraud, and a critical assessment of audit evidence
 Misstatement – a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a
reported financial statement item from what is required of it to be in accordance with the
applicable financial reporting framework
o Recognizes that circumstances may exist that cause the financial statements to be materially misstated
o Includes being alert to:
 Audit evidence that contradict other audit evidence obtained
 Information that brings into question the reliability of documents and responses to inquiries to
be used as audit evidence
 Conditions that may indicate possible fraud
 Circumstances that suggest the need for audit procedures in addition to those required by the
PSAs
o Is necessary to reduce risks of:
 Overlooking unusual circumstances
 Over generalizing when drawing conclusions from audit observations
 Using inappropriate assumptions in determining the nature, timing, and extent of the audit
procedures and evaluating the results thereof
b. Professional Judgement
o The application of relevant training, knowledge and experience, within the context provided by auditing,
accounting, and ethical standards, in making informed decisions about the courses of actions that are
appropriate in the circumstances of the audit engagement
o Applicable in planning and performing the audit
o Necessary in regarding decisions about:
 Materiality and audit risk
 Nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures used to meet the requirements of the PSAs and
gather audit evidence
 Evaluating whether sufficient appropriate audit evidence has been obtained, or whether more
needs to be done to achieve the objectives of the PSA and the overall objectives of the auditor
 The evaluation of management’s judgements in applying the entity’s applicable financial
reporting framework
 The drawing of conclusions based on the audit evidence obtained
o Note: Auditor is required to prepare audit documentation sufficient to enable an experienced auditor,
having no previous connection with the audit, to understand the significant professional judgements
made in reaching conclusions on significant matters arising during the audit

II. Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence and Audit Risk

- Audit evidence
o Information used by the auditor in arriving at the conclusions on which the auditor’s opinion is based
o Includes:
1) Information contained in the accounting records underlying the financial statements
2) Other information
o Sufficiency of audit evidence: Measure of the quantity of audit evidence
 Quantity of audit evidence needs affected by auditor’s assessment of risks of material
misstatement and quality of audit evidence
 However obtaining more audit evidence may not compensate for its poor quality
o Appropriateness of audit evidence: Measure of the quality of audit evidence
 Is the relevance and reliability in providing support for the conclusions on which the auditor’s
opinion is based
 Influenced by source and nature, and is dependent on individual circumstances under which it is
obtained
o Sources:
1) Information obtained from audit procedures performed during the course of the audit (cumulative in
nature)
2) Other sources (e.g. previous audits, firm’s quality control procedures for client acceptance and
continuance)
3) Entity’s accounting records
o Comprises both information that supports and corroborates management’s assertions, and any
information that contradicts those assertions
- Audit risk
o Risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are
materially misstated
o Function of:
a. Risk of material misstatement
 Risk that the financial statements are materially misstated prior to an audit
 Risk of material misstatement may exist at 2 levels:
 Overall financial statement level – refer to risks of material misstatement that relate
pervasively to the financial statements as a whole and potentially affect many assertions
 Assertion level for classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures – assessed
in order to determine the nature, timing, and extent of further audit procedures
necessary to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence
o 2 components:
1) Inherent risk – susceptibility of an assertion about a class of transaction,
account balance, or disclosure to a misstatement that could be material,
either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before
consideration of any related control
 May be higher for some assertions and related classes of transactions,
account balances, and disclosures than for others
 E.g. complex calculations, significant estimate uncertainty
 Can depend on external circumstances giving rise to business risks (e.g.
technological developments)
 Can also depend on factors in the entity and its environment
2) Control risk – risk that a misstatement that could occur in an assertion about
a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure and that could be
material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements,
will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the
entity’s internal control
 Is a function of the effectiveness of the design, implementation and
maintenance of internal control by management
 Internal control can only reduce, but not eliminate risks of material
misstatement because it has its inherent limitations (e.g. possibility of
human error, inappropriate management override)
b. Detection risk – risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce audit risk to an
acceptably low level will not detect a misstatement that exists and that could be material, either
individually or when aggregated with other misstatements
 The greater the risk of material misstatement the auditor believes exists, the less the detection
risk that can be accepted and the more persuasive the audit evidence required by the auditor
 Is a function of the effectiveness of an audit procedure and its application by the auditor
 Ways to enhance the effectiveness of an audit procedure and its application, reduce possibility
that an auditor might select an inappropriate procedure, misapply an appropriate audit
procedure, or misinterpret the audit results include:
 Adequate planning
 Proper assignment of personnel to the engagement team
 Application of professional skepticism
 Supervision and review of the audit work performed
 Can only be reduced, but not eliminated, because of the inherent limitations of an audit
o Note: Audit risk does not include the risk that the auditor might express an opinion that the financial
statements are materially misstated when they are not (this type of risk ordinarily insignificant)
- Inherent Limitations of an Audit
o Auditor is not expected to, and cannot, reduce audit risk to zero and cannot obtain absolute assurance
that the financial statements are free from material misstatement due to fraud and error
o Why? Because audit evidence on which the auditor draws conclusions and bases his opinion is persuasive
rather than conclusive
o Inherent limitations of an audit arise from:
 The nature of financial reporting
 Preparation of financial statements involves judgement by management in applying the
requirements of the entity’s applicable financial reporting framework to the facts and
circumstances of the entity
 There may be a range of acceptable interpretations or judgements for items
 Some FS items are subject to an inherent level of variability which cannot be eliminated
by the application of additional auditing procedures
 The nature of audit procedures
 Practical and legal limitations on the auditor’s ability to obtain audit evidence
 Examples:
o Management or others may not provide, intentionally or not, complete relevant
information and auditor cannot also be certain of the completeness of it
o Frauds may involve sophisticated and carefully organized schemes designed to
conceal it (e.g. falsification of documents – auditor cannot be expected to be an
expert in document authentication)
o Audit is not an official investigation into alleged wrongdoing
 Auditor doesn’t have specific legal powers needed for such investigation
 The need for audit to be conducted within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost
 Users of financial statements expect the auditor to form an opinion on the financial
statements within a reasonable time, recognizing that it is impracticable to address all
information that may exist or to pursue every matter exhaustively on the assumption that
information is in error or fraudulent until proved otherwise
 It is necessary for the auditor to:
o Plan the audit so that it will be performed in an effective manner
o Direct audit effort to areas most expected to contain risks of material
misstatement, with less effort directed at other areas
o Use testing and other means of examining populations for misstatements
 Other matters that affect the Inherent Limitations of an Audit
 Fraud, particularly fraud involving senior management or collusion
 Existence and completeness of related party relationships and transaction
 Occurrence of non-compliance with laws and regulations
 Future events or conditions that may cause an entity to cease to continue as a going
concern
 III. Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with PSAs
a. Complying with PSAs Relevant to the audit
o A PSA is relevant to the audit when it is in effect and the circumstances addressed by it exist
b. Objectives Stated in Individual PSAs
o Auditor shall use the objectives stated in relevant PSAs in planning and performing the audit, having in
regard to the interrelationship among the PSAs, to:
1) Determine whether any audit procedures in addition to those required by the PSAs are necessary in
pursuance of the objective stated in the PSAs
2) Evaluate whether sufficient appropriate audit evidence has been obtained
c. Complying with Relevant Requirements
o Auditor shall comply with each requirement of a PSA unless
1) The entire PSA is not relevant, or
2) The requirement is not relevant because it is conditional and the condition does not exist
o If auditor judges it necessary to depart from a relevant requirement, the auditor shall perform an
alternative audit procedure to achieve the aim of the requirement
d. Failure to Achieve an Objective
o Auditor shall evaluate whether this prevents the auditor from achieving the overall objectives of the
auditor and requires, in accordance with the PSAs, to modify the auditor’s opinion or withdraw from an
engagement
o Circumstances that may give rise to a failure to achieve an objective include those that:
 Prevent the auditor from complying with the relevant requirements of a PSA
 Result in its not being practicable or possible for the auditor to carry out the additional audit
procedures or obtain further audit evidence as determined necessary from the use of the
objectives

Considerations Specific to Smaller Entities

- Smaller entity
o Refers to an entity which typically possesses qualitative characteristics such as:
a) Concentration of ownership and management in a small number of individuals
b) One or more of the following:
(i) Straightforward or uncomplicated transaction
(ii) Simple record-keeping
(iii) Few lines of business and few products within business lines
(iv) Few internal controls
(v) Few levels of management with responsibility for a broad range of controls
(vi) Few personnel, many having a wide range of duties
- Owner-manager – the proprietor of a smaller entity who is involved in running the entity on a day-to-day basis
 PSA 220
Quality Control for Audits of Historical Financial Information

Purpose

- To establish standards and provide guidance on specific responsibilities of firm personnel regarding quality control
procedures for audits of historical financial information including audits of financial statements

Engagement team

- All personnel performing an audit engagement, including any experts contracted by the firm in connection with
that audit engagement
- They:
a) Implement quality control procedures that are applicable to the audit engagement
b) Provide the firm with relevant information to enable the functioning of that part of the firm’s system of quality
control relating to independence
c) Are entitled to rely on the firm’s systems unless information provided by the firm or other parties suggest
otherwise

Firm

- A sole practitioner, or partnership, or other entity of professional accountants

Leadership Responsibilities for Quality on Audits

- The engagement partner should take responsibility for the overall quality on each audit engagement to which that
partner is assigned
o Partner – any individual with authority to bind the firm with respect to the performance of a professional
services engagement
o His actions and messages should emphasize:
(a) The importance of:
(i) Performing work that complies with professional standards and regulatory and legal
requirements
(ii) Complying with the firm’s quality control policies and procedures as applicable
(iii) Issuing auditor’s reports that are appropriate in the circumstances
(b) The fact that quality is essential in performing audit engagements

Ethical Requirements

- The engagement partner should consider whether member of the engagement team have complied with ethical
requirements
- Fundamental principles of professional ethics:
a. Integrity d. Confidentiality
b. Objectivity e. Professional behavior
c. Professional competence and due care
 - Independence
o The engagement partner should:
1. Obtain relevant information from the firm and, where applicable, network firms, to identify and
evaluate circumstances and relationships that create threats to independence
 Network firm – an entity under common control, ownership or management with the firm of any
entity that a reasonable and informed third party having knowledge of all relevant information
would reasonably conclude as being part of the firm nationally or internationally
2. Evaluate information on identified breaches, if any, of the firm’s independence policies and
procedures to determine whether they create a threat to independence for the audit engagement
3. Take appropriate action to eliminate such threats or reduce them to an acceptable level by applying
the standards. The engagement partner should promptly report to the firm any failure to resolve the
matter for appropriate action
4. Document conclusions on independence and any relevant discussions with the firm that support these
conclusions
 If engagement partner cannot eliminate the threat to independence or reduce it to an acceptable
level, he will have to consult with the firm to determine appropriate action, which may include
eliminating the activity or interest that creates the threat, or withdrawing from the audit
engagement (in which shall be documented)

Acceptance and Continuance of Client Relationships and Specific Audit Engagements

- The engagement partner should be satisfied that appropriate procedures regarding the acceptance and
continuance of client relationships and specific audit engagements have been followed, and that conclusions
reached in this regard are appropriate and have been documented
- Acceptance and continuance of client relationship and specific audit engagements includes considering:
o The integrity of the principal owners, key management, and those charged with governance of the entity
o Whether the engagement team is competent to perform the audit engagement and has the necessary
time and resources
o Whether the firm and the engagement team can comply with the ethical requirements
- Determining whether to continue a client relationship includes:
o Consideration of significant matters that have arisen during the current or previous audit engagement
o Implications for continuing the relationship
- If the engagement partner obtains information that would have caused the firm to decline the audit engagement
if that information had been available earlier, he should communicate it to the firm so that necessary action can
be taken

Assignment of Engagement Teams

- The engagement partner should be satisfied that the engagement team collectively has the appropriate
capabilities, competence and time to perform the audit engagement in accordance with professional standards
and regulatory and legal requirements, and to enable an auditor’s report that is appropriate in the circumstances
to be issued
- The appropriate capabilities and competence expected of the engagement team as a whole include:
o An understanding of, and practical experience with, audit engagements of a similar nature and complexity
through appropriate training and participation.
 An understanding of professional standards and regulatory and legal requirements.
 Appropriate technical knowledge, including knowledge of relevant information technology.
 Knowledge of relevant industries in which the client operates.
  Ability to apply professional judgment.
 An understanding of the firm’s quality control policies and procedures.

Engagement Performance

- Engagement partner should take responsibility for the direction, supervision and performance of the audit
engagement in compliance with professional standards and regulatory and legal requirements and for the
auditor’s report that is issued to be appropriate in the circumstances
- Engagement partner should inform his members of:
a. Their responsibilities
o Which includes:
 Maintaining an objective state of mind
 Maintaining an appropriate level of professional skepticism
 Performing work delegated to them with due care
b. The nature of the entity’s business
c. Risk-related issues
d. Problems that may arise
e. The detailed approach to the performance of the engagement
- There should be appropriate communication and appropriate team-working and training
o Members are encouraged to raise questions with more experienced members
o Should assist less experience members of the engagement team to clearly understand the objectives of
their assigned work
- Supervision includes:
o Tracking the progress of the audit engagement
o Considering the capabilities and competence of individual members of the engagement team
o Addressing significant issues arising during the audit engagement, considering the significance and
modifying the approach appropriately
o Identifying matter for consultation or consideration by more experienced engagement team members
during the audit engagement
- Review Responsibilities
o More experienced team members review work performed by less experienced member
o Reviewers consider whether:
a. The work has been performed in accordance with professional standards and regulatory and legal
requirements;
b. Significant matters have been raised for further consideration;
c. Appropriate consultations have taken place and the resulting conclusions have been documented and
implemented;
d. There is a need to revise the nature, timing and extent of work performed;
e. The work performed supports the conclusions reached and is appropriately documented;
f. The evidence obtained is sufficient and appropriate to support the auditor’s report; and
g. The objectives of the engagement procedures have been achieved.
o Engagement partner should conduct timely reviews at appropriate stages of the engagements so that
significant matters can be resolved before the auditor’s report is issued
o Note: If a new engagement partner takes over an audit during the engagement, he should review the
work performed to the date of the change
Consultation

- The engagement partner should:

a. Be responsible for the engagement team undertaking appropriate consultation on difficult or contentious
matters;
b. Be satisfied that members of the engagement team have undertaken appropriate consultation during the
course of the engagement, both within the engagement team and between the engagement team and others
at the appropriate level within or outside the firm;
c. Be satisfied that the nature and scope of, and conclusions resulting from, such consultations are documented
and agreed with the party consulted; and
d. Determine that conclusions resulting from consultations have been implemented.
- Effective consolation with other professionals
o Requires that all relevant facts are given to enable them to provide advice
o May consult with individuals with appropriate knowledge, seniority, experience within or outside firm
 Suitably qualified external person – an individual outside the frim with the capabilities and
competence to act as an engagement partner of either a professional accountancy body whose
member may perform audits of historical financial information or of an organization that provides
relevant quality control services
- Consultations must be documented and must be agreed by both individual seeking consultation and the one
consulted. It must be sufficiently complete and detailed to enable an understanding of:
a. The issue on which consultation was sought
b. The results of the consultation, including any decision taken, the basis for those decisions and how they were
implemented

Differences of Opinion

- Where differences of opinion arise within the engagement team, with those consulted and, where applicable,
between the engagement partner and the engagement quality control reviewer, the engagement team should
follow the firm’s policies and procedures for dealing with and resolving differences of opinion.

Engagement Quality Control Review

- A process designed to provide an objective evaluation, before the auditor’s report is issued, of the significant
judgements the engagement team made and the conclusions they reached in formulating the auditor’s report
o Includes an objective evaluation of:
 The significant judgments made by the engagement team
 The conclusions reached in formulating the auditor’s report
o Ordinarily involves:
 A discussion with the engagement partners
 A review of the financial information and auditor’s report
 Consider whether auditor’s report is appropriate
 A review of selected audit documentation relating to significant judgments and conclusions
- The engagement partner should:
a. Determine that an engagement quality control reviewer has been appointed;
b. Discuss significant matters arising during the audit engagement, including those identified during the
engagement quality control review, with the engagement quality control reviewer; and
c. Not issue the auditor’s report until the completion of the engagement quality control review.
 - Engagement quality control reviewer
o A partner, other person, suitably qualified external person, or a team made up of such individuals, with
sufficient and appropriate experience and authority to objectively evaluate, before the auditor’s report is
issued, the significant judgements the engagement team made and the conclusions they reached in
formulating the auditor’s report
- An engagement quality control review for listed entities includes the following:
o The engagement team’s evaluation of the firm’s independence in relation to the specific audit
engagement.
o Significant risks identified during the engagement and the responses to those risks, including the
engagement team’s assessment of, and response to, the risk of fraud.
o Judgments made, particularly with respect to materiality and significant risks.
o Whether appropriate consultation has taken place on matters involving differences of opinion or other
difficult or contentious matters, and the conclusions arising from those consultations.
o The significance and disposition of corrected and uncorrected misstatements identified during the audit.
o The matters to be communicated to management and those charged with governance and, where
applicable, other parties such as regulatory bodies.
o Whether audit documentation selected for review reflects the work performed in relation to the
significant judgments and supports the conclusions reached.
o The appropriateness of the auditor’s report to be issued.
- Listed entity – an entity whose shares, stock, or debt are quoted or listed on a recognized stock exchange, or are
marketed under the regulations of a recognized stock exchange or other equivalent body

Monitoring

- A process comprising an ongoing consideration and evaluation of the firm’s system of quality control, including a
periodic inspection of a selection of completed engagements, designed to enable the firm to obtain reasonable
assurance that its system of quality control is operating effectively
- Firm should establish policies and procedures designed to provide it with reasonable assurance that the policies
and procedures relating to the system of quality control are relevant, adequate, operating effectively and
complied with in practice
- The engagement partner considers:
(a) Whether deficiencies noted in that information may affect the audit engagement; and
(b) Whether the measures the firm took to rectify the situation are sufficient in the context of that audit.