CONTENTS

S. No. SUBJECT Page No.

1 Scheme of Instruction, Examination and Syllabus 10
SYLLABUS
M.Sc. (PHYSICS) UNDER CBCS AND NON-CBCS III SEMESTER

2 GENERAL PAPERS 22
3 SOLID STATE PHYSICS 26
4 MATERIALS SCIENCE 30
5 ELECTRONICS - INSTRUMENTATION 34
6 ELECTRONICS - COMMUNICATIONS 39
7 BIO - PHYSICS 43
8 MICROWAVES 48
9 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS 53
10 OPTO - ELECTRONICS 57

M.Sc. (PHYSICS) UNDER CBCS AND NON-CBCS IV SEMESTER

11 GENERAL PAPERS 62
12 SOLID STATE PHYSICS 66
13 MATERIALS SCIENCE 71
14 ELECTRONICS - INSTRUMENTATION 75
15 ELECTRONICS - COMMUNICATIONS 83
16 BIO - PHYSICS 88
17 MICROWAVES 94
18 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS 100
19 OPTO - ELECTRONICS 105
PRACTICALS FOR GENERAL LAB – III AND IV
20 109
SEMESTERS

M.Sc. (APPLIED ELECTRONICS) CBCS AND NON-CBCS STARTS HERE

21 III SEMESTER 112
22 IV SEMESTER 120
NOTE : THIS SYLLABUS BOOK CONTAINS 127 PAGES

2
 Syllabus

M.Sc.(Physics) under CBCS and Non-CBCS

III Semester

GENERAL PAPERS
(Common for all Specialisations)

(w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS

at the
University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges)
For the students admitted from 2012-2013 onwards

22
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - III Semester Syllabus - General Paper
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and
Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
P 301 T/CB and NC
Paper - I (Common for all Specializations)
MODERN OPTICS

Unit I

Principles of Lasers
Emission and absorption of Radiation – Einstein Relations. - Pumping Mechanisms –
Optical feedback - Laser Rate equations for two, three and four level lasers. Pumping
threshold conditions, Laser modes of rectangular cavity – Properties of Laser beams.

Unit II

Laser Systems
Classification of laser systems – Gas, Liquid and Solid Lasers-Gas lasers and Energy level
schemes: He- Ne, Argon, Cos Gas lasers, Excimer lasers- Applications. Solid State lasers:
Ruby, Neodymium, YAG lasers – Dye lasers- Applications
Semiconduct lasers: GA-As lasers and applications.

Unit III

Holography
Basic Principles of Holography- Recording of amplitude and phase- The recording medium-
Reconstruction of original wave front- Image formation by wave front reconstruction- Gaber
Hologram- Limitations of Gaber Hologram-Off axis Hologram- Fourier transform
Holograms- Volume Holograms, Applications of Holograms- Spatial frequency filtering.

Unit IV

Fourier and Non-Linear Optics

Fourier optics- Thin lens as phase transformation – Thickness function- Various types of
lenses- Fourier transforming properties of lenses – Object placed in front of the lens- Object
placed behind the lens.

Non-Linear Optics-Harmonic generation- Second harmonic generation- Phase matching

condition- Optical mixing- Parametric generation of light – Self focusing of light.

Recommended Books:

1. Opto Electronics- An Introduction – Wilson & JFB Hawkes 2nd Edition.

2. Introduction to Fourier optics – J.W. Goodman
3. Lasers and Non-Linear optics – B.B. Laud
4. Optical Electronics – Ghatak nd Thyga Rajan.
5. Principles of Lasers – O. Svelto

23
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - III Semester Syllabus - General Paper
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and Affiliated
Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
P 302 T/CB and NC
Paper – II (CB Paper I - Common for all Specializations)
ADVANCED SOLID STATE PHYSICS
[ THERMAL, ELECTRICAL & MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS ]

Unit I

Electronic Properties
Introduction to band theory of solids. Fermi surface and Brillouin zones. Construction of Fermi
surfaces. Extended, periodic and reduced zone schemes. Fermi surfaces in simple cubic, bcc
and fcc lattices. Effect of electric and magnetic fields on Fermi surfaces. Anomalous and skin
effects. De Hass-van Alphen effect.

Unit II

Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics

Macroscopic description of the static dielectric constant. Concept of local field. The electronic,
ionic and orientational polarizabilities. Measurement of dielectric constant of a solid. Clausius-
Mosotti relation. Behavior of dielectrics in an alternating field, elementary ideas on dipole
relaxation. Classification of ferroelectric crystals- Ba TiO3 and KDP. Dipole theory of ferro-
electricity. Spontaneous polarization and ferroelectric hysteresis.

Unit III
Magnetic Properties
Diamagnetism- Langevin’s theory and quantum theory. Origin of permanent magnetic moment.
Theories of paramagnetism. Paramagnetic cooling. Spontaneous magnetization – Weiss theory
of spontaneous magnetization. Nature and origin of Weiss molecular field, Heisenberg
exchange interaction. Ferromagnetic domains and hysteresis. The Bloch wall, Neel’s theory of
anti ferromagnetism. Ferrimagnetism, ferrites and their applications (basic concepts only)

Unit IV
Superconductivity
Occurrence of superconductivity. Experimental observations – persistent currents, effect of
magnetic field, Meissner effect, Type I and type II superconductors. Isotope effect, entropy,
heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Energy gap. Microwave and infrared absorption.
Theoretical explanations: London’ equations- penetration depth. Coherence length. Cooper
pairs and elements of BCS theory. Giaver tunneling, Josephson effects (Basic ideas only).
Elements of high temperature superconductors (basic concepts). Applications of
superconductors.

Books Recommended:
1. Solid State Physics -- A.J.Deckker
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics -- Kittel
3. Solid State Physics -- R.L.Singhal
4. Elements of Solid State Physics -- J.P.Srivastava
5. Solid State Physics -- M.A.Wahab

24
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - III Semester Syllabus - General Paper
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and Affiliated
Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
P 302 T/CB
Paper – II (CB Paper II - Common for all Specializations)
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS USING MATLAB
Unit I

MATLAB
Introduction to MATALB. Programming environment. Basics of Matlab. Matrices and
Vectors: indexing, Matrix manipulation, matrix operations, Built in functions of matrices in
MATLAB. Scripts and functions, script file, function file, recursive functions, Solving system
of equations, Gaussian Elimination, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, matrix factorization.

Unit II

Curve fitting
Polynomial curve fitting, least square fitting, interpolation: Newton and Lagrange interpolation,
Data analysis and statistics, Ordinary differential equations, Non linear algebraic equations,
roots of polynomials.

Graphics: 2D plots 3D – plots using MATLAB tools, Classic Curves, Monster Curves, Box
Counting, the Mandelbrot Set.
Unit III

Logistic Maps, Bifurcation, and Lyapunov Exponents, Quantum Mehcanics Problem-Computing

Strategy, the Propagator Method, the Double Well, a One-Dimensional Crystal, Fast Aglorithms,
Interpolation and Approximation, MATLAB’s Interpolation Routines, Airy pattern,
MATLAB’S Integration Routines, Diffraction at a Knife’s Edge, A Change of Variables, The
Simple Pendulum, Monte Carlo Integration and Monte Carlo Simulations.

Unit IV

Ordinary Differential Equations, Euler Methods, Constants of the Motion, Runge-Kutta

Methods, Convergence, Adaptive Step sizes, Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg, Several Dependent
Variables, the N-Particle Linear Chain Model, Second Order Differential Equations, the Van der
Pol Oscillator, Phase space, the Finite Amplitude Pendulum, the Animated Pendulum.

Fourier Analysis: The Fourier Series, The Fourier Transform, Properties of the Fourier
Transform, The Discrete Fourier Transform, The Fast Fourier Transform, Life in the Fast Lane,
Convolution and Correlation, Ranging, Spectrum Analysis, Chaos in Non-linier Differential
Equations.

Text Books

1. Getting Started with MATLAB, Rudra Pratap, Oxford University Press.

2. A first course in Computational Physics, J.L. Devries and J.E. Hasbum Jones & Barnett

Recommended

1. Computational physics: Problem solving with Computer by Rubin H.Landau, Manuel J.Paez
and Cristian C.Bordeianu.
2. Applied Numerical analysis using MATLAB, Laurene V Fausett, Pearson.

25
 Syllabus

M.Sc. (Physics) under CBCS and Non-CBCS

III Semester

Special Subject: BIOPHYSICS

w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at

University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)

43
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc., (Physics) - III Semester Syllabus
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
Bio-Physics Specialisation at University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges
PBP 303 T/CB and NC
Paper-III
MOLECULAR BIOPHYSICS

Unit I

Structure And Functions Of Macromolecules And Biocatalysis

Structure and function of disaccharides and polysaccharide. Classification of proteins. Primary
and secondary structures of proteins. Conformation of proteins. Structure of DNA double Helics.
DNA duplication. Protein synthesis. Structure and functions of lipids. Classification of
enzymes. Michaelis-Menten model for enzyme catalysed reactions. Lineweaver-Burke plots.
Inhibitors- specific and non-specific. Modified Michaelis-Menten model for fully competitive
and non-competitive inhibited enzyme catalysed reactions. Enzyme specificity. Enzyme
structure and function relation.

Unit II

Statistical Thermodynamics And CD & ORD

Intra molecular and intermolecular forces: Strong interactions – Covalent bond and Ionic bond.
Weak interactions – Dipole – dipole interaction, Permanent dipole and induced dipole
interaction, Transient dipole, induced dipole interaction. Dispersion forces between large
molecules. Hydrogen bond interaction. Molecules in solutions - Debye- Huckel theory.
Statistical thermodynamics and biology. Entropy transfer of living organisms. Information
theory – relation between information and entropy. Information content of some biological
systems.
Nature and origin of optical activity. Optical rotation and circular dichorism. Drude’s equation.
Moffit’s equation. Cotton effect. Optical activity in native proteins and conformation.
Determination of helical content.

Unit III

Absorption Spectroscopy And Molecular Structure. Basic principle and experimental technique
of infrared spectroscopy. Application to biomolecules and tissues. Basic principle and
experimental technique of ultraviolet spectroscopy. Beer-Lambert law. Application to proteins
and nucleic acids.
Basic principle and experimental technique of NMR spectroscopy. Resonance condition.
Chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling . Application to proteins and nucleic acids.
Basic principle and experimental technique of ESR spectroscopy. Application to proteins,
nucleic acids and cellular constituents such as chloroplast.

Unit IV

X-Ray Diffraction Of Biological Molecules

Diffraction of X-rays: Crystal structure and the unit cell. Layer lines and crystal arrays. Vector
representation of amplitudes and width of diffraction maxima. Density distribution within a cell.
Structure determination – Amplitude and Phase information. Phase determination procedures:
The Patterson method, Direct methods – Hauptman-Karle method, Hoppe-Zechmiester method.

The X-ray diffraction patterns of some protein fibers. Structure of polypeptide chains, Pleated
sheaths and  - helix. Structure of globular proteins. X-ray diffraction of DNA.

44
Recommended Books:

1. Essentials of biological chemistry - by Fairley & Kilgour

2. Molecular Biophysics - by Setlow & Pollard
3. Essentials of Biophysics – P. Narayanan, New Age International Publishers
4. Biophysics – An Introduction – Rodney Cotterill, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd.

Reference Books:

1. Life chemistry - An introduction to Biochemistry - by Steiner

2. Intermediate Physics for medicine and biology - by Russel K, Hobby
3. Biophysical Chemistry - by A G Marshall
4. An introduction to spectroscopy for biochemists – by Brown

45
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - III Semester Syllabus
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and
Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
Bio-Physics Specialisation at University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges

PBP 304 T/CB and NC

Paper-IV
CELL AND MEMBRANE BIOPHYSICS

Unit I

Cellular Oscillations And Biological Cell Dielectrophoresis

The biophysicist’s view of the living cell. Modifications of the living cell. Cell division.
Electrical oscillatory phenomenon associated with cellular reproductive cycle. Electrical
oscillations related to the contact inhibition of reproduction in cells.

Origin of cellular spin resonance – A bipolar rotational conduction. Asymmetric cell to cell
polarization. Cellular spin resonance (CSR). Evidences of oscillating electric fields from cells by
Cellular spin resonance (CSR) and Dielectrophoresis.

A simple description of dielectrophoresis. Behaviour of charged and neutral matter in (a)

uniform and (b) non-uniform D. C. and A. C. electric fields. Types of polarization. Bunching
effect or pearl chain formation of cells. Field geometries – spherical, cylindrical and isomotive.
Dielectrophoretic force in radial field. Dielectrophoretic collection rate (DCR) of cells in radial
field. Experimental technique for DCR of biological cells. Calculation of excess permittivity of
cells. Single cell dielectrophoresis. Experimental technique for the determination of retention
voltage. Calculation of excess permittivity of lone cells using retention voltage.

Unit II

Biological Dielectrics
Theory of homogeneous dielectrics. Theory of heterogeneous dielectrics. Lossy dielectrics.
Frequency dependence of dielectrics. Dielectric dispersions and Cole-Cole plots. Experimental
techniques and theoretical models for the study of dielectric parameters of cells, and soft and
hard calcified tissues.

Unit III

Semiconduction In Molecules, Cells And Tissues

Semiconduction in biological macromolecules. Techniques of Hall effect and thermoelectric
power for the study of nature, concentration and mobility of charge carriers in proteins, cells
and tissues. Determination of activation energy. Role of adsorbed water in tissues.

Unit IV

Physics Of Charged Membranes

Cell Membrane: Membrane models, Membrane channels. Membrane capacitance. Relation
among capacitance, resistance and diffusion between two conductors.

Movement of substances across cell membrane: Donnan equilibrium. Potential change at the
equilibrium. Ion movement in solution: the Nernst – planck equation. Zero total current in a
constant field membrane – Goldmann equation.

Recommended Books:

1. Dielectrophoresis – H A Pohl
2. Experimental methods in biophysical chemistry – Nicolau
3. Intermediate Physics for Medicine and biology – Russel K, Hobby

46
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - III Semester Syllabus
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and
Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
Bio-Physics Specialisation at University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges

PBP 305 T/CB and NC

Paper-V
PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOPHYSICS

Unit I

Physics Of Muscle
Ultrastructure of muscle. Ultrastructure of the Sarcomere – description, arrangement of A and I
filaments; H zone and m line; Cross-bridges between A and I filaments; Z line structure.
Molecular architecture of sarcomere – Myosine and Actine molecules. Molecular Biophysics
and muscle contraction – Sliding filament model, Bioenergetics of muscle contraction,
Regulation of muscle contraction Elastic behaviour of Muscle. Electrophysiology of muscle.

Unit II

Physics Of Nerve
Nature of nerve and nerve cell. Chemical and electrical properties of mylinated and non-
mylinated nerves. Charge distribution in resting nerve cell. Leakage current across the cell
membrane. Electrotonus. Hodgkin-Huxley model for membrane current. Propagating nerve
impulse. Properties of mylinated conduction.

Unit III

Physics Of Eye
Eye as an optical instrument. Structure of eye – Physicist’s view. Physiological optics.
Anatomy of eye. Photochemistry of visual process. Quantum effects in dark adapted vision.
Refraction of the eye. Visual Acuity. Intensity and wavelength limits of the visual system.
Stabilised images, Acuity and Illusions. Integrative processes in the retina. Colorimetry and
colour vision.

Unit IV

Physics Of Ear
Human auditory system. Structure of ear. Auditory pathways Structure of choclea. Scanning
electron micrographs of inner and outer hair cells of the organ of corti. Cochlear patterns.
Theories of hearing. Perception of hearing. The growth of loudness. Audiometry. Deafness and
Hearing Aids.

Recommended Books:
1. Electrogenesis and contractility in skeletal muscle cells – Jozef Zachar
2. Experimental sensory Physiology – B Scharf, Scott
3. Topics in Classical Biophysics – Harold J. Metcalf, Printeice Hall Inc

47
 IV
SEMESTER
SYLLABUS
STARTS
FROM HERE

61
 Syllabus

M.Sc. (Physics) under CBCS and Non-CBCS

IV Semester

GENERAL PAPERS
(Common for all Specialisations)

w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS

at the
University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges
(For the students admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)

62
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - IV Semester Syllabus – General Paper
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and Affiliated
Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
P 401 T/CB and NC
Paper - I (Common for all Specializations)
NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Unit I

Nuclear Force And Nuclear Models

Systematics of nuclear force-strength, range, charge independence; Deuteron problem and its
contribution to the definition of the Nuclear force. Exchange force theories- Majoranna,
Bartlett, Heisenberg and Yukawa.
The liquid drop model-the semi empirical mass formula and its applications. The Shell model-
states based on square well potential and harmonic oscillator potential. Predictions-spins and
parities of nuclear ground states, magnetic moments ,electric quadrupole moments.

Unit II

Nuclear Decay Processes

α-decay, Gamow’s theory, fine structure of α spectrum. alpha decay, systematics, neutrino
hypothesis, Fermi's theory of β-decay, Fermi-Kurie plot, angular momentum, selection rules for
β-decay, -decay, Multipole radiation, selection rules.

Unit III
Nuclear Radiation Detection
Interaction of charged particles with matter, Bohr's theory, Bethe's formula. Range-energy
relation. Stopping power. Measurements of range and stopping power. Interaction of gamma
rays with matter-Photoelectric effect, Compton effect and pair production. gamma ray detection
using gas, scintillation and solid state detectors.

Unit IV
Nuclear Reactions
Classification of nuclear reactions, Kinematics and Q-value of reactions. Basic theory of Direct
nuclear reactions-Born approximation, stripping and pick-up reactions, characteristics, cross-
sections, examples and applications. Compound nucleus formation. Theory of Fission and fusion
reactions. Nuclear structure information from nuclear reactions.

Particle Physics
Elementary Particles Classification and their Quantum Numbers (Charge, Spin, Isospin etc).
Fundamental Forces, Conservation of Parity, Strangeness and Lepton and Baryon numbers,
Quark model.
REFERENCES

1. Concepts of Nuclear Physics; B.L.Cohen (TMH)

2. Introductory Nuclear Physics: Kenneth S.Krane (Wiley )
3. Nuclear and Particle Physics:Blin-Stoyle (Chapman and Hall)
4. Nuclear Physics;I.Kaplan (Narosa 2002)
5. Introductory Nuclear Physics: W.Wong
6. Introductory Nuclear Physics: S.B.Patel
7. Nuclear Physics: Tayal

63
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - IV Semester Syllabus - General Paper
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and
Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
P 402 T/CB and NC
Paper – II (CB Paper I - Common for all Specializations)
SPECTROSCOPY
Unit I

Atomic Spectra
Different series in alkali spectra (main features), Ritz combination principle, Terms for
equivalent & non-equivalent electron atom, Term values in alkali spectra and quantum defect, L-
S and j-j coupling; Energy levels and spectra; Spectroscopic terms.
Spin-Orbit interaction, doublet structure in alkali spectra, selection rules, intensity rules, alkali-
like spectra, Lamb shift, many electron atoms, isotope shift; hyperfine splitting of spectral lines,
selection rules. Lande interval rule.

Unit II

Molecular Spectra
Types of Molecular spectra, Regions of the Spectrums, Salient features of rotational spectra,
rotational spectra of diatomic molecule as a rigid rotator, Energy levels and spectra of a non-
rigid diatomic molecule, effect of isotopic substitution on rotational spectra, salient features of
Vibrational-Rotational spectra, vibrating diatomic molecule as a harmonic oscillator and as
anharmonic oscillator. Diatomic molecule as rigid rotator and harmonic oscillator diatomic
molecule as a non-rigid rotator and anharmonic oscillator.

Unit III

Raman and Infrared (IR) Spectra

Raman effect and its salient features, classical and quantum theory of Raman effect, normal
vibrations of CO2 and H2O molecules, vibrational and rotational Raman spectra, Infrared
spectroscopy; infrared spectroscopy – basic concept of IR spectroscopy – IR spectrophotometer
– Principle and Instrumentation – FTIR principle and working – interpretation of data from
Raman and IR spectroscopy.

Unit IV

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy
Nuclear spin and magnetic moment, origin of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra,
Theory of NMR spectra, relaxation process – Bloch equations – chemical shift, experimental
study of NMR spectroscopy, Experimental technique, ESR spectroscopy, origin and resonance
condition – quantum theory – design of ESR spectrometer – hyperfine structure of ESR
absorptions, fine structure in ESR spectra, ESR instrumentation, Applications of ESR.

Books Recommended
1. Elements of Spectroscopy - Gupta, Kumar, Sharma
2. Atomic Spectra & Atomic Structure - Gerhard Hertzberg
3. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy - G.M.Barrow
4. Molecular Spectroscopy - J.D.Graybeal
5. Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy - Raj Kumar
6. Molecular Structure & Spectroscopy - G.Aruldhas
Reference Books
1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra - H.E.white
2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy - C.N. Banwell and EM Mc Cash
3. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules - Herzberg
4. Spectroscopy Vol. I, II, III - Walker and Straughen
5. Principles of Magnetic Resonance - C.P.Slitcher
6. Electron Spin Resonance: Their Applications - Wertz and Bolton

64
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) - IV Semester Syllabus - General Paper
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and Affiliated
Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
P 402 T/CB
Paper – II (CB Paper II - Common for all Specializations)
INTERNET TCP- IP PROTOCOLS

Unit I

Protocol Architecture
TCP/IP protocol architecture, The OSI reference, standardization within protocol architecture, Traditional
internet based applications. INTERNET and Transport PROTOCOLS: Basic protocol functions,
Principles of Internetworking, Internet protocol operation, internet protocol, IPV6, virtual private
networks and security.

Unit II

Internetwork Operation
Multicasting, Routing protocols, integrated service architecture, differential services, service level
agreements, IP performance metrics. TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS: Connection oriented Transport
Protocol Mechanisms, TCP, TCP congestion control, UDP.

Unit III

Network Security
Security Requirements and Attacks: Passive attacks and Active attacks. Confidentiality with symmetric
Encryption: Symmetric encryption, encryption algorithms, location of encryption devices, key
distribution and traffic padding. Message Authentication and Hash Functions: Approaches to message
authentication, secure hash functions, SHA-1 secure hash function. Public Key Encryption and Digital
Signatures: Public key encryption, digital signature, RSA public key encryption algorithm, Key
management. IPV4 and IPV6 security: Applications of IPsec, scope of IPsec, security associations,
authentication header and encapsulating security payload, Wi-Fi protected access.

Unit IV

Internet Applications
Electronic Mail – SMTP and MIME: SMTP and MIME. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP
overview, messages, request messages, response messages and entities. Network Management – SNMP:
Network management systems.

Recommended Text Books

1. Data and Computer Communications - William Stallings (Seventh & Eighth edition)

References

1. Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking 3/e, THM

2. Computer Networks – A.S.Tanenbaum (Third edition)

65
 Syllabus

M.Sc. (Physics) under CBCS and Non-CBCS

IV Semester

Special Subject: BIOPHYSICS

w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at

University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)

88
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) – IV Semester Syllabus
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and
Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
Bio-Physics Specialisation at University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges

PBP 403 T/CB and NC

Paper - III
RADIATION BIOPHYSICS

Unit I

Action Spectra and Quantum Yield

Introduction – Light sources and materials, monochromators, intensity measurements.
Definition and theory of action spectra. Inactivation of proteins and DNA. Light action on
respiratory pigments. Photosynthesis. Cooperative events in light action: the Poisson’s
distribution.

Unit II

Ionizing Radiation and Cellular Constituents

Nature of ionizing radiation, Measure of radiation – the roentgen, Ionisation by X-rays,  rays or
neutrons.
Dosimetry. Action of ionizing radiation on molecular systems. Target theory. Variable linear
energy transfer. Radiation sensitivity of large molecules.

Ionising radiation interaction with tissues and chromosomes.

Unit III

Physics of Diagnostic X-rays

Production of X-ray beams – X-ray machine. Properties of X-rays. Absorption of X-rays. X-
ray image intensifier T.V. Radiation to patient from X-ray. Live X-ray imaging – fluoroscopy,
digital imaging, computed tomography. Introduction to CT, MRI scan.

Unit IV

Nuclear Medicine Physics

Radioactivity and radiation sources. Statistical counters. Basic instrumentation and its clinical
applications. Nuclear medicine imaging devices. Physical principles of nuclear medicine
imaging procedures and RIA. Therapy with radioactivity.
Biological effects of radiation - principles of radiation therapy, mega voltage therapy, Brachy
therapy.

Recommended Books:
1. Molecular Biophysics – Setlow and Pollard
2. Medical physics – John R, Cameron & G Skefrenick
3. Physical for medical imaging – RF Farr and PJ Allisy-Roberts,
Saunders – An Imprint of Elsevier.

89
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) – IV Semester Syllabus
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and
Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
Bio-Physics Specialisation at University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges

PBP 404 T/CB and NC

Paper-IV
BIO – INSTRUMENTATION AND MEDICAL PHYSICS

Unit I

Bio – Instrumentation
Bioelectric signals and electrodes- Electrode and electrolytic interface; Surface and metal plate
electrodes; Needle and wire electrodes; Microelectrodes. Physiological transducers – Variable
resistance transducers; Variable inductance transducers; Variable capacitance transducers;
thermo resistive transducers; Photoelectric transducers; Piezoelectric transducers. Biomedical
amplifiers – Basic requirements; Differential amplifiers; Carrier amplifier; Chopper amplifier;
Phase sensitive detector. Recording systems – Characteristics of recording systems; Moving
coil recorder; moving iron recorder; Recording techniques – Heat stylus; optical light and ink
jet.

Unit II

Physics of Respiratory System

Major components of respiratory system. The airways. Interaction of blood and lungs. Pressure
– airflow – volume relationship. Physics of the Alveoli. Breathing mechanism. Airway
resistance. Work of breathing. Physics of some common diseases.

Unit III

Physics of the Cardiovascular System

Major components of the cardiovascular system. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in
capillary system. Work done by the heart. Transmural pressure. Laminar and turbulent blood
flow. Heart sounds. The physics of some cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular
Instrumentation – Electrodes, Amplifiers, patient Monitoring, Defibrillators, Pace makers.

Unit IV

Image Processing in Medicine

Principle, description, working, analysis and clinical applications of Ultrasonic imaging, ECG
EMG, EEG & ERG.

Recommended Books:
1. Hand book of biomedical instrumentation – R S Khandpur
2. Medical Physics - John R, Cameron & G Skefrenick
3. Principles of medical electronics and Biomedical instrumentation
- C Raja Rao & S K Guha, Universities Press.

90
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. (Physics) – IV Semester Syllabus
w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at the University, Constituent and
Affiliated Colleges
(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)
Bio-Physics Specialisation at University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges

PBP 405 T/CB and NC

Paper-V
PHYSICO CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOPHYSICS

Unit I

Molecular Weight Determination

Specific and intrinsic viscosities and their determination by Ostwald’s method. Determination of
molecular weight from intrinsic viscosity.

Theory of sedimentation. Determination of sedimentation coefficient by sedimentation

equilibrium method and sedimentation velocity method. Calculation of molecular weight from
sedimentation equilibrium and velocity methods.

Rayleigh’s equation for scattering for dilute gas. Theory for particles small compared with
wavelength of light. Theory of large particles with dimensions approaching the wavelength of
light. Expression for the particle scattering factor P () and its relation to radius of gyration.

Unit II

Osmosis
Osmotic pressure in an ideal gas and in a liquid. Some clinical examples of osmotic pressure –
Edema due to heart failure, Edema of inflammatory reaction, headaches in renal dialysis,
osmotic dieresis, osmotic fragility of red blood cells. Volume transport through membrane.
Solute transport through membrane. Artificial kidney. Gomerular filtration.

Unit III

Chromatography and Electrophoresis

Introduction to chromatography. Principle, Instrumentation, working and biological applications
of Column chromatography, liquid chromatography, Thin layer chromatography (TLC), Paper
chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography, Gel chromatography, Affinity chromatography,
Gas chromatography.
Introduction to Electrophoresis. Supporting media. Disc electrophoresis: Isoelectric focusing,
Isotachophoresis.

Unit IV

Microscopy
Principle, description, working and biological applications of Fluorescence microscope;
Ultraviolet microscope; Interference microscope; Polarizing microscope; Phase contrast
microscope; Electron microscope; Scanning probe microscopy – Atomic Force microscope
(AFM), Scanning tunneling microscope ((STM). Scanning near field optical microscope
(SNOM).

Recommended Books:

1. Physical chemistry of macromolecules – Tanford

2. Intermediate physics for medicine and biology – Russel K, Hobby
3. Molecular Biophysics – Setlow and Pollard
4. Methods in Modern Biophysics– Bengt Nolting, Springer International Edition.

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 BIOPHYSICS Specialisation

BIOPHYSICS PRACTICALS

Semester: III

1. Determine size of human RBC of different physiological conditions, using the techniques Laser
diffraction and Eriometer.
Discuss your results with respect to the physiology of RBC and technique used.

2. Draw V-I characteristics of the given hard tissues and protein samples and determine electrical
resistivity of the samples at 100 volt.
Determine dielectric parameters such as Dielectric constant, dissipation factor and Dielectric
loss of the given samples using LCR meter.
Determine Activation energy of the given samples.
Discuss your results.

3. Study dielectrophoretic collection rate (DCR) of human erythrocytes suspended in glycine-

glucose isotonic solution and subjected to non-uniform electric fields produced by pin-pin
electrode configuration.
Determine DCR as a function of (a) voltage, and (b) elapsed time of applied electric field.
Determine Threshold voltage of human erythrocytes as a function of a) frequency of applied
electric field.
Calculate excess permittivity of human erythrocytes from the knowledge of DCR

4. Determine Relative viscosity, specific viscosity and Intrinsic viscosity of the given polymer
solution using Ostwald viscometer.
From the viscometric data, calculate the molecular weight of the given polymer.
Discuss your results with respect to polymer and technique used.

5. Determine viscosity and Surface tension of human blood and its serum and plasma at room
temperature using Capillary technique.
What are the advantages of this technique?
Discuss your results with respect to the sample and technique used.

6. Determine Elastic Constants such as Young’s modulus, rigidity modulus, bulk modulus and
Poisson’s ratio of horny material using Optical interference technique.
What are the advantages of the technique?
Discuss your results with respect to material studied and technique used.

7. Study denaturation of glucose. Determine specific rotation of polarized light at the wave length
of sodium light, when passed through the glucose solution, using polarimeter.
Discuss your results.

8. Estimate Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b in the given leaves of different plants using
spectrocolorimeter.
Discuss your results with respect to species of the given leaves.

9. Study spectroscopically oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methamoglobin.

What inference you draw from the experimental results?

10. Study dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss of hard
calcified tissues at microwave frequencies.

11. Determine Auto catalytic ion efflux constant by measuring the conductivity of the
medium during the process of germination of seeds of different physiological
conditions.

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12. Determine velocity and absorption of ultrasound in biofluids using ultrasonic
Interferometer.

13. Study osmotic fragility of human blood.

14. Determine specific gravity or density of blood of animals belonging to different

Locomotion.

15. Find the HVT of a given biomaterial and hence determine mass absorption
coefficient.

16. Study the dependence of back scattering of  particles on the thickness of the
back scatterer and hence determine the saturation thickness of the given bio-
material.

Semester: IV

1. Determine inspired volume using sustained maximal inspiration (SMI) technique.

2. Screen the lung function in suspected obstructive airway diseases and study the
effectiveness of the bronchodilator therapy.

3. Measure blood pressure of a person in different postures using sphygmomano -

meter and stethoscope by auscultatory method and discuss your results.

4. Estimate glucose, urea and total protein in the given biofluid.

5. Determine helical parameters of proteins and DNA using the x-ray diffracto-
grams.

6. Study of Temperature Transducers

7. Study of Photo Transducers

8. Study of LVDT

9. Study of Strain gauge

10. Study of Ventilatory movements

11. Study of ECG

12. Study of EMG

13. Study of EEG

14. Study of Heart sounds

15. Determine velocity and absorption of ultrasound in animal and plant tissues and
calculate acoustical characteristic parameters.

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 Syllabus

M.Sc. (Physics) under CBCS and Non-CBCS

III and IV Semester

PRACTICALS FOR GENERAL LAB

(COMMON FOR ALL SPECIALISATIONS)

w.e.f. 2013-2014 under CBCS and Non-CBCS at

University, Constituent and Affiliated Colleges

(For the batch admitted from 2012-2013 onwards)

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL PHYSICS LAB
III and IV Semesters

NUCLEAR PHYSICS LABORATORY

1. To draw the characteristic curve of the given G.M. Detector and determine its plateau
length and working potential.

2. To determine the dead time of a given G.M. tube using double source.

3. To determine the half life of a long lived radio active substance .

4. To determine the linear and mass absorption coefficients of β-particles in a given

material, i.e. Al.

5. To determine the absorption coefficient of gamma rays in different absorbing materials,

i.e., Al and Pb.

6. To determine the half life of irradiated Indium foil.

7. To determine the half life of short lived and long lived irradiated silver (Ag) foil.

8. To verify inverse square law using beta or gamma source.

SPECTROSCOPY LAB
1 Zeeman effect.
2 Raman effect.
3 Magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic liquid.
4 Verification of Beer’s law.
5 Temperature variation of resistance/conductivity of a given material –two probe method.
6 Hall effect.
7 Curie temperature of PZT.
8 Powder X-ray diffraction method for Crystal Structure determination
9 Atomic Spectra

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