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It is an operational
framework within which the facts are placed so that their meanings may be seen more clearly
(Leedy, 1993). This paper includes six methods of research namely Historiography, Descriptive,
Correlational, Ex-Post Facto, Evaluation and Experimental. Basically all research methods
research methods are considered either basic, applied or developmental. Basic or fundamental
is conducted primarily to test or arrive at theory. Action or applied, on the other hand refers to
the application of theory to the solution of problems. Developmental deals with formulating or
testing theory and then developing materials for instruction or other purposes.
Historiography
developments, and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of
sources of information on the past, and the interpretation of the weighted evidence. Added to
this, Sevilla (1988:46) states that its rather elusive subject-matter – the past, and peculiarly
difficult task of interpretation with this elusive nature of the subject matter imposes. The goal of
the historical research is to know the whole truth of what happened in the past so that we will
not only understand the present bur will be helped in knowing what to do in the present and
Descriptive
The descriptive method is designed for the researcher to gather information about present
existing conditions. The principal aims in employing this method are to describe the nature of a
situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena
(Travers, 1978). Generally, descriptive studies are of several types. These are (a) case studies,
(b) ethnography, (c) content analysis, (d) cross sectional, and (e) longitudinal studies.
a. Case Studies – This is the appropriate design to use when the aim of the study is to have
b. Ethnography – this is a kind of research that is done to examine the totality of the culture
of a people. It is conducted “in situ”, that is in the natural setting in real life (Alicay,
2014:49).
contents of a document (Ballena, 2000:48). This method is used when the objective of
the study is to find out the type and/or the quality of messages found in the document or
mass media.
d. Cross-Sectional – This involves studying participants of various age levels and other
Correlational
Alicay (2014:48) states that this method is concerned of determining relationships, but no
manipulation of variables. It cannot make causal statement, it can only speak about the
degree to which two variables are related. According to Fox (1969), the distinguishing
characteristic of this type of study is its system, which allows estimation of relationship
between study variables. Correlational studies are useful in generating and testing
Ex Post Facto
Ex Post Facto means from after the fact (Gay, 1976). In simple terms, in expost facto
research which the dependent variable is immediately observable and now your main
concern is to find out the antecedents that gave rise to this consequence. Kerlinger (1972)
defines expost facto as systematic empirical inquiry in which the scientist does not have
direct control of independent variables because their manifestations have already occurred
or because they are inherently not manipulable. Gay (1976) says that it is that research in
which the researcher attempts to determine the cause, or reason, for existing differences in
the behavior or status of groups of individuals. In a sense, the researcher observes that
groups are different on some variable and then attempts to identify the major factor/s which
Evaluation
Alicay (2014) states that evaluation research aims to determine to what extent an
organization or program measure up to set criteria and standards. There are two types of
and impact to provide feedback and information for internal improvement, without external
consequences while evaluation studies designed to provide information on program impact
Experimental
manipulates and controls one or more independent variable or variables for variation
to find out cause and effect relationships between variables. It is considered the most
and Uriarte, 1993). Gay (1976) and Ary, Jacobs, Razavieh and Sorensen (2009) believe that
experimental research is the only method of research which can truly test hypotheses
concerning cause-and-effect relationship. The ideal true experiment study is best done in a
laboratory setting where the researcher has full control in manipulating study variables and
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