American Geographical Society

Geographies of the Holocaust

Author(s): Waitman Beorn, Tim Cole, Simone Gigliotti, Alberto Giordano, Anna Holian,
Paul B. Jaskot, Anne Kelly Knowles, Marc Masurovsky and Erik B. Steiner
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 99, No. 4 (Oct., 2009), pp. 563-574
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40377416
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 GEOGRAPHICAL RECORD

GEOGRAPHIES OF THE HOLOCAUST

WAITMAN BEORN, TIM COLE, SIMONE GIGLIOTTI,

ALBERTO GIORDANO, ANNA HOLIAN, PAUL B. JASKOT,
ANNE KELLY KNOWLES, MARC MASUROVSKY,
and ERIK B. STEINER

1 he World War II Holocaust was a profoundly geographical event, rooted in spe-

cific physical spaces, times, and landscapes. Because it was also characterized by a
spatiality of process- concentration, deportation, dispersal, dislocation- its study
requires subtle and critical geographical analysis. The seizure and reallocation of
property, the devastation of national infrastructures, and the mass exodus and forced
migration of millions of individuals are only some of the obvious geographical
components involved in the implementation of the Nazis' genocidal policies. Al-
though some scholars have dealt with particular geographical questions in regional
studies and others have analyzed specific aspects of space or the built environment,
no comprehensive interpretations have identified and investigated the spaces and
geographical patterns of the Holocaust. Nor have the analytical possibilities of geo-
graphic information science (GIScience) been applied to the massive data sets com-
piled by the perpetrators and discovered by postwar agencies representing victims,
information that provides an enormous amount of evidence to support the spatial
analysis of historical events. In addition to the bureaucratic data so essential to the
implementation of the genocide, physical evidence of the Holocaust also remains in
plain sight, for the structures created and sites used by the perpetrators are scattered
throughout Europe. Much untapped visual evidence, including maps and photo-
graphs created by the perpetrators and by military forces on all sides, also exists.
Scholars know surprisingly little about the tangible places that were created,
altered, or destroyed by the Holocaust, be they rural Jewish communities, urban
ghettos, or the many kinds of camps established during World War II. We know
perhaps even less about the unique spaces and buildings associated with the Holo-
caust, such as those generated by the transportation, communication, and labor
networks that grew with the expansion of the camp system and the changing mili-

*£> Mr. Beorn is a doctoral student in history at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599. DR- Cole is a senior lecturer in history at the University of Bristol, Bristol
BS8 1TB, England. Dr. Gigliotti is a senior lecturer in history at Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington 6140, New Zealand. Dr. Giordano is an associate professor of geography at Texas State
University, San Marcos, Texas 7S666. Dr. Holian is an assistant professor of history at Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287. Dr. Jaskot is a professor of art and architectural history at DePaul
University, Chicago, Illinois 60614. Dr. Knowles is an associate professor of geography at Middlebury
College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753. Mr. Masurovsky is a manager of archival projects at the U.S.
Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. 20024. Mr. Steiner is an interactive cartographies
project manager at the University of Oregon InfoGraphics Lab, Eugene, Oregon 97403.
The Geographical Review 99 (4): 563-574. October 2009
Copyright © 2009 by the American Geographical Society of New York

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564 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

tary situation during the war. Identifying the types of c

and the spatial experiences they produced, examining
tion of decentralized and small-scale killing, bringing
reaucratic data sets and physical evidence, and establis
and historical analyses are daunting tasks. But they are
historical geography of the Holocaust, which we believ
known, yet fundamental, dimensions of this pivotal ev

Workshop at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies

To begin to address these essential broad questions, Tim Cole, Alberto Gi

and Anne Kelly Knowles organized a summer research workshop on the "G
phies of the Holocaust," which took place in August 2007 at the Center f
vanced Holocaust Studies (cahs) at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in
ington, D.C. Their close collaborator in organizing and shaping the worksh
Marc Jean Masurovsky, a senior researcher at the Holocaust Museum. Th
week workshop brought together nine scholars from historical geography, GIS
cartography, history, and architectural history to consider how spatial analysis
geographical visualization of the built environment and forced movement of pe
during the Holocaust might inspire new research questions and pedagogica
cations. The possibilities of GIScience were of central importance. GIScience
ods and the conceptualization of space that underlies them were unfamiliar to m
of the participating historians. The ability to generate maps and other vis
tions that represent the layers of individual experience, that combine multiple
ables, display change over time, and combine and manipulate informatio
huge sets of statistical data allows for a wide range of new analytical appro
even the most familiar evidence from the period. In relation to these possi
the workshop built on the interests of the Registry of Survivors, a division
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, which in 2005 began to seek ways to in
rate geography into its efforts to document and memorialize thousands o
vidual lives forever changed or displaced by National Socialist policies betwe
and 1945. The workshop pointed to the tremendous potential of collaborativ
between the humanities and the social sciences, framed around the analytic
bilities of GIScience, to examine the spatiality of the Holocaust and underst
multiple scales at which Nazi policies of war, territorial restructuring, and
sion of civilians were implemented.
The format of the workshop was rather unusual. Because the purpose w
see what interdisciplinary collaboration on geographical research might yie
organizers decided to allocate significant time to introducing participants
data sets, photographic collections, maps, and other key sources in the mu
archives that seemed most suitable for geographical analysis. Participant
formed teams to work on several trial projects during the second week. Th
first test of the feasibility of collaborating across disciplines, exploring da
many angles, and experimenting with geographical methods. Although a

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 GEOGRAPHICAL RECORD 565

this approach felt a little like interspecies communicati

shop it had generated an exhilarating fusion of ide
comes exceeded everyone's expectations.
The basic questions of space, location, and moveme
from the outset of the workshop, but finding a com
as they emerged was challenging. Disciplinary and m
seemed quite high. The workshop began with individ
ticipants covering three sometimes overlapping the
caust spaces, transformation of space and spatial exp
bilities for using geographical questions and methods
the presentations progressed, the importance of var
ity of data, the physical evidence of buildings and sites
testimony to answer spatial questions were recurrin
sion returned to how GIScience could manage the c
physical, and temporal scales while posing new quest
ther historical, geographical, and visual analysis.
The spaces of the Holocaust were addressed most d
by Tim Cole and Paul Jaskot. Cole introduced his r
ghetto formation in Budapest, which led us into dif
the perpetrators as well as the victims and bystanders.
how the determination of housing within or outside
foundational element to the genocide and how, as a r
pended on spatial criteria. The local, even street-le
through the manipulation of fences, roads, and hous
the historical development of the destruction of the Je
but also bureaucratic records and real estate data av
important locales such as Berlin, or the real estate ce
French authority, could open up new paths for map
caust. Taking a longer historical view, Jaskot focuse
ment in the modern era from which the Schutzstaffel
concentration camps. Looking at the physical spaces of
concepts of rational planning, Jaskot argued for the
the built environment, including the significant ma
tural offices. Complementing Cole's analysis of the
the camp plans, architectural drawings, choice of m
labor shaped the meaning of the site and its role in
cies. Cole's and Jaskot's analyses used evidence relate
for their development into Holocaust "places" with
Although the other historians also highlighted specif
tions, they further emphasized the question of how
the various geographies of the Holocaust. Waitman B
ment of the Eastern Front, as well as differing character
the implementation of the genocide over region and tim

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566 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

shifted from offering logistical support to the SS mobile

pen) to providing tactical support as well, the extent t
avoided participation or colluded in the destruction p
their proximity to the front, which military or political
region, or the nature of the terrain itself. Given that the
the hinge between the "Final Solution" in the East and
graphical approach that visually portrayed locations of
tisan activity, along with changing unit boundaries, co
tions about this area of the Holocaust. Such variability
the moving military front contrasted with the captive sp
the topic of Simone Gigliotti's presentation. Gigliotti
spaces of transit from cities to ghettoes to camps are
Holocaust literature. She sought to recover the microg
transit by analyzing postwar testimony, which highlig
nature of the space of the train. The permanence of o
must be seen in contrast to the impermanence of tran
movement and time. For the SS, coordinating the timing
the organization of death as was that of the arrival at cam
of testimony," Gigliotti emphasized the importance o
spaces.

Unfixed spaces like military fronts and transit can be extended temporally into
the postwar period, as Anna Holian pointed out in her presentation on displaced
persons (DPs) in postwar Germany. She examined how the treatment of displaced
persons oscillated between "care and control ." On one hand, the Allied occupation
forces and the international relief agencies sought to provide DPs with food, shel-
ter, and medical care; on the other, they saw controlling the movement and activi-
ties of displaced persons as their responsibility. Both care and control were pro-
foundly spatialized processes, especially through the use of DP camps, which were
established along a military model as sites for mass feeding and housing. For Holian,
seeing the DP camps not as fixed spaces but as fluid, temporal spaces that often
came from preexisting National Socialist installations is one way of questioning the
established chronologies and geographies of the Holocaust. Thinking about the
camps as sites of care and control makes it possible to pose spatial questions at both
the most intimate, private level and the most abstract, political level.
The presentations that focused on the possibilities of historical geography and
GIScience intersected with these concerns specific to Holocaust Studies. Anne Kelly
Knowles pointed out that historical geographers tend to think comparatively. She
argued that visualizing data is itself an important step toward understanding how
patterns and processes vary with scale. Knowles presented several examples of such
visualizations, including her own work on the development of the U.S. iron indus-
try, which raised questions of distribution, production, labor, and development over
time that could be usefully compared with the Nazi bureaucratic organization. Com-
mon to many projects in historical geography are both the issues of physical control

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 GEOGRAPHICAL RECORD 567

and the construction of real and conceptual territo

agents take the physicality of space and make it the
Knowles highlighted the need to think elastically.
In his presentation, GIScientist Alberto Giordano took
thinking, pushing the workshop participants to discuss
focusing on spatial and geographical components o
out how GIScience could respond to a variety of diff
to issues as diverse as spatial statistics, network analysi
emphasized the need for quantitative and qualitative
giving them a temporal dimension allows one to ide
and trends. Comparative thinking here needs to occu
historical events but also within a particular historic
Marc Masurovsky, a French historian representing t
the kinds of data that are available for analysis. The Re
extraordinarily detailed archival materials, including
formation. Using the documentation concerning
Masurovsky pointed to the variety of data availabl
cratic evidence but also testimonial sources and cen
sized the value of the quantitative data, little of w
analyzed, but added that much can also be achieved by
sis with the qualitative interpretations of the Holoca
The sessions focused on geographical methods an
bases ended with Erik Steiner's presentation on visu
time. Steiner emphasized that the question of usin
and the databases at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Mu
as part of a broader project of dynamic geovisuali
aggregate statistical analysis needed to grapple wit
operated at national and international scales can be
individual experience. For Steiner, the diverse discip
by the participants were joined to overarching quest
built environment. We need to think about the ever
ity involved in tracing the millions of people- both
volved in the process and find or develop methods t
well as the large social group to emerge through int
As is well known within historical geography but
locaust Studies, interrogating historical data at diff
phenomenon before about 1970 is difficult. Aside fr
tematic data sets exist in either digital or analog form
cal analysis. The detailed records kept by party, gov
during the National Socialist period are exceptions to t
accurate in locating individuals at specific times and
cient information to trace many individuals' movem
example, one goal of the workshop was to investig

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568 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

Fig. 1- Visualizations of the journeys of eight Hungarian Holocau

August 2007 "Geographies of the Holocaust" workshop at the U.S.
by Erik B. Steiner)

compile, integrate, and analyze data provided by the H

ment train transports to concentration camps. The gro
used gis to map the arrest and transnational transport
Another group produced prototype visualizations of t
few Holocaust victims (Figure 1). We used Flash, an an
to create animated maps in order to test the possibilities o
ments over time. In what we called "photographic vie
periments in line-of-sight analysis based on detailed c
photographs as a way to assess the veracity of eyewitness
dence. All of these projects, created by first-time colla
were proof-of-concept demonstrations of the potentia
caust data from a variety of sources. We became convin
tial that this line of inquiry holds for nongeographical dis
for the workshop demonstrated the unique ability of com
and historical and visual evidence to address the cent
vidual experience and structural or systemic developm

Challenges of Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Ordinarily, cahs workshops culminate in public presentations that sum

results of group discussion after two weeks of intellectual exchange. T
phies of the Holocaust workshop had been conceived differently, as an o

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 GEOGRAPHICAL RECORD 569

for the participants to conduct collaborative research

viability of our interdisciplinary vision. After three
cussion we brainstormed research ideas based on th
tion that had emerged. We began to define a commo
kinds of spatial questions that could be posed with
kinds of evidence at our disposal. We then outlined t
be researched with materials in the Holocaust Muse
Survivors databases. These projects moved us all beyo
and introduced us to new sources, skills, and question
tional. We wanted to test the potential for the kind of
interdisciplinary work would clearly require, particu
scales of data and conceptual problems that each scho
conquered our initial discomfort of thinking in unfa
new terrain, we discovered that integrating concepts
made teamwork possible and exciting.
Collaboration presented specific challenges in the co
and preparing for our presentation. The historical g
cartography specialists found it surprisingly difficul
selected sites in Central Europe with the right level
analysis and visualization at the local scale. The social
that the way to deal with holes in the data would be
whereas the humanists turned more toward an inter
would account for absences by analyzing how sources
specific narratives, the historians tended to emphasize t
of the individual, whether SS guard or tortured in
could be easily connected to questions of policy and b
cult to convey visually. Mapping and geovisualization
what we did and did not know, of what the evidence
tions arose: How did one (or why would one) "ma
typological approach to the Holocaust differ from ac
ence? How can the "cognitive mapping" so present
tribunal testimony be reconciled with the physical
and buildings? The problems and possibilities forced
foundational questions to how individual-level qualit
quantitative data. Most important, we grappled with
man scale of the Holocaust, so evident in the particu
down by ethnicity, occupation, gender, nationality, and
variable physical scale of the camp, the regional land
standers, and the national and international transfor
the geographies of transit and war. Within this comp
how the plotting of experiences- profoundly spatia
with the abstraction of the data that allow for visualizin
of millions of lives.

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570 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

The resulting public presentation highlighted

related fields can visualize and interpret com
simultaneously, called for the conceptualizatio
nical framework for new geographical applica
analyze and comprehend historical experience
would visualize data in a manner that is challen
ply spatial analytical methods and techniques t
in the Holocaust. To approach these questions for
trationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau as the focus
ist in the history or geography of Auschwitz, bu
camp among our public audience as well as the
about the camp and its system of subcamps, sh
spatial problems there made sense. We divided
a variety of sources and approaches, including
of Italian Jews to Auschwitz; specific transport n
as Elie Wiesel; the experience of survivors fro
graphs of arrivals at Auschwitz; testimonies of in
spaces in the camps; and statistics on the tran
makeup of particular barracks. We also began
well as the terrain around Auschwitz, architectur
graphs taken by Allied forces, and ground
sources- visual, narrative, geographical, and st
our daily summaries it became clear that we could
dynamic cartography and GIScience could begin
between individual experience and the organiz
destructive scale.

Presentation of the Workshop Results

We presented the results of the workshop to the public at the U.S. Holocaust M
morial Museum in a collaborative format. In addition to introducing the core is
sues of our interdisciplinary venture, we combined visual models with summarie
of the analytical and conceptual points that such models could address if extende
into long-term research agendas. Two presentations traced the paths of differen
ethnic and social groups. The first examined the Holocaust in Italy, drawing on
rich database containing information on approximately 9,000 Jews deported from
Italy. Focusing on Jews who were initially sent to two Italian "collection points," the
city of Verona and the town of Borgo San Dalmazzo, individual maps traced th
routes to the concentration camps on both the macrolevel of the transports and the
microlevel of an individual family. They examined the intensity of the flow fro
the collection points to different concentration camps and compared death rates
each of the camps. The second transport study traced survivors from the Hungar
ian city of Munkacs through the system (see Figure 1). Their forced journey bega
with their transport to Auschwitz in May 1944 and continued on to a variety of
labor camps. Comparative mapping revealed shared as well as different paths through

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 GEOGRAPHICAL RECORD 571

Fig. 2- Lines of sight estimated from Nazi photog

presentation of the "Geographies of the Holocaust"
by Erik B. Steiner)

the system, characterized in particular by a

of the individual corporeal experience of t
illustrated the spatial experience of an in
tremely constrained (for example, in tran
experience as a displaced person), and fin
quotations from WiesePs memoir, Night (1
the changing spatial nature of his internm
most heavily on the use of historical maps, t
Complementing this Europe-wide scale
dynamic map of Auschwitz (Figure 2), whi
photography, architectural plans, inmate
ries. The map had several layers, which al
scales and questions. For example, one coul
camp, a site of SS violence and random se
testimonial passages containing quotation
testimony of one member of the Sonderk
labor- who was forced to work in the gas c
ences that became highlighted areas on anoth
his movements through the camp emphas

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572 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

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Fig. 3- Erik B. Steiner's "spatial concept cloud" summar

in the August 2007 "Geographies of the Holocaust" wor

and known- by inmates, just as the creation of viewsheds representing the angle of
vision captured in photographs taken by SS guards (from the so-called Auschwitz
Album, a series of photographs of the arrival of Hungarian Jews taken at Auschwitz
in 1944) indicated the particular geography and racialized perspective of the per-
petrators. The comparison of multiple spatial experiences through the combina-
tion of text, photographs, and other historical evidence in maps not only revealed
both the individuality and the isolation of the eyewitness experience of genocide
but also suggested collective patterns at the level of the camp.

Prospects for Further Research

In sum, the workshop participants tried to present several questions that co

addressed through an interdisciplinary focus on analyzing historical data
GIScience and geovisualization. Such methods could connect all victims' ex
ences over all scales, from the individual to the collective. They could provid
for scholars to draw on previously little-used documents, especially large da
which would enable a search for patterns embedded in experience and man
in the results of policy decisions over time. Examination of the physical en
ment in more localized visualizations of particular moments during the gen
could test the objectivity of oral evidence and other textual sources. Finally,
ing with both spatial and temporal scales, research could be extended to co
the entire Nazi system and its impact on the spatial experiences of the postw
riod. In essence, visualization and a focus on the geographies of the Holocaus
up the large field of how spatial analysis can help scholars rethink the policies,
tices, and impact of the genocide.
While we workshop participants continue to work on our individual rese
projects, we have agreed to pursue some of these questions in a collaborat

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 GEOGRAPHICAL RECORD 573

search agenda. We are currently focusing on

of transport and analysis of the spatial and
the evolution of the concentration camp system
tered killing in the East, exploring the spatial
ations or death marches of inmates from ca
analysis of the physical transformation of
for using photographic and planning source
agency and influence within the camps, par
the goals are to expand our abilities to carry
camps, and other spaces of confinement, to
teriality of power in the built environment
gis of all camps and killing sites, military fr
slave labor in order to study the systematic
tasks are rooted in the methodological and t
ography, which helps combine the diverse ques
logical, from the art historical to the techno
As the workshop participants reached the
the presentation, Steiner created a "spatial
discussion (Figure 3). This cloud in many way
for it clusters key terms that came up repeate
izes their order. The varieties of scale and tone
among concepts. The cloud is a visual object
breaks down into discrete and even fragmente
a metaphor for the collaborative thinking that
caust demands while also providing a record
ests. Through the energy and enthusiasm o
workshop, our group has committed to push
laborative and individual contributions. In
clarity to the variable spatial, temporal, and
order to forge new questions and innovative
ther the investigation of the killing of million
ence of the Nazi state and its drive for politica

Select Related Web Sites

The Interactive Nolli Website, University of Oregon: [http://nolli.uoregon.edu].

The Spatial History Project, Stanford University: [http://spatialhistory.stanford.edu].
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.: [www.ushmm.org].
Yad Vashem, Jerusalem: [www.yadvashem.org].

Select Works Related to Geographies of the Holocaust

Allen, M. T. 2007. Not Just a "Dating Game": Origins of the Holocaust at Auschwitz in the Light of
Witness Testimony. German History 25 (2): 162-191.
Anderson, T. 1999. Incident at Baranivka: German Reprisals and the Soviet Partisan Movement in
Ukraine, October-December 1941. Journal of Modern History 71 (3): 585-623.
Baker, A. R. 2003. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. Cambridge, England: Cambridge uni-
versity Press.

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574 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

Blomley, N., D. Delaney, and R. Ford. 2001. Legal Geogra

Blackwell.
Charlesworth, A. 1992. Towards a Geography of the Sho
464-469.

grants and Minorities 13 (1): 65-76.

216-252. Houndmills, England: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cole,T. 2003. Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto. New York: R
Cole, T., and G. Smith. 1995. Ghettoization and the Holocaust: Budapest 19
Geography 21 (3): 300-316.
Dwork, D., and R. J. van Pelt. 1996. Auschwitz, 1270 to the Present. New York
Ethington, P. J. 2007. Placing the Past: "Groundwork" for a Spatial Theor
History 11 (4): 465-493.
Ezrahi, S. D. 2000. Booking Passage: Exile and Homecoming in the Modern J
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Golan, A. 2002. Israeli Historical Geography and the Holocaust: Reconsider
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