Physics

Project
On
Sound
Detector

By:-
Prapti Chhipa
XII
 Index

Bonafide Certificate
Acknowledgement
Components Used
Description of the components
Principle of an Amplifier
Various gains in common emitter
amplifier
Construction
Working
 Bonafide Certificate

Certified to be the project

report
done by
Prapti Chhipa
of class XII, IIS
during the session
2006-2007

Teacher Incharge
 Acknowledgement

I am deeply indebted to
Mr. Ravi Dutt,
Physics Department,
under whose able and purposeful
guidance this work was carried
out fruitfully. I extend my heart
felt thanks to him for his
valuable contribution in the form
of cooperation during the course
of investigation.

Name: Prapti Chhipa

Class: XII
 Components Used

Two n-p-n transistors

One L.E.D. (yellow)
Two capacitors
(.04µF and 220µF)
Two Batteries
One Speaker
One Earphone
Five Resistors
(15kΩ, 270kΩ, 220Ω, 100Ω, 21Ω)
One Condenser
 Description of the
components

Resistance: The resistance of

the conductor is the obstruction
posted by the conductor to the
flow of electric current through
it. Resistance (R) of conductor is
defined as the ratio of the
potential (V) across the ends of
the conductor to the current (I)
flowing through it i.e.
Resistance = Potential
drop/current
R = V/I
Capacitor: A capacitor is an
arrangement for the storage of
large amount of electric charge.
It consists of 2 metallic plates
separated by an insulating
material called dielectric.
Capacity of a capacitor is defined
as the ratio of charge to the
potential difference V across the
plates i.e.
C = Q/V
Transistor: A junction is
obtained by growing a thin layer
of one type of semiconductor in
between two thick layers of
other similar type of
semiconductor. A transistor is a
three terminal device and is also
called as semi conducting triode.
The sandwiched central thin part
of a transistor is called base
region (B), the outer sections
(thicker part) on the left and
right are called emitter (E) and
collector (C) respectively. The
emitter is with relatively higher
concentration as compared to
collector.
There are 2 types of transistor:
i. n-p-n
ii. p-n-p
In n-p-n transistor emitter
connected to the negative
terminal of the battery where as
collector to the positive terminal,
and in p-n-p transistor, positive
terminal of the supply voltage is
connected to the emitter and
negative to the collector. There
different types of configurations
of connecting a transistor
generally employed are:
i. Common emitter:

ii. Common base:

iii. Common collector:

LED (Light emitting diodes): Its

working is based on the
production of light from electric
current. It is p-n junction diode
made of Gallium Arsenide or
Indium phosphide, as the
semiconductor. It is used in
forward bias arrangement. L.E.D’s
are used in burglar alarms,
calculators, pilot, lamps,
telephone and in digital watch.
Principle Of an Amplifier
An amplifier is a device which is
used for increasing the amplitude
of variation of alternating voltage
of current or power. The
amplifier thus produces an
enlarged version of the input
signal. There are 2 input
terminals for the signal to be
amplified and 2 output terminals
for connecting the load, and a
means of supplying power to the
amplifier.
 Various Gains in common
emitter amplifier

i. D.C. Current gain: It is

defined as the ratio of the
collector current (Ic) to the base
current (Ib). It is denoted by
β = Ic/ Ib
β = Ic/Ie-Ic
(since Ie = Ib+Ic)
ii. A.C. Current gain: It is
defined as the ratio of change in
collector current (∆Ic) to the
change in base current (∆Ib)
at constant collector voltage. It
is denoted by β.
β = ∆ Ic/ ∆Ib
iii. A.C. Voltage gain: It is
defined as ratio of the change in
output voltage (∆Vo) to the
change in input voltage (∆Vi)
i.e.
Av = ∆Vo/ ∆Vi = β× Ro/Ri
= β × resistance gain
iv. A.C. Power gain: It is
defined as the ratio of the
change in output power to the
change in input power.
change in output
power (Po)
A.C. power gain = --------------------
change in input
 power (Pi)

Construction: Using the

components the circuit is made as
shown in the figure:
Working: The circuit of sound
detector works on the principle
of an amplifier. The sound waves
enter through the speaker and
get amplified due to increase in
base and collector current of the
transistor which is due to the
current provided by the battery.
The condenser converts the
sound signals to the electric
signals. Thus an amplified sound is
received as the output on the
earphone.