1 Most significant factor in blood flow resistance

A) vessel length

B) blood viscosity

C) vessel radius

2 Consequences of renin-angiotensin system activation:

A) reduced circulating angiotensin II

B) reduced aldosterone

C) reduced vasoconstriction

D) none of the above

3 (Multiple Answer) Physiological depressants of left ventricular function (depression of myocardial

force-velocity curves)

A) hypercapnea

B) hypoxia

C) ischemia

D) acidosis

E) increased adrenal medullary epinephrine

4 Clinical efficacy of digitalis glycosides is based on --

A) decreased transmission through the AV node

B) increased myocardial contractility

C) both

D) neither
5 (Multiple Answer) Tissue perfusion dependencies:

A) cardiac

B) vascular

C) microcirculatory

D) humoral

6 (Multiple Answer) Factors that can cause congestive heart failure:

A) systemic hypertension

B) arrhythmias

C) pulmonary emboli

D) myocardial infarction

7 (Multiple Answer) Associated with cardiac cachexia:

A) impairment of intestinal absorption

B) anorexia

C) vomiting

D) hepatomegaly

E) increased tumor necrosis factor (circulating)

8 Atrial contraction (atrophic) is more likely to be important in:

A) the normal ventricle

B) the hypertrophic ventricle

C) no difference

9 Most common symptom of heart failure:

A) tachycardia

B) oligouria

C) splenomegaly

D) hepatomegaly

E) dyspnea

10 Component of digitalis responsible for Na/K ATPase binding --

A) genin or aglycone moiety

B) sugar residues

C) steroid component

11 Increase respiratory muscle work of breathing in CHF due to:

A) interstitial pulmonary edema

B) vessel enlargement

C) both

D) neither

12 Even in low doses does not increase renal blood flow:

A) dopamine (Intropin))

B) dobutamine (Dobutrex)

13 Has vasodilator properties: causes a decrease in afterload as well as positive inotropism:

A) dopamine (Intropin)

B) dobutamine (Dobutrex)

C) phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
14 Beta-receptor number and congestive heart failure:

A) increased

B) decreased

C) no change

15 (Multiple Answer) Factors that promote movement of fluid into extravascular spaces:

A) hypoxic states -- precapillary arteriolar vasodilatation; postcapillary venule vasoconstriction

B) circulating toxins

C) reduced intravascular plasma protein

16 Sudden-onset of severe shortness-of-breath and coughing -- awakening the patient

A) orthopnea

B) paroxysmal dyspnea (nocturnal)

17 Fundamental abnormality and heart failure -- embodied in:

A) depression of the myocardial force-glossy relationship

B) abnormality in length-active muscle tension curves

C) both

D) neither

18 (Multiple Answer) Precipitating causes of congestive heart failure:

A) AV dissociation

B) severe bradycardia

C) reduce synchrony of ventricular contraction

D) tachyarrhythmias

19 (Multiple Answer) Factors influencing end-diastolic volumes:

A) volume depletion

B) body position

C) venous tone

D) skeletal muscle activity

E) uterine contraction

20 Factor(s) affecting microvascular blood flow:

A) colloid forces

B) capillary hydrostatic pressures

C) both

D) neither

21 Bipyridines -- phosphodiesterase inhibitors used in CHF:

A) dobutamine (Dobutrex)

B) amrinone (Inocor)

C) hydralazine (Apresoline)

D) minoxidil (Loniten)

E) furosemide (Lasix)

22 Cardiac output is directly dependent upon:

A) peripheral vascular resistance

B) intravascular blood volume

C) heart rate alone

D) heart rate and stroke volume

E) stroke volume and peripheral vascular systems