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"Fresnel diffraction"
1,2,3
...(asshowninFigure2.5)withtheradiusofthethcirclegivenby,
d1 d3 d5
d7
d8
d6
d4
d2
2completeilluminationisobserved.Whilefor
points3 and, the corresponding poles are3 and. For these points, the
Fresnelstheorycannotbeusedasallthezonesarepartiallyexposedto3and.
P4
Plane Screen
Circular
wavefront
aperture
O4
O2
P2 O3
O1
P3
P1
,2,3...represent
amplitudesat
2+3+...)+(2+3+...)
i.e. (2.3)
W P
3 2 1 1 2 3
S C
A
W W
B
R1 R1
L
W¢ 2 2
(a) (b)
O1 P1 3 2 1 1 2 3
S C
A
W W
B R
L
Blocked 2
W R1
(a) (b)
3 =2+3...+2+3
or, 3 = +0+3 {as2}
or, 3 = +3< {as3<} (2.20)
Thus,theintensityatthepoint3,323,whichisslightlylessthanthe
intensityatthepoint.
3 2 1 1 2 3
S C
A
W W
R1 R1
B 2 2
W L
(a) (b)
[2+3...
or,
3 2 1 1 2 3
S A C
W W
O1 P1
Blocked R2 R3
R1
B
W L
(a) (b)
S C 3 2 1 1 2 3
O1 A
O2 W W
P2
B
Blocked R2 R3
W L
(a) (b)
P3
P2
P1
S A C
Intensity
on
B screen
FH IK
LM LM
OP
OP
N Q
N Q
F I F I
G J G J
H K H K
A1
P¢ q
q
A1
D D
A2 q
q
A3 C
A2
b P (b)
An
L
(a)
2traverseanadditionaldistanceascomparedto
thesecondarywaveletfrom1.Thepathdifferenceatthepoint
1and2isgivenby,2
LM OP
N
Q
FG IJ
H K
F I
G J
H
K
FG IJ
H K FG IJ
FG IJ H K
H K
FG
IJ
H
K
y=
y= tan
0 2
– s/2 – 2 – 3/2 – – / 2 /2 3/2 s/2
FG IJ
H
K
FG IJ
H K
FG IJ
RSFG IJ UV
H K
TH K W
FG IJ
H K
Screen
A1 P
A2
b
d An
a
B1 C
B2
Bn
C1
C2
C3
f
FG IJ
H K
FG IJ
H
K
6
66
66
6
6
6
2 0 2.9)
Thus,themimgivebyequtio2.7)reveryitesedso,relso
clled pricipl mim d equtio 2.9) gives the itesities of pricipl
mim.Thepositiosofthesemimcorrespodto
66
6
66
2
tan
2
N tan
N
+
1
N
1
( (
(
6
RS UV
T W
0 2.74)
Ad from equtios 2.74) d 2.9), the rtio of itesities of secodry
mimtotheitesityofpriciplmimisgiveby,
6
666
6
2
thpriciplmimum,givebyequtio
2.78),the2
2 =
th
priciplmimumcbewrittes2
dq n b
dq n
qn
O
Intensity
l l + Dl
q
The Rayleigh criterion for the resolution of two spectral lines
'l + dl'
P2
P1
dq n
qn 'l'
.Theprismis
set t miimum devitio positio.After gettig devited by the prism the two
wvelegthsrefocussedbythetelescopeobjective2sshowiFigure2.2
).
d(l)
dd L2
a a
A
m
bea l
ident a
L1 Inc
l
l +D I2
l, t (l
I1 +D
(l l)
)
S
Source
FG IJ
H K
FG IJ
H
K
LMFG IJ FG IJ OP
NH K H K Q
F IJ
FG IJ
G
H K H K
FG IJ
H K