Sei sulla pagina 1di 32






 

 
    
  
                   
       

               
 
  
 

  
      
   


                
     


      


       
     



(a) d >> l (b) d = l (c) d < l


  

 X
       E

  P
          A
M 
       

  S O
  C N
 B
 
F
       Y
 "Fresnel diffraction"

          


      
 
 
  

               


   



 

  
­   
  

 €  ‚ƒ
‚
  

„  
  ‚…ƒ†
‚ƒ
‡  ‚ˆƒ†
  ‚ ‰
  €  Š€     



            
  

‹
 Œ  
             
 
                
             

            

  
Ž‘
  
‹
’ 


   Ž‘
“
­” ­” ­”

1,2,3
...(asshowninFigure2.5)withtheradiusofthethcirclegivenby,
  


  

   
   
   
   
   
  
       
       
      
         

   
 
     
       
                   
        
  ­  
             
        €
       
        
     ‚ 
        d1 d3 d5
 ‚  d7
ƒ  „     
         
‚
d8
 ‚    d6
          d4
d2
  
          
         

         


       
        
 …

     
…
  
„ 
         
     
     
 
  

2completeilluminationisobserved.Whilefor
points3 and, the corresponding poles are3 and. For these points, the
Fresnel’stheorycannotbeusedasallthezonesarepartiallyexposedto3and.

P4
Plane Screen
Circular
wavefront
aperture

O4
O2

P2 O3

O1

P3
P1

 

   
  
        

  



    


   

 
 
     
 


 
   
    
 
  
 


 
        
 
  

   
  

 
  
  




 
 
  
     ­

€     
  

 ‚  ƒ„
 

  



 ‚‚ ƒƒ

  


   
  
     
  
     
    
 
  
     
      
­    
     € ,2,3...represent
amplitudesat ‚    
    
ƒ      „  
   
  ƒ–2+3+...)+(–2+3+...)
 
i.e.  ƒ „  ƒ (2.3)
 

W P

3 2 1 1 2 3
S C
A

W W

B
R1 R1
L
W¢ 2 2

(a) (b)



 …  …


 2(uniformillumination) (2.4)
 
  €  issuchthatthecorrespondingpole
onthewavefrontisandtheportion   
 
–  =† ‡
 

O1 P1 3 2 1 1 2 3
S C
A
W W

B R
L
Blocked 2
W R1
(a) (b)



   


           
  
     
  
   

 
  
 
     
 
     

      

               
      
 ­  €
‚ƒ    
 „ƒ 
                  
   
 
 
 „…†  ‡ 
 
 

3 =–2+3...+–2+3

or, 3 = +0+3 {as2}

 
or, 3 = +3<  {as3<} (2.20)
 
Thus,theintensityatthepoint3,323,whichisslightlylessthanthe
intensityatthepoint.
    

   
 
 
       
        
  
  



3 2 1 1 2 3
S C
A
W W

R1 R1
B 2 2
W L

(a) (b)



 


  [–2+3...

or,   

   

     

  ­
  
 
 
 
€
  

  
 
  
  

3 2 1 1 2 3

S A C
W W
O1 P1

Blocked R2 R3
R1
B
W L

(a) (b)



  



       
  
  ­
    ­

     €




   




 ‚  
   
    
 
  
    
  

       
  ƒ   
   
 

S C 3 2 1 1 2 3
O1 A

O2 W W
P2
B
Blocked R2 R3
W L

(a) (b)



 

  



  


 
  


 
 

P3

P2
P1
S A C
Intensity
on
B screen

 
  

 
     

   
                 
   
 
               
  
   
         

   ­
€       ‚ƒ    ‚ƒ     
  

             


 
 

 FH           IK 

              „„     …
† ‡ 
           …  ‡   ‡  ‡ ˆ   


   
LM  LM
OP 
OP 
N Q
N Q
‡  ‡
      

 F  I  F     I
  G  J  G J
  
 
 H    K  H    K
  
     
       
  ‰   
    
    

 
  Š
   
 

    


    ‹

  

 
    

    

       


   
 
 

 
   ­

        


  

   
€
 
  
 ­

        


  

   
€
 

 
‚ ƒ        „ ­ …† 
  …†  …†‡  
 „  ­
  
 …† ‡ˆ ­† 
­  ­              ­   
   „  ­
 
  ­   ­
…† 
ƒ  ­    
 ­ 
‰­   
  
    
 
   ­‡ 
        ­      
 …†…†  ­
 
 Š
 …
†    

 

 
  …† ­  

 

A1
P¢ q
q
A1
D D
A2 q
q
A3 C
A2
b P (b)

An
L

(a)

 

  

    


   
 


 2traverseanadditionaldistanceascomparedto
thesecondarywaveletfrom1.Thepathdifferenceatthepoint
 

   

  1and2isgivenby,2  
  
          
 



 
     
  







    


2,canbewrittenas,
2 =   
  
     


 =  
4 =  ­


   € 
‚  

  
       

  

  



  
 ƒ
        €
 
     
­
 
  „ 
     €   €„
  „ 

  

  



      
  
      


  LM OP  
 

 
N
  Q
       
 
   FG IJ
  
   H K
     
 

F  I
  G   J ­  

H
  K 
€

FG    IJ

H  K FG      IJ
 
FG    IJ H  K 
H K
 
    ‚



   

€ƒ„…  

 
  †

€  
 „…    ƒ      
‡ƒ
 

 
  


  
   ˆ


  
   

  

FG
    IJ

 H

K
      
 


     


 

  
   

                  
         
                      
         

   
            ­€
­  ‚   ‚ 

y=

y= tan 
0 2
– s/2 – 2 – 3/2 –  – / 2 /2  3/2 s/2


  


  ‚   
ƒ„  
‚    …€† 
    ‚     ‚
  ­€­…­­… ‡  €ƒ
          ‚              
†         ‚  ‚    ‚  
      ‚        …      
FG € IJ
H
­ 
 K
     €               
 

    
 
FG IJ
   
H  K


     FG IJ
 
RSFG   IJ UV 
     
H  K


TH  K W

   
     
 

  
      
    
 ­
 
 
  

           



 €    ‚   


 
ƒ
„„„…€


 ‚
 †‡
‚
     

       
 ‚     
  

 

 
ƒ
FG  IJ  FG „„„  „ IJ   FG IJ „‰
„
 ˆ
H K H   „ K H K
ˆ ˆ

  € 


 

„ 
‚ ƒ


 Š ‹Œ„„
 €€ 

 

‚ƒ
 
ƒ

 

  

              

 
    

 
 
    
 

  

    
  

             
   ­    
€        ‚        
  ­ƒ„
     
 
 …  ­ ­
­ƒ„­ƒ„  

†            ‡  


               
  

  

   

                
   
  


    ‡ 

ˆ    

FG IJ
   
H  K


  ‰  


    

…
 

 

    



 
    


   


 
 

 
             

   ­      
 €‚  ƒ €‚„      
 „€‚
 „

Screen

A1  P
 A2
b
d An
a 
B1 C
B2
Bn

C1
C2
C3
f


 

…          †    

†€‚ 
 „…‚ƒ
            ƒ  
 ƒ           

‡   ƒ         
€‚‡  

ƒ   

 



FG IJ


          


 H  K 

  

FG IJ

    
 
   H
        
 K 


   

   
  


 
  

  
          ­

   
  €
  
     ­           
‚           
    

 

     
  
   

     
  
   

     
  ƒ„ …
   

  
 
   

  
        
  
  †  
      ‡ 
 ‚   …   ‚   
    
  


 
  6 
 
 







         
 
 
    
    66


 
  66 
 ­
€ ‚  6ƒ
„ 


 
     
     ­  6…
             
 

†­€ ‚‡ˆˆ
­  ‰ 

Š
 6   ­
€ ‚ 

  
 2 0 2.‹9)

Thus,themimgivebyequtio2.‹7)reveryitesedso,relso
clled pricipl mim d equtio 2.‹9) gives the itesities of pricipl
mim.Thepositiosofthesemimcorrespodto

 Œ  ­
€ ‚  ƒ

 Œ  ­
€ ‚  ƒ€

     


      
 

   



 
 
FG    IJ
 
   
 
H  K 
 
  


           



 
66
 

 
 

6­
66
€
 ‚ 

2

tan
2

N tan 
N
+
1

N
1



  
  

      


        
 
   (           (         

 
  
 
          (       

6­  
 

  RS  UV
T W
 0 2.74)
          
Ad from equtios 2.74) d 2.ƒ9), the rtio of itesities of secodry
mimtotheitesityofpriciplmimisgiveby,
 

6  
 


         


 

         


 
  
     
  6      
         
 
  
 ­€‚ƒ 
G     6     

  
 ­„6‚ƒ66 
  6
  
  

       


 
           
       
  
      
    
   
…     
  
 

  
         
 †‡        
   
­€‚   ­‚
€ ˆ2 
     
      thpriciplmimum,givebyequtio
2.78),the€2  
   
   

 
†‡2 =­ ‚  
 th
priciplmimumcbewrittes2

dq n b
dq n
qn
O

 

‰Š       



­€‚     ­‚

  


 
 

 
   


     

   

 
        

     

    
  
  

         


    
  
     

       
 
  


    


     
  

 ­­­€€‚

   
  
 ƒ ­­  „ ­

 



   …
     
 ­­
€€‚   €­€€‚
   †      ­   
­‡ ˆ­ 
 

                  
 
 
      
   

 
­ €           ‚  ‚   

‚    
  ƒ        
   
„   … 
 † 
 „                
         € ‚   ‡    
‚   
    ‚‚ˆ   € ‰ ‚
   ‚  €  
‡  €   
           
ƒ   € ‚
       € ‰
 € €  € ‚ €  

‚               €
Š  €  ‚
‹        ‡ 
   ‚ „               
 ‡ ‚      
         ‚          
    ‡   
   … „   
 „  €  

  
   
Œ     €  Ž
     
       €       

    
      
 €    
  ƒ       
 „  

Š
‡ €
     ‚
 
      Ž‚††  ‚  
€ ‚‘  €’’† 
 

  
  
     
    
 
 

  
       
  
  ­€‚€
         
      ƒ    
 
­

 
„         …
ƒ           
 ƒ    ­
„    ƒ     
 
 ƒ 
… 
 ƒ 
ƒ 
 ­
†   ‡             
  
  
…  ˆ
   ­‰
Š   ˆ ƒ   

 


 
   ­‰
       
ˆ   ƒ 
ƒ 
   … ƒƒ          ƒ   ­     
ƒ  …ƒ        ­
   … ƒƒ     ­ ­         ƒ     
­ ƒ 
ƒ 
    
 ƒ     ­
 
 …ƒƒ ­   
   
ƒ 
 ƒ ­‹           
  
ƒ 
ƒ   
 ­

 ‹     


  Œ   
  …
    ­Ž    ƒ 

ƒ     ƒ  ­
  

 
 

       
     
           

                 
   
      ­   € 

 
‚ 
      ­   €
ƒ‚   
 

      ­   €
  
 
  ­      

   
    …
 „

 

  
‚ 
 
† 
 
 


‡  


 


‚†
 ‚      †     ‚  
ˆ
‚
‚ 
 ‰ 
ƒ

‚ 
‚ ‚
  †


 

‚



‚‚



‚ 
 

 





‚ 
 


 ‚

‚

   

  
      Š‚ …    
‚ 
‹
‚





 ‚ 






 

Intensity

l l + Dl

q
The Rayleigh criterion for the resolution of two spectral lines



 
   

      


   

'l + dl'
P2
P1
dq n

qn 'l'

    



 

 
   

   
   
  ­ 
               

 

    




  

              


      
                  
    
   ­
 
€ ‚ƒ  ƒ   ­
   
„„­
…     ‚ƒ €
     


     ƒ

 ‚‚
   ‚†ƒ­­ƒ‡ ˆ
  ‚†ƒ­­
ƒ‡ ‰
€ 
    
  
 
         

    
   
 


ƒ



   ƒ

ƒ   
ƒ‚Šˆƒ‹
   
 

   
ƒ ƒ ‡  
  

 ‡  



 Π 


   
 ‹  
 
  

             
 
 






  

               
 
    
  
          ­        
  
            
  
 €‚   
ƒ„  ƒ’.Theprismis
set t miimum devitio positio.After gettig devited by the prism the two
wvelegthsrefocussedbythetelescopeobjective2sshowiFigure2.2…).

d(l)
dd L2
a a
A
m
bea l
ident a
L1 Inc
l
l +D I2
l, t (l
I1 +D
(l l)
)
S
Source

    

†   


 ‡     ˆ ‰
   



Š ‹    Œ
  ‹             
 

 
     

  
 
 
 
 
    

FG    IJ



H  K  
 
  




 
FG IJ
   
  

H
 K
  

LMFG  IJ  FG    IJ OP
NH  K H  K Q
   

F     IJ  FG    IJ
   G 

H  K H  K 

  
        
  

FG    IJ  
  
H  K  ­

  €  
 
  €  

  
  ‚
  
     
         
  
   
 
             
       
    
ƒ  „
       
       

 
 

              
  
    

 

  


   
  
   
     

   
  
  
    


       


  
       
 

    

        
 
          
   
 
    
    
            

       

 
    
     
  

   
 
   
         
 
       
      
  

     

     
 
    
    
  
 
  


    
     
 
  
    
      
   
        
                

 
                
  
     
     
       

   
    
     
              
    
   

          
  
 
 

         


       

    
   
 
     
  
   
 

  
  


 ­    
  


  
   
 
  €    

  
 ‚        ƒ‚  

     
   
  
     
  
     
    
 ­
    „  
   

 
   
   
   
 
ƒ 
    

 ­             „  
 
 ƒ 
 
  
ƒ     
  ƒ     
      
  
ƒ    
… † 
     ‡ 
 
   
  
        
       

  

  
        
       

 

   
 
  
  
   
     ‚ 
 
  
    ‚
  
   
 

     


  

               
     
  
  
 
       

  ­
    
 

Potrebbero piacerti anche