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CHAPTER 4
Understanding the
Aluminum Temper
Designation System
This chapter provides additional detail and illustrations for the use of
temper designations in the aluminum industry today for both wrought and
cast alloys. This discussion expands on the basic Aluminum Association
Temper Designation System as described in Chapter 2. All standard
tempers (i.e., those recognized by the industry because they have been
registered by the Aluminum Association Technical Committee on Product
Standards) are published either in Aluminum Standards and Data or in the
Alloy and Temper Registration Records together with the procedures for
registering alloys.
Elongation, %
Shear, Modulus,
In 2 in. In 4D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, modulus of
Strength, ksi 1⁄16 in. 1⁄2 in. Brinell shearing endurance elasticity(c),
thick diam No., 500 kg load, strength, limit(b), ksi
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball ksi ksi % 103
1060-O 10 4 43 … 19 7 3 10.0
1060-H12 12 11 16 … 23 8 4 10.0
1060-H14 14 13 12 … 26 9 5 10.0
1060-H16 16 15 8 … 30 10 6.5 10.0
1060-H18 19 18 6 … 35 11 6.5 10.0
1100-O 13 5 35 45 23 9 5 10.0
1100-H12 16 15 12 25 28 10 6 10.0
1100-H14 18 17 9 20 32 11 7 10.0
1100-H16 21 20 6 17 38 12 9 10.0
1100-H18 24 22 5 15 44 13 9 10.0
2011-T3 55 43 … 15 95 32 18 10.2
2011-T8 59 45 … 12 100 35 18 10.2
(continued)
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 1⁄4 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 41
Table 1 (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear, Modulus,
In 2 in. In 4D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, modulus of
Strength, ksi 1⁄16 in. 1⁄2 in. Brinell shearing endurance elasticity(c),
thick diam No., 500 kg load, strength, limit(b), ksi
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball ksi ksi % 103
2014-O 27 14 … 18 45 18 13 10.6
2014-T4, T451 62 42 … 20 105 38 20 10.6
2014-T6, T651 70 60 … 13 135 42 18 10.6
Alclad 2014-O 25 10 21 … … 18 … 10.5
Alclad 2014-T3 63 40 20 … … 37 … 10.5
2024-O 27 11 20 22 47 18 13 10.6
2024-T3 70 50 18 … 120 41 20 10.6
2024-T4, T351 68 47 20 19 120 41 20 10.6
2024-T361(f) 72 57 13 … 130 42 18 10.6
Alclad 2024-O 26 11 20 … … 18 … 10.6
2219-O 25 11 18 … … … … 10.6
2219-T42 52 27 20 … … … … 10.6
2219-T31, T351 52 36 17 … … … … 10.6
2219-T37 57 46 11 … … … … 10.6
2219-T62 60 42 10 … … … 15 10.6
3003-H14 22 21 8 16 40 14 9 10.0
3003-H16 26 25 5 14 47 15 10 10.0
3003-H18 29 27 4 10 55 16 10 10.0
Alclad 3003-O 16 6 30 40 … 11 … 10.0
Alclad 3003-H12 19 18 10 20 … 12 … 10.0
Table 1 (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear, Modulus,
In 2 in. In 4D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, modulus of
Strength, ksi 1⁄16 in. 1⁄2 in. Brinell shearing endurance elasticity(c),
thick diam No., 500 kg load, strength, limit(b), ksi
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball ksi ksi % 103
3004-O 26 10 20 25 45 16 14 10.0
3004-H32 31 25 10 17 52 17 15 10.0
3004-H34 35 29 9 12 63 18 15 10.0
3004-H36 38 33 5 9 70 20 16 10.0
3004-H38 41 36 5 6 77 21 16 10
3105-O 17 8 24 … … 12 … 10.0
3105-H12 22 19 7 … … 14 … 10.0
3105-H14 25 22 5 … … 15 … 10.0
3105-H16 28 25 4 … … 16 … 10.0
3105-H18 31 28 3 … … 17 … 10.0
3105-H25 26 23 8 … … 15 … 10.0
4032-T6 55 46 … 9 120 38 16 11.4
5005-O 18 6 25 … 28 11 … 10.0
5005-H12 20 19 10 … … 14 … 10.0
5005-H14 23 22 6 … … 14 … 10.0
5005-H16 26 25 5 … … 15 … 10.0
5005-H18 29 28 4 … … 16 … 10.0
5005-H32 20 17 11 … 36 14 … 10.0
5005-H34 23 20 8 … 41 14 … 10.0
5005-H36 26 24 6 … 46 15 … 10.0
5005-H38 29 27 5 … 51 16 … 10.0
5050-O 21 8 24 … 36 15 12 10.0
5050-H32 25 21 9 … 46 17 13 10.0
5050-H34 28 24 8 … 53 18 13 10.0
5050-H36 30 26 7 … 58 19 14 10.0
5050-H38 32 29 6 … 63 20 14 10.0
5052-O 28 13 25 30 47 18 16 10.2
5052-H32 33 28 12 18 60 20 17 10.2
5052-H34 38 31 10 14 68 21 18 10.2
5052-H36 40 35 8 10 73 23 19 10.2
5052-H38 42 37 7 8 77 24 20 10.2
5056-O 42 22 … 35 65 26 20 10.3
5056-H18 63 59 … 10 105 34 22 10.3
5056-H38 60 50 … 15 100 32 22 10.3
5083-O 42 21 … 22 … 25 … 10.3
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 1⁄4 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 43
Table 1 (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear, Modulus,
In 2 in. In 4D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, modulus of
Strength, ksi 1⁄16 in. 1⁄2 in. Brinell shearing endurance elasticity(c),
thick diam No., 500 kg load, strength, limit(b), ksi
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball ksi ksi % 103
5086-O 38 17 22 … … 23 … 10.3
5086-H32, H116 42 30 12 … … … … 10.3.
5086-H34 47 37 10 … … 27 … 10.3
5086-H112 39 19 14 … … … … 10.3
5154-O 35 17 27 … 58 22 17 10.2
5154-H32 39 30 15 … 67 22 18 10.2
5154-H34 42 33 13 … 73 24 19 10.2
5154-H36 45 36 12 … 78 26 20 10.2
5154-H38 48 39 10 … 80 28 21 10.2
5154-H112 35 17 25 … 63 … 17 10.2
5252-H25 34 25 11 … 68 21 … 10.0
5252-H38, H28 41 35 5 … 75 23 … 10.0
5254-O 35 17 27 … 58 22 17 10.2
5254-H32 39 30 15 … 67 22 18 10.2
5254-H34 42 33 13 … 73 24 19 10.2
5254-H36 45 36 12 … 78 26 20 10.2
5254-H38 48 39 10 … 80 28 21 10.2
5254-H112 35 17 25 … 63 … 17 10.2
5454-O 36 17 22 … 62 23 … 10.2
5454-H32 40 30 10 … 73 24 … 10.2
5454-H34 44 35 10 … 81 26 … 10.2
5454-H111 38 26 14 … 70 23 … 10.2
5454-H112 36 18 18 … 62 23 … 10.2
5456-O 45 23 … 24 … … … 10.3
5456-H25 45 24 … 22 … … … 10.3
5652-H32 33 28 12 18 60 20 17 10.2
5652-H34 38 31 10 14 68 21 18 10.2
5652-H36 40 35 8 10 73 23 19 10.2
5652-H38 42 37 7 8 77 24 20 10.2
5657-H25 23 20 12 … 40 12 … 10.0
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 1⁄4 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
44 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
Table 1 (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear, Modulus,
In 2 in. In 4D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, modulus of
Strength, ksi 1⁄16 in. 1⁄2 in. Brinell shearing endurance elasticity(c),
thick diam No., 500 kg load, strength, limit(b), ksi
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball ksi ksi % 103
Alclad 6061-T6, T651 42 37 12 … … 27 … 10.0
6063-O 13 7 … … 25 10 8 10.0
6063-T1 22 13 20 … 42 14 9 10.0
6063-T4 25 13 22 … … … … 10.0
6063-T5 27 21 12 … 60 17 10 10.0
6063-T6 35 31 12 … 73 22 10 10.0
6063-T83 37 35 9 … 82 22 … 10.0
6063-T831 30 27 10 … 70 18 … 10.0
6063-T832 42 39 12 … 95 27 … 10.0
6066-O 22 12 … 18 43 14 … 10.0
6463-T6 35 31 12 … 74 22 10 10.0
7049-T73 75 65 … 12 135 44 … 10.4
7049-T7352 75 63 … 11 135 43 … 10.4
7050-T73510, T73511 72 63 … 12 … … … 10.4
7050-T7451(i) 76 68 … 11 … 44 … 10.4
7050-T7651 80 71 … 11 … 47 … 10.4
7075-O 33 15 17 16 60 22 … 10.4
7075-T6, T651 83 73 11 11 150 48 23 10.4
Alclad 7075-O 32 14 17 … … 22 … 10.4
Alclad 7075-T6, T651 76 67 11 … … 46 … 10.4
7475-T7651 77 67 … 12 … … … 10.4
Alclad 7475-T61 75 66 11 … … … … 10.2
Alclad 7475-T761 71 61 12 … … … … 10.2
8176-H24 17 14 15 … … 10 … 10.0
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about 2% greater than tension
modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 in. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 10 in. (f) Tempers
T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 1⁄4 in. thick specimen.
(i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 45
Elongation, %
Shear,
In 50 mm In 5D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, Modulus,
Strength, MPa 1.60 mm 12.5 mm Brinell shearing endurance modulus of
thick diam No., 500 kgf load, strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball MPa MPa MPa % 103
1060-O 70 30 43 … 19 50 20 69
1060-H12 85 75 16 … 23 55 30 69
1060-H14 100 90 12 … 26 60 35 69
1060-H16 115 105 8 … 30 70 45 69
1060-H18 130 125 6 … 35 75 45 69
1100-O 90 35 35 42 23 60 35 69
1100-H12 110 105 12 22 28 70 40 69
1100-H14 125 115 9 18 32 75 50 69
1100-H16 145 140 6 15 38 85 60 69
1100-H18 165 150 5 13 44 90 60 69
1350-O 85 30 … (d) … 55 … 69
1350-H12 95 85 … … … 60 … 69
1350-H14 110 95 … … … 70 … 69
1350-H16 125 110 … … … 75 … 69
1350-H19 185 165 … (e) … 105 50 69
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
46 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
Table 1M (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear,
In 50 mm In 5D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, Modulus,
Strength, MPa 1.60 mm 12.5 mm Brinell shearing endurance modulus of
thick diam No., 500 kgf load, strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball MPa MPa MPa % 103
2218-T72 330 255 … 9 95 205 … 74
2219-O 170 75 18 … … … … 73
2219-T42 360 185 20 … … … … 73
2219-T31, T351 360 250 17 … … … … 73
2219-T37 395 215 11 … … … … 73
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 47
Table 1M (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear,
In 50 mm In 5D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, Modulus,
Strength, MPa 1.60 mm 12.5 mm Brinell shearing endurance modulus of
thick diam No., 500 kgf load, strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball MPa MPa MPa % 103
5005-H32 140 115 11 … 36 95 … 69
5005-H34 160 140 8 … 41 95 … 69
5005-H36 180 165 6 … 46 105 … 69
5005-H38 200 185 5 … 51 110 … 69
5050-O 145 55 24 … 36 105 85 69
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
48 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
Table 1M (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear,
In 50 mm In 5D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, Modulus,
Strength, MPa 1.60 mm 12.5 mm Brinell shearing endurance modulus of
thick diam No., 500 kgf load, strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball MPa MPa MPa % 103
5454-H112 250 125 18 … 62 160 … 70
5456-O 310 160 … 22 … … … 71
5456-H25 310 165 … 20 … … … 71
5456-H321, H116 350 255 … 14 90 205 … 71
5457-O 130 50 22 … 32 85 … 69
6063-O 90 50 … … 25 70 55 69
6063-T1 150 90 20 … 42 95 60 69
6063-T4 170 90 22 … … … … 69
6063-T5 185 145 12 … 60 115 70 69
6063-T6 240 215 12 … 73 150 70 69
Note: Table values not intended for use in design. (a) The indicated typical mechanical properties for all except O temper material are higher than the specified minimum
properties. For O temper products, typical ultimate and yield values are slightly lower than specified (maximum) values. (b) Based on 500,000,000 cycles of completely
reversed stress using the R.R. Moore type of machine and specimen. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is approximately 2% greater than
tension modulus. (d) 1350-O wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 250 mm. (e) 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approximately 11⁄2% in 250 mm.
(f) Tempers T361 and T861 formerly were designated T36 and T86, respectively. (g) Based on 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens. (h) Based on 6.3 mm
thick specimen. (i) T7451, although not previously registered, has appeared in literature and in some specifications as T73651.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 49
Table 1M (continued)
Tension
Elongation, %
Shear,
In 50 mm In 5D Hardness, ultimate Fatigue, Modulus,
Strength, MPa 1.60 mm 12.5 mm Brinell shearing endurance modulus of
thick diam No., 500 kgf load, strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Alloy and temper Ultimate Yield specimen specimen 10 mm ball MPa MPa MPa % 103
7049-T73 515 450 … 10 135 305 … 72
7049-T7352 515 435 … 9 135 295 … 72
7050-T73510, T73511 495 435 … 11 … … … 72
7050-T7451(i) 525 470 … 10 … 305 … 72
7050-T7651 550 490 … 10 … 325 … 72
Tension
Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Hardness, ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), in 2 in. Brinell No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, ksi ksi or 4D, % 500kg/10mm ksi ksi 106 ksi
Sand 201.0-T6 65 55 8 130 … … …
201.0-T7 68 60 6 … … 14 …
201.0-T43 60 37 17 … … … …
204.0-T4 45 28 6 … … … …
A206.0-T4 51 36 7 … 40 … …
208.0-F 21 14 3 … 17 11 …
213.0-F 24 15 2 70 20 9 …
222.0-O 27 20 1 80 21 9.5
222.0-T61 41 40 <0.5 115 32 8.5 10.7
224.0-T72 55 40 10 123 35 9 10.5
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset ⫽ 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
50 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
Table 2 (continued)
Tension
Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Hardness, ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), in 2 in. Brinell No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, ksi ksi or 4D, % 500kg/10mm ksi ksi 106 ksi
Sand 240.0-F 34 28 1 90 … … …
(continued) 242.0-F 31 20 1 … … … 10.3
242.0-O 27 18 1 70 21 8 10.3
242.0-T571 32 30 1 85 26 11 10.3
242.0-T61 32 20 … 90–120 … … 10.3
328.0-T6 34 21 1 65–95 … … …
355.0-F 23 12 3 … … … 10.2
355.0-T51 28 23 2 65 22 8 10.2
355.0-T6 35 25 3 80 28 9 10.2
355.0-T61 35 35 1 90 31 9.5 10.2
355.0-T7 38 26 1 85 28 10 10.2
355.0-T71 35 29 2 75 26 10 10.2
C355.0-T6 39 29 5 85 … … …
356.0-F 24 18 6 … … … 10.5
356.0-T51 25 20 2 60 20 8 10.5
A356.0-T6 40 30 6 75 … … 10.5
A356.0-T71 30 20 3 … … … 10.5
357.0-F 25 13 5 … … … …
357.0-T51 26 17 3 … … … …
357.0-T6 50 42 2 … … … …
357.0-T7 40 34 3 60 … … …
A357.0-T6 46 36 3 85 40 12 …
359.0-T62 50 42 6 16 … … …
A390.0-F 26 26 <1.0 100 … … …
A390.0-T5 26 26 <1.0 100 … … …
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset ⫽ 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 51
Table 2 (continued)
Tension
Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Hardness, ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), in 2 in. Brinell No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, ksi ksi or 4D, % 500kg/10mm ksi ksi 106 ksi
Sand A444.0-T4 23 9 12 43 … … …
(continued) 511.0-F 21 12 3 50 17 8 …
512.0-F 20 13 2 50 17 9 …
514.0-F 25 12 9 50 20 7 …
520.0-T4 48 26 16 75 34 8 …
535.0-F 35 18 9 60–90 … … …
535.0-T5 35 18 9 60–90 … … …
A535.0-F 36 18 9 65 … … …
707.0-T5 33 22 2 70–100 … … …
707.0-T7 37 30 1 65–95 … … …
710.0-F 32 20 2 60–90 … … …
710.0-T5 32 20 2 60–90 … … …
712.0-F 34 25 4 60–90 … … …
712.0-T5 34 25 4 60–90 … … …
713.0-F 32 22 3 60–90 … … …
713.0-T5 32 22 3 60–90
771.0-T5 32 27 3 70–100 … … …
771.0-T52 36 30 2 70–100 … … …
771.0-T53 36 27 2 … … … …
771.0-T6 42 35 5 75–105 … … …
771.0-T71 48 45 2 105–135 … … …
850.0-T5 20 11 8 45 14 … 10.3
851.0-T5 20 11 5 45 14 … 10.3
852.0-T5 27 22 2 65 18 10 10.3
A206.0-T7 63 50 12 … 37 … …
208.0-T6 35 22 2 75–105 … … …
208.0-T7 33 16 3 65–95 … … …
213.0-F 30 24 2 85 24 9.5 …
222.0-T551 37 35 <0.5 115 30 8.5 10.7
308.0-F 28 16 2 70 22 13 …
319.0-F 34 19 3 85 24 … 10.7
319.0-T6 40 27 3 95 … … 10.7
324.0-F 30 16 4 70 … … …
324.0-T5 36 26 3 90 … … …
324.0-T62 45 39 3 105 … … …
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset ⫽ 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
52 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
Table 2 (continued)
Tension
Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Hardness, ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), in 2 in. Brinell No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, ksi ksi or 4D, % 500kg/10mm ksi ksi 106 ksi
Permanent mold 332.0-T5 36 28 1 105 … … …
(continued) 328.0-T6 34 21 1 65–95 … … …
333.0-F 34 19 2 90 27 15 …
242.0-T571 40 34 1 105 30 10.5 10.3
333.0-T5 34 25 1 100 27 12 …
333.0-T6 42 30 2 105 33 15 …
333.0-T7 37 28 2 90 28 12 …
336.0-T551 36 28 1 105 28 14 …
336.0-T65 47 43 1 125 36 … …
354.0-T61 48 37 3 … … … …
354.0-T62 52 42 2 … … … …
355.0-F 27 15 4 … … … 10.2
355.0-T51 30 24 2 75 24 … 10.2
355.0-T6 42 27 4 90 34 10 10.2
355.0-T61 45 40 2 105 36 10 10.2
355.0-T7 40 30 2 85 30 10 10.2
355.0-T71 36 31 3 85 27 10 10.2
C355.0-T6 48 28 8 90 … … 10.2
C355.0-T61 46 34 6 100 … … 10.2
C355.0-T62 48 37 5 100 … … 10.2
356.0-F 26 18 5 … … … 10.5
356.0-T51 27 20 2 … … … 10.5
356.0-T6 38 27 5 80 30 13 10.5
356.0-T7 32 24 6 70 25 11 10.5
356.0-T71 25 … 3 60–90 … … 10.5
A356.0-F 27 13 8 … … … 10.5
A356.0-T51 29 20 5 … … … 10.5
A356.0-T6 41 30 12 80 … … 10.5
357.0-F 28 15 6 … … … …
357.0-T51 29 21 4 … … … …
357.0-T6 52 43 5 100 35 13 …
357.0-T7 38 30 5 70 … … …
A357.0-T6 52 42 5 100 35 15 …
359.0-T61 48 37 6 … … … …
359.0-T62 50 42 6 … … 16 …
B443.0-F 21 6 6 30–60 … … …
A444.0-F 24 11 13 44 … … …
A444.0-T4 23 10 21 45 16 8 …
513.0-F 27 16 7 60 22 10 …
535.0-F 35 18 8 60–90 … … …
705.0-T5 37 17 10 55–75 … … …
(continued)
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset ⫽ 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 53
Table 2 (continued)
Tension
Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Hardness, ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), in 2 in. Brinell No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, ksi ksi or 4D, % 500kg/10mm ksi ksi 106 ksi
Permanent mold 707.0-T7 45 35 3 80–110 … … …
(continued) 711.0-T1 28 18 7 55–85 … … …
713.0-T5 32 22 4 60–90
850.0-T5 23 11 12 45 15 9 10.3
851.0-T5 20 11 5 45 14 9 10.3
851.0-T6 18 … 8 … … … 10.3
852.0-T5 32 23 5 70 21 11 10.3
384.0-F 48 24 3 85 29 20 …
390.0-F 40.5 35 <1 … … … …
B390.0-F 46 36 <1 120 … 20 11.8
392.0-F 42 39 <1 … … … …
413.0-F 43 21 3 80 25 19 10.3
A413.0-F 42 19 4 80 25 19 …
C443.0-F 33 14 9 65 29 17 10.3
518.0-F 45 28 5 80 29 20 …
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset ⫽ 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Tension
Hardness, Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Brinell ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), In 5D, No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, MPa MPa % 500kg/10mm MPa MPa 106 MPa
Sand 201.0-T6 450 380 8 130 … … …
201.0-T7 470 415 6 … … 95 …
201.0-T43 415 255 17 … … … …
204.0-T4 310 195 6 … … … …
A206.0-T4 350 250 7 … 275 … …
Table 2M (continued)
Tension
Hardness, Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Brinell ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), In 5D, No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, MPa MPa % 500kg/10mm MPa MPa 106 MPa
Sand 295.0-T4 220 110 9 80 180 50 69
(continued) 295.0-T6 250 165 5 75 205 50 69
295.0-T62 285 220 2 90 230 55 69
295.0-T7 200 110 3 55–85 … … 69
319-F 185 125 2 70 150 70 74
357.0-F 170 90 5 … … … …
357.0-T51 180 115 3 … … … …
357.0-T6 345 295 2 … … … …
357.0-T7 275 235 3 60 … … …
A357.0-T6 315 250 3 85 275 85 …
443.0-F 130 55 8 40 95 55 71
B443.0-F 115 40 3 25–55 … … …
A444.0-F 145 60 9 30–60 … … …
A444.0-T4 23 60 12 43 … … …
511.0-F 145 85 3 50 115 55 …
Table 2M (continued)
Tension
Hardness, Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Brinell ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), In 5D, No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, MPa MPa % 500kg/10mm MPa MPa 106 MPa
Sand 707.0-T5 230 150 2 70–100 … … …
(continued) 707.0-T7 255 205 1 65–95 … … …
710.0-F 220 140 2 60–90 … … …
710.0-T5 220 140 2 60–90 … … …
712.0-F 235 170 4 60–90 … … …
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset ⫽ 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater than the tension modulus. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
56 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
Table 2M (continued)
Tension
Hardness, Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Brinell ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), In 5D, No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, MPa MPa % 500kg/10mm MPa MPa 106 MPa
Permanent mold 336.0-T65 325 295 1 125 250 … …
(continued) 354.0-T61 330 255 3 … … … …
354.0-T62 360 290 2 … … … …
355.0-F 185 105 4 … … … 70
355.0-T51 205 165 2 75 165 … 70
Values are representative of separately cast test bars, not of specimens taken from commercial castings. (a) For tensile yield strengths, offset ⫽ 0.2%. (b) Based on 500,000,000
cycles of completely reversed stress using R.R. Moore type of machines and specimens. (c) Average of tension and compression moduli; compressive modulus is nominally
approximately 2% greater than the tension modulus. Data taken from various industry handbooks.
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 57
Table 2M (continued)
Tension
Hardness, Shear, Fatigue, Modulus
Yield Elongation Brinell ultimate endurance of
Alloy Ultimate strength(a), In 5D, No., strength, limit(b), elasticity(c),
Type of casting and temper strength, MPa MPa % 500kg/10mm MPa MPa 106 MPa
Die cast 360.0-F 305 170 3 75 195 140 71
A360.0-F 315 165 4 75 180 124 71
380.0-F 315 160 3 80 195 140 71
A380.0-F 325 160 4 80 185 140 71
383.0-F 310 150 4 75 … 145 71
form and may be used for products that have been rolled, extruded,
forged, or any combination of those processes.
O O, annealed: This designation is used for wrought or cast products
made by some shaping process such as rolling, extrusion, forging,
drawing, or casting, and which product at some point in the process has
been annealed (i.e., given a high-temperature recrystallization treat-
ment, sufficient to remove the effects of any prior working or thermal
treatments and usually resulting in complete recrystallization of the
material). Annealing treatments are used to achieve the lowest-strength
condition for the particular alloy involved. The primary reason for
using such a treatment on wrought alloys generally is to maximize
subsequent workability or increase toughness and ductility to a
maximum. For example:
a. 2014-O designates any product form of 2014 whose most recent
treatment has been holding at a high temperature (⬃410 °C, or
⬃770 °F) for 2 to 3 h, slow cooling to ⬃260 °C (⬃500 °F) and then
cooling at an uncontrolled rate to room temperature. For this alloy,
the treatment would normally be given to increase ease of subse-
quent working while completely removing any effects of prior
treatments.
b. 5083-O designates any product form of 5083 whose most recent
treatment has been heating up to a high temperature (⬃345 °C,
⬃650 °F) and then cooled at an uncontrolled rate to room
temperature. For this alloy, the treatment would normally be given
to increase toughness and ductility for its use in critical structural
applications such as liquefied natural gas tanks.
O The first number after the H tells whether the strain-hardened alloy has
been thermally treated and, if so, by what procedure.
O The second number indicates approximately how much the alloy was
strain hardened (i.e., the approximate percentage of cold reduction).
O Any subsequent numbers define special practices, variations of the
normal indicated by the first two numbers.
which certain alloys, especially of the 5xxx series, are prone). This also
may be accomplished by the heat applied during a subsequent forming.
O H4 indicates strain hardening followed by some thermal operation such
as paint curing or lacquering in which the heat applied during this
processing effectively reduces the degree of hardening remaining in the
alloy and provides some stabilization to the final properties. It is useful
to note that there are no unique property limits associated with H4X
tempers; rather, the property limits associated with the comparable
H2X or H3X tempers are used.
As noted earlier, these H1, H2, H3, and H4 designations always are
followed by a second number that indicates the approximate amount of
cold work.
Examples of the application of these designations include:
As indicated by these examples, the digit following H1, H2, H3, or H4,
indicates the effective degree of strain hardening remaining in the metal
following the sequence of operations indicated by the first digit. In other
words:
O 3003-H14: The “1” indicates that the material has been strain hardened
and given no subsequent processing; the “4” indicates that the amount
of strain hardening was about 50% of the level for the H18, or
“full-hard” temper.
O 5657-H26: The “2” indicates that the alloy has been strain hardened a
relatively large amount and then partially annealed back to the desired
level of effective cold work; the “6” indicates that the effective final
level of cold work was about 80% of that of the full-hard H18 temper.
O 5086-H32: The “3” indicates that the alloy has been strain hardened
and stabilized; the “2” indicates that the degree of strain hardening was
about 25% of the level for the H38 temper. Applications include sheet,
plate, and drawn tube.
O T1: Indicates that the alloy has been cooled directly from some
high-temperature hot-working process such as rolling or extrusion and
then naturally aged to a stable condition. As a result, it has received an
“effective heat treatment,” but it has not received any other processing
such as cold work that is recognized by special mechanical property
limits. This temper is not widely used because, among other things, the
corrosion resistance of the material may not be as good as with other
combinations of treatments.
O T2: Indicates that the alloy has been cooled from some high-
temperature hot-working process such as rolling or extrusion and then
cold worked before being naturally aged to a stable condition. Here
again, the alloy has received an “effective heat treatment” as a result of
the high-temperature treatment, but in this case, it has been cold
worked sufficiently to increase its strength. This temper, as the T1, is
not widely used because of limitations in certain characteristics
compared with those given other combinations of treatments described
as follows:
O T3: Indicates the alloy has been given a solution heat treatment
following hot working, quenching, cold working, and being naturally
aged to a stable condition. This temper, like T4, T6, T7, and T8,
indicates the use of a specific solution heat treatment (i.e., holding in
a furnace at a sufficiently high temperature for the important alloying
elements to go into solution, where they are retained upon quenching
and provide a source of precipitation-hardening constituents). The
amount of cold work is controlled to provide specific amounts of strain
hardening with a commensurate increase in strength. This is a widely
used temper type for 2xxx series alloys such as 2024, which naturally
age efficiently following cold work.
O T4: Indicates the alloy has been given a solution heat treatment and,
without any cold work, naturally aged to a stable condition. This
temper also is rather widely used for the 2xxx alloys.
O T5: Indicates the alloy has been cooled from a high-temperature
shaping process, usually extrusion, and then, without any intermediate
cold work, is artificially aged. The artificial aging consists of holding
at a sufficiently high temperature and sufficiently long time (e.g., 8 h at
175 °C, or 350 °F, or 24 h at 120 °C, or 250 °F) to permit precipitation
66 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
the best way to illustrate and understand this usage better is to examine
the major examples, as in the following sections that cover:
O Stress relief
O Heat treatment by user
O Variations in heat treatment procedures
O Variations in quenching procedures
O Addition of cold work before or after aging
O Special practices for unique properties
Tempers Designating Residual
Stress Relief of Heat Treated Products
Two major classes of mechanical cold work are widely used by the
aluminum industry to reduce the level of internal residual stresses in
aluminum semifinished products resulting from prior heat treatment:
been stress relieved: T65; stress relief provided by stretching 1⁄2 to 3%,
without any additional twisting or mechanical straightening: T6510
O Alloy 7075-T6511 extruded tube: Basic temper is T6, indicating
solution heat treatment, quenching, and artificial aging; product has
been stress relieved: T65; stress relief provided by stretching 1⁄2 to 3%
and twisting for straightness: T6511
O Alloy 2014-T652 hand forging: Basic temper is T6; product has been
stress relieved: T65; stress relief provided by compression 1 to 5%
O Alloy 7050-T654 die forging: Basic temper is T6, indicating solution
heat treatment, quenching, and artificial aging; product has been stress
relieved: T65; stress relief has been provided by a combination of
stretching and restriking in cold dies: T654
that the specifications for strength and dimensional tolerances are met
when parts are purchased by a customer who then performs some other
shaping or machining procedure before the part is heat treated. However,
the original producer no longer has any control over the degree to which
the required final specifications are met. Therefore, special temper
designations have been developed to cover the condition when the final
heat treatment and meeting of property specifications is the responsibility
of the customer rather than the original producer. These are the TX2
tempers.
It is important to note that the TX2 temper is the proper one to use any
time a customer or vendor rather than the original producer heat treats a
product. An independent heat treater, regardless of how reliable, cannot be
assumed to apply one of the standard tempers described heretofore to a
product in the same manner and with the same reliability as the original
producer. It is important, therefore, to make clear that the responsibility
for meeting mechanical properties rests with the customer rather than the
producer.
The TX2 descriptor is applied to wrought products heat treated from
any temper by the user of the product or the vendor (e.g., an aircraft
company or its heat treating service) rather than the original material
producer (e.g., an aluminum company). The TX2 designation is used in
combination with tempers such as T4, T6, T73, or T76, indicative of other
aspects of the processing (e.g., T42, T62, T732, or T762). In practice, the
TX2 temper is used most often for wrought products that have been heat
treated from the O or F temper to demonstrate response to heat treatment.
Aluminum producer mills are almost always starting with freshly
produced F temper materials and are accustomed to paying close attention
to the consistency in processing operations needed to ensure meeting
materials specifications. These procedures provide the mill with a
consistent statistical base of operations and good knowledge of allowable
variations in aging times and temperatures for the semifinished parts.
There are times when the mechanical property limits for the standard
temper and the TX2 version of that temper (e.g., T6 and T62) differ. This
is because of the difference in controls of processing variables in the
producer’s operations compared with those in customers’ and their
vendors’ plants, and because customers and their vendors may not be able
to do standard stress relief treatments such as those done by producers.
On the other hand, structural engineers, such as those in the aerospace
industry, may use tensile strength and yield strength values based on their
extensive statistical analyses of finished parts, which become the basis of
their design values. These values may differ from producer-developed
specification limits.
Differences in producer and user testing requirements also must be
taken into account. The producer guarantees tensile, yield, and elongation
properties of each heat or lot of material to be delivered by the producer.
70 / Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers
Each heat or lot is tensile tested to be sure that property requirements are
met. Questionable material is either reprocessed or rejected. By compari-
son, the end-user heat treater of the material may or may not be asked by
the customer to tensile test each lot. Typically, the heat treater relies solely
on the results of hardness and conductivity tests to determine whether
heat treatment is done correctly. There is an assumption made by the
customer that the material would pass tensile test minimums if tested. For
example, for 7075-T62 die forging, the basic temper is T6, indicating
solution heat treatment, quenching, and artificial aging. The added digit 2
in T62 indicates that the heat treatment and aging were carried out by
other than the original producer of the forging (i.e., by the user or a
contractor of the user).
The temper designation system for cast aluminum alloys is basically the
same as that for wrought aluminum alloys, but in practice, there are some
significant differences in usage. The following discussion focuses on
those differences while noting the similarities.
The descriptive sources for the aluminum alloy designation system,
such as Aluminum Standards and Data, focus more strongly on wrought
alloys than on the cast alloys, and this discussion, therefore, also includes
guidance from the American Foundrymen’s Society book, Aluminum
Casting Technology.
O T4 indicates the casting has been given a solution heat treatment and,
without any cold work, naturally aged (i.e., at room temperature) to a
stable condition. For most casting alloys this is an unstable temper,
comparable to W for wrought alloys, and so most cast alloys are
subsequently aged. Example: 295.0-T4
O T5 indicates the casting has been cooled from the casting process and
then artificially aged (i.e., in a furnace). The artificial aging consists of
holding at a sufficiently high temperature and sufficiently long time
(e.g., 8 h at 175 °C, or 350 °F, or 24 h at 120 °C, or 250 °F) to permit
precipitation hardening to take place. This process stabilizes the
castings dimensionally, improves machinability, relieves residual
stresses, and increases strengths somewhat. Example: 319.0-T5
O T6 indicates the casting has been solution heat treated and artificially
aged to achieve maximum precipitation hardening. It results in
relatively high strengths with adequate ductility and stabilizes proper-
ties and dimensions. Example: 295.0-T6
Understanding the Aluminum Temper Designation System / 75
O T7 indicates the casting has been solution heat treated and artificially
aged to an overaged (i.e., past peak strength) condition. This treatment
is used to provide a better combination of high strength and high
ductility and stabilization of properties and dimensions. Example:
356.0-T7
Additional digits are used sometimes with these T5, T6, and T7 tempers,
but the variations are not as well defined for castings as for wrought
products; they do denote variations from the standard practices of either
casting or heat treating the part. For different alloys, the same temper
designation may not always mean the same variation in casting or heat
treating practice:
O For T5: The T51, T52, T53, T533, T551, and T571 tempers are
recognized variations, intended to either increase dimensional stability
or increase strength. For example, for 242.0-T571, the basic temper,
T5, indicates that the casting has been cooled from the casting process
and then artificially aged (i.e., in a furnace). A special chill was added
as the casting cooled to ensure higher strengths.
O For T6: The T61, T62, and T65 variations exist and deal with
variations in quench media and/or artificial aging conditions, once
again to increase dimensional stability or improve certain properties.
For example, for A356.0-T61, the basic temper, T6, indicates that the
casting has been solution heat treated, quenched, and artificially aged
following casting. The aging practice has been modified from the
peak-strength treatment (which would have been indicated by T6) to
ensure optimal performance.
O For T7: The T71, T75, and T77 tempers are recognized, also primarily
to increase dimensional stability or improve certain properties. For
example, for 355.0-T71, the basic temper, T7, indicates that the casting
has been heat treated and artificially aged to an overaged (i.e., past
peak strength) solution condition. The artificial aging practice has been
modified to further enhance the corrosion resistance and ductility.