NACE

Companion to the Peabody Book

October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M

Dwight's Equation for Single Vertical Anode Resistance to Earth - millimeters

 Soil resistivity in ohm-cm  3.000 ohm-cm

Rod length in mm 2124 mm
Rod diameter in mm 1362 mm
Resistance of vertical rod in ohms 3,4 ohms

Dwight's Equation for Single Vertical Anode Resistance to Earth - meters

 Resistivity of backfill material (or earth) in ohm-cm  10.000 ohm-cm

Length of anode in meters 2,13 m
Diameter of anode in meters 0,203 m
Resistance of one vertical anode to earth in ohms 25,6 ohms

Dwight's Equation for Multiple Vertical Anodes in Parallel - meters

 Soil resistivity in ohm-cm  3.000 ohm-cm

Number of anodes in parallel 10 each
Length of anode in meters 2,13 m
Diameter of anode in meters 0,200 m
Anode spacing in meters 5,0 m
Resistance of vertical anodes in parallel to earth in ohms 1,13 ohms

NOTICE

For these equations to be valid the soil must be homogeneous and L >> d. With low resistance backfill, as
coke, d is taken as the diameter of the coke and L as the length of the backfill provided it does not extend
too much greater than the length of the anode (about 1.5 times the coke diameter).

Mayor S, menor R Mayor N, menor R Mayor L, menor R

S R N R L R this will be
5 1,22 10 1,22 2,12 1,22 used to
calculate
6 1,16 11 1,12 2,9 1,04 multiple
7 1,12 12 1,04 3,5 0,95 anodes in
13 0,98 4 0,89 parallel
 NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M

Modified Dwight's Equation for Multiple Anodes Installed Horizontally

Resistance, in ohms, of horizontal anode to earth

 Resistivity, in ohm-cm, of backfill material (or earth)
Length of anode in meters
Twice depth of anode in meters
Diameter of anode in meters
 10.000 ohm-cm
2,13 m
3,7 m
0,203 m
22,52 ohms

NOTICE

For these equations to be valid the soil must be homogeneous and L >> d. With low resistance backfill, as
coke, d is taken as the diameter of the coke and L as the length of the backfill provided it does not extend
too much greater than the length of the anode (about 1.5 times the coke diameter).
 NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M

Galvanic Anode Life

Mag Anode Zinc Anode

Weight = 109 kg Weight = 109 kg
Efficiency = 0,50 Efficiency = 0,90
Utilization Factor = 0,85 Utilization Factor = 0,85
Current = 2,0 A Current = 2,0 A
Mg Life = 5,9 yrs Zn Life = 3,9 yrs

Consumption Solution
Output² Rate² Potential³
Anode¹ (amp-hr/kg) (kg/amp-hr) Efficiency² (Cu-CuSO4)
Zinc 815 10,8 90% -1.1 V

Std. Mg 1100 7,9 50% -1.4 to -1.6 V

Hi-Pot Mg 1100 7,9 50% -1.7 to -1.8 V

1. Anodes installed in suitable chemical backfill.

2. Current efficiency with current density. The shown efficiency, and the resulting consumption rate, are
at approximately 30 milliamps/ft² of anode surface. Efficiencies are higher at higher current densities and
lower at lower current densities.
3. The potentials are solution potentials. When calculating driving potentials, the difference between the
protected structure and the anode, allow for anode polarization. Anode polarization is also influenced by
current density at the anode surface. For magnesium polarization allow for 0.1 V anodic polarization. Zinc
in a proper backfill is not usually subject to significant anodic polarization and the solution potential may be
used.
 NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M

Rectifier Total Circuit Resistance

Ground bed resistance (ohms) 3,08 ohms

Cable resistance (ohms) 0,097 ohms
Pipeline/structure to earth resistance (ohms) 7,53 ohms
Total circuit resistance (ohms) 10,71 ohms

Deep Anode Ground Bed Resistance - meters

 Effective soil resistivity (ohm-cm)  10.000 ohm-cm

Anode length (meters) 12 m
Anode diameter (meters) 0,203 m
Resistance to earth of a vertical single anode (ohms) 6,74 ohms

Rectifier Efficiency

K = Meter constant DC Amps = 1,00 A

N = # of revolutions of disk DC Volts = 2,00 V
T = Time in seconds K = 0,005
N = 4
T = 10 sec
Efficiency = 27,78%
 NACE
Companion to the Peabody Book
October 26, 2000
Revision 1.1M

Impressed Current - # of Anodes Required

Wt = Weight per anode (kg) Wt = 27,2 kg

CR = Consumption rate (kg/amp-year) CR = 0,34 kg/A-yr
DL = Desired life (years) DL = 20 yrs
Current = Current required (amps) Current = 15,00 A
UF = Utilization factor UF = 0,60
# anodes = 7 each

# of Anodes Required Based on Current Discharge

* from anode manufacturer data

MD = Maximum discharge per anode (amps) MD = 2,50 A

Current = Current required (amps) Current = 15,00 A
# anodes = 6 each

Cable Resistance

Resistance per km 0,833 ohms/km

Length in meters (sum of positive and negative cables) 117 m
Cable resistance 0,097 ohms