PHYSICS

PROJECT

CHIRAG PATIL

CLASS - 12 B

ROLL NO - 3
 INDEX
 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 AIM
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 APPARATUS
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATION
 APPLICATIONS OF CYCLOTRON
 PRECAUTIONS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 PROJECT PHOTO
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that CHIRAG PATIL of class XII B
has successfully completed the investigatory
project on "CYCLOTRON" during 2017-2018 in
partial fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE .

External’s signature Principal's signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my Physics

Teacher Mrs. Albert for her guidance and support in
completing my project.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Principal for
providing with all facility that was absolutely needed.
Last but not the least i would extend my gratitude towards
all Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of "APEEJAY SCHOOL,
NERUL" and towards my classmates who supported me to
complete this Task.

CHIRAG PATIL
 AIM
"To study the phenomenon of charges accelerating in
cyclotron”
 INTRODUCTION
A cyclotron is a machine Used to accelerate charged
particles to high energies. The first cyclotron was built by
Ernest Orlando Lawrence and his graduate student, M.
Stanley Livingston, at the University of California, Berkley,
in the early 1930's.
A cyclotron consists of two D-shaped cavities sandwiched
between two electromagnets. A radioactive source is
placed in the center of the cyclotron and the
electromagnets are turned on. The radioactive source
emits charged particles. It just so happens that a magnetic
field can bend the path of a charged particle so, if
everything is just right, the charged particle will circle
around inside the D-shaped cavities. However, this doesn't
accelerate the particle. In order to do that, the two D-
shaped cavities have to be hooked up to a radio wave
generator. This generator gives one cavity a positive
charge and the other cavity a negative charge. After a
moment, the radio wave generator switches the charges
on the cavities. The charges keep switching back and forth
as long as the radio wave generator is on. It is this
switching of charges that accelerates the particle.
DEFINITION - A circular particle accelerator in which
charged subatomic particles generated at a central
source are accelerated spirally outward in a plane
perpendicular to a fixed magnetic field by an alternating
electric field. A cyclotron is capable of generating particle
energies between a few million and several tens of
millions of electron volts.
PRINCIPLE - It is based on the principle that a positive ion
can acquire sufficiently large energy with a comparatively
smaller alternating potential difference by making them to
cross the same electric field time and again by making use
of a strong magnetic field.
 THEORY

In the cyclotron, a high-frequency alternating voltage

applied across the "D" electrodes (also called "dees")
alternately attracts and repels charged particles. The
particles, injected near the center of the magnetic field,
accelerate only when passing through the gap between
the electrodes. The perpendicular magnetic field (passing
vertically through the "D" electrodes), combined with the
increasing energy of the particles forces the particles to
travel in a spiral path.
dees and so they are accelerated (at the typical sub-
relativistic speeds used) and will increase in mass as they
approach the speed of light. Either of these effects
(increased velocity or increased mass) will increase the
radius of the circle and so the path will be a spiral.
(The particles move in a spiral, because a current of
electrons or ions, flowing perpendicular to a magnetic
field, experiences a force perpendicular to its direction of
motion. The charged particles move freely in a vacuum, so
the particles follow a spiral path.)
Various materials may be used for the target, and the
collisions will create secondary particles which may be
guided outside of the cyclotron and into instruments for
analysis. The results will enable the calculation of various
properties, such as the mean spacing between atoms and
the creation of various collision products. Subsequent
chemical and particle analysis of the target material may
give insight into nuclear transmutation of the elements
used in the target.
CYCLOTRON RADIATION -It is electromagnetic radiation
emitted by moving charged particles deflected by a
magnetic field. The Lorentz force on the particles acts
perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the
particles motion through them, creating an acceleration of
charged particles.
 APPARATUS

 A small container
 Crocodile Clips
 Connecting Wires
 Salt
 Water
 Screw
 Batteries
 Disc Shaped Magnet
 Aluminum Foil
 Thermocol Balls
 PROCEDURE
1. Take a small container and make hole in It . Attach
the Screw in the hole .
2. Stick the aluminium foil paper on the mouth area of
the container.
3. Take the connecting wires and attach the Crocodile
Clips with the help of them.
4. Connect the positive terminal of one battery and
connect it to the negative terminal of the second
battery.
5. Attach the clips to the respective terminals of the
batteries.
6. Take one side of the clip and attach it to the bottom
of the iron rod in the container , and the other clip to
the aluminium foil .
7. Drop a little amount of salt in the container and add
some amount of water.
8. After adding water drop some thermocol balls in it.
9. Repeat the above procedure by reversing the polarity.
 OBSERVATION

 The direction of current is clockwise in water

when one of the clip is clipped to the bottom of
the screw , the other clip is clipped to the edges
covered with foil .
 The thermocol balls when dropped tart moving
in clockwise direction due to movement of ions.
 When the polarity is reversed the movement of
thermocol balls where in anticlockwise direction.
 APPLICATION OF
CYCLOTRON
For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of
high-energy beams for nuclear physics experiments;
several cyclotrons are still in use for this type of research.
Cyclotrons can be used to treat cancer. Ion beams from
cyclotrons can be used, as in proton therapy, to penetrate
the body and kill tumors by radiation damage, while
minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path.
Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to
produce short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for
PET imaging

There are basically two applications for the cyclotron. It's

a particle accelerator, and, though it can be adapted to
accelerate any charged particle, it is most frequently
applied to accelerate positive charges. Protons are
frequently the choice. We use the cyclotron in the physics
lab, and in medicine.
In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a
proton treatment source. More medical facilities are being
set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated protons to
irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a
depth of penetration that can be finely tuned (by "tuning"
the cyclotron) to limit damage to other tissues.
The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials
that are used as radiation sources which can be implanted.
The radioactive materials can also be used as tracers in
medical work ups and in research, and also to provide
"luminosity" in some imaging because of the way tissue
takes up these selected materials. These mostly short-lived
radionuclide's are "big business" in medical and
biophysics.
In the physics laboratory, we use the cyclotron to create
particle streams that we then slam into targets. This is the
continuation of research to investigate the quantum
mechanical world. The cyclotron can be used to "feed"
another or other accelerators to get higher energies and a
"bigger bang" in the world of collisions.
 PRECAUTIONS
 Do not connect the terminals of same battery with
each other .
 Water should be at a certain level only not above
that.
 The size of the magnet should be big enough to
create a radial magnetic field.
 Thermocol balls should be dropped away from the
rod so to get a correct observation.
 The clips should not be join to the rod.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.slideshare.net
 NCERT Physics book of class 12
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.cbseblogspot.com